Space Invasion Research Articles

Regulation, resistance and the residential area: The keeping of productive animals in twentieth‐century Perth, Western Australia

Increasingly throughout the twentieth century in Australia, efforts have been made to control or prohibit the keeping of productive animals in residential areas. However, this attempted ‘public invasion of private space’ has been continually subverted by those who regard such productive use of residential property as legitimate. Nevertheless, the existing regulations require urgent revision as they are clearly ideological in their privileging of the externalities of consumption over those of production.

Diagnosis and staging of laryngeal tumors with CT and MRI

Cross-sectional imaging with CT and MRI plays an indispensable complementary role to endoscopy in the pretherapeutic workup and staging of laryngeal neoplasms. Adequate interpretation of the CT and MR images requires a thorough knowledge of the patterns of submucosal spread and familiarity with the diagnostic signs of neoplastic invasion as seen with each modality. In addition, the radiologist should be aware of the implications of imaging for staging and treatment. Both CT and MR imaging are highly sensitive for the detection of neoplastic invasion of the pre-epiglottic space, paraglottic space, subglottic region and cartilage. The high negative predictive value of both CT and MRI allows exclusion of neoplastic cartilage invasion quite reliably. The specificity of both CT and MRI is, however, limited and both methods may therefore overestimate the extent of tumor spread. Nevertheless, both cross-sectional imaging methods significantly improve the pretherapeutic staging accuracy of laryngeal tumors if used in addition to clinical examination and endoscopic biopsy. In the presence of a submucosal mass, CT and MRI play a key role for the diagnosis, as they may characterize the lesion, reliably depict its submucosal extent, and guide the endoscopist of perform deep biopsies that allow a definitive histological diagnosis.

Transformation of rat thyroid follicular cells stably transfected with cholera toxin A1 fragment.

Activating mutations of the alpha subunit of the G protein G(s) (G(s)alpha) have been identified in thyroid adenomas and well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas. To examine the role of activating mutations of G(s)alpha in thyroid neoplasia, we transfected rat follicular thyroid (FRTL-5) cells with a transgene in which the cholera toxin A1 subunit (CTA1) is expressed under the control of the rat thyroglobulin gene promoter (TG). This transgene recapitulates effects of the activating mutation of G(s)alpha by its ability to ADP-ribosylate and thereby inhibit GTPase activity of endogenous G(s)alpha molecules. To assess the effect of G(s)alpha activation on cell growth, TGCTA1, or control, pM AM neotransfected FRTL-5 cells (10(4)-10(6)) were injected s.c. into nude mice. TGCTA1-transfected FRTL-5 cells grow in nude mice, whereas control cells do not. Tumor histology revealed increased mitotic activity, infiltration of skeletal muscle, perineural invasion, and plugging of lymphatic spaces. In addition, nude mice injected with TGCTA1 transfected cells or xenografted with the tumors developed metastases to lung. These results indicate that activation of G(s)alpha and constitutive production of cAMP in FRTL-5 cells can result in TSH-independent cellular proliferation and neoplastic transformation.

The needle-wire-dilator technique for the insertion of chest tubes in pediatric patients.

We evaluated the needle-wire-dilator (NWD) technique, using commercially available sets, for insertion of chest tubes in 24 pediatric patients who were admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Fourteen patients had pneumothoraces, three had hemothoraces, two had pneumonia with empyema, four had pleural transudate effusions, and one had chylothorax. The ages of the patients ranged from four months to 24 years, and the sizes of the inserted chest tubes ranged from 10F to 20F. All insertions were successful, and the time from invasion of the pleural space by the needle to completion of chest tube insertion and connection to the tubing drainage system ranged from four to seven minutes. In four patients the procedure had to be performed while a significant coagulopathy existed. However, none of the 24 patients developed hemorrhagic complications. The only complication observed was a kink in the chest tube in five patients, resulting in recurrence of pneumothorax in four and pleural effusion in one. These adverse occurrences were corrected by repositioning the chest tubes in three patients, and by replacing the chest tubes with the stiffer, trochar type, chest tubes in the other two. We conclude that the NWD technique for chest tube insertion is quick, safe, and easy to perform in all pediatric age groups. The commercially available chest tubes used in our study were somewhat softer than the trochar type chest tubes available, which explains the occurrence of kinks in some of them.

Uterine Papillary Serous Carcinoma: Patterns of Metastatic Spread

Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) is a distinct histologic type of endometrial cancer which is associated with a high relapse rate and poor prognosis. Between 1983 and 1993, 50 patients with UPSC of the endometrium were surgically staged. Thirty-three patients had pure UPSC and 17 had UPSC admixed with other histologies. Extrauterine disease was found in 36 women (72%). Lymph node metastases were present in 36% of women without myometrial invasion, 50% with inner one-half invasion, and 40% with outer one-half invasion. Similarly, the presence of intraperitoneal disease or positive washings did not correlate with increasing myometrial invasion. Grade and histology (mixed vs pure) were also not predictive of extrauterine disease. Patients with lymphatic/vascular space invasion (LVSI) were more likely to have extrauterine disease (85%); however, even without LVSI the incidence of extrauterine disease was 58% ( P = 0.05). Unlike endometrioid adenocarcinomas, grade and depth of myometrial invasion were not significant predictors for extrauterine disease. This study reinforces the need for complete surgical staging in all patients with UPSC regardless of depth of invasion.

Adjunctive therapy for bacterial meningitis: rationale for use, current status, and prospects for the future.

Despite the introduction of numerous therapeutic advances, the morbidity and mortality associated with bacterial meningitis remain significant. Research into the pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis has revealed that the inflammatory response resulting from bacterial invasion of the subarachnoid space is due in large part to the activity of host-derived mediators. This inflammatory response is ultimately responsible for the long-term neurological sequelae and death associated with bacterial meningitis. In vitro and in vivo models of bacterial meningitis have identified several points in the inflammatory cascade that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Numerous potential therapeutic agents that may limit inflammation of the subarachnoid space have been and are being developed, and trials in animal models and in humans are under way. The judicious use of safe and effective agents with demonstrated efficacy as adjuncts to bactericidal antimicrobial agents in the therapy for bacterial meningitis in humans may improve the prognosis of this disease.

Endometrial carcinoma in women aged 40 years or younger: a Japanese experience.

We report on the clinical and pathologic findings in 17 cases of endometrial carcinoma in Japanese women aged 40 years or younger. Age of the patients ranged from 16 to 40 years, with a median of 35 years. Nine of 17 tumors (52.9%) were stage I or II (FIGO 1988) but 8 (47.1%) were stage III. Four of the 8 patients with stage III disease had pelvic lymph node metastases and one also had para-aortic lymph node metastasis. One patient had metastasis to the ovary and peritoneal cytology was positive in 4 patients. Histologically, 13 of these 17 patients had endometrioid adenocarcinoma, 3 had adenoacanthoma and 1 had an undifferentiated carcinoma. Ten were well differentiated tumors (G1), 3 were moderately differentiated tumors (G2), and 4 were poorly differentiated tumors (G3). Nine of 17 (52.9%) showed deep myometrial invasion (more than a half of the myometrium) and 5 of 17 (29.4%) demonstrated lymphatic/vascular space invasion. Pelvic and para-aortic lymph node metastases were seen in 4 of 15 (26.7%) and 1 of 15 (6.7%), respectively. Two of these 17 patients died of disease in a relatively short follow-up period. In our experience there is no difference in the survival rates between patients aged 40 years or younger and those over 40 years.

Histologic study on the metastatic process in the experimental model of lymph node metastasis

The process of lymph node metastasis was studied in an experimental model that was successfully established in our laboratory. The model O-1N carcinoma was transplanted to the buccal pouch of 60 hamsters, and seven or eight hamsters were killed every week from 1 to 8 weeks for histologic examination. At 3 weeks, neoplastic invasion of vascular spaces was demonstrated, and early stage lymph node metastases were seen in five of seven animals. At 5 weeks, lymph node metastases were more advanced, and lung metastasis occurred in one animal. At 8 weeks, lymph node metastases were seen in all eight animals and lung metastases were seen in two of them. Tumor cells initially seen as clusters in afferent lymphatic vessels and in the peripheral sinuses gradually spread to the medulla, replaced the entire lymph node, and extended into adjacent extranodal tissue. The process of metastasis closely resembled that seen in human oral carcinomas.

Preepiglottic Space Invasion in “Early” Epiglottic Cancer

The tendency of epiglottic cancer to invade the preepiglottic space and the significance of this invasion was evaluated in 36 surgical specimens of epiglottic carcinoma originally staged T1 or T2. None of the 9 lesions originating above the hyoepiglottic ligament invaded the preepiglottic space. Twenty-four of the 27 (89%) lesions originating below the hyoepiglottic ligament showed invasion of the preepiglottic space and were clinically understaged. Of the 3 infrahyoid lesions showing no invasion of the preepiglottic space, 1 was a verrucous carcinoma and another was a mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising on the petiole. All other lesions were squamous cell carcinoma. In 12 of the 24 patients (50%) with preepiglottic space invasion, cervical node metastasis was present despite the preoperative staging of T1 or T2.

Early stage I adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: Treatment results in patients with tumors ⩽4 cm in diameter

Between 1965 and 1985, 160 patients had initial treatment at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center for Stage I adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix ⩽4 cm in diameter. Of these patients, 84 were treated with radiation therapy (RT) alone, 20 were treated with external and intracavitary radiation followed by total hysterectomy (R + S), and 56 were treated with radical hysterectomy (RH). Survival rate was strongly correlated with tumor volume ( P = 0.0008), lymphangiogram findings ( P = 0.01), and tumor grade ( P = 0.0018). Patients with a normal-appearing cervix or a small visible or palpable tumor that did not expand the cervix more than 3 cm had survival and pelvic-control rates of more than 90% after treatment with RH or RT. However, after 5 years, 45% of patients treated with RH for tumors 3–4 cm in diameter had disease recurrence in the pelvis, compared with 11% of patients treated with either RT or R + S ( P = 0.025). For patients treated with RH, recurrence was also strongly correlated with findings of lymph/vascular space invasion ( P = 0.0004) and poorly differentiated tumor ( P = 0.018). Major complication rates were comparable for the three treatment groups. The high rate of pelvic recurrence following treatment with radical hysterectomy alone for patients with tumors >3 cm in diameter, particularly in the presence of lymph/vascular space invasion, poorly differentiated features, and/or positive nodes, should be considered in planning the primary management of patients with Stage I adenocarcinoma of the cervix.

Primary surgical treatment for carcinoma of the larynx: influence of the local invasion

In the period from 1976 to 1988, 417 patients with supraglottic carcinoma of the larynx were treated by primary surgery. Infiltration of the pre-epiglottic space was found in 11.99 per cent (50/417) of the patients. Carcinomas of the infrahyoid epiglottis spread to this space more frequently--14.24 per cent (44/309), than those of suprahyoid localization--5.55 per cent (6/108). Tumour invasion of the pre-epiglottic space is a relative contra-indication for reconstructive surgery. Partial conservation operations were performed on 32 per cent (16/50) of patients with invasion of the pre-epiglottic space. The remaining patients had a total laryngectomy. Infiltration of the paraglottic space intra-operatively was found in 2.4 per cent (10/417) of patients and all of these tumours were from the infrahyoid localization. Spread of tumours to this site is an indication for radical surgery and laryngectomy was performed on 80 per cent (8/10) of patients.

Developing Testicular Microvasculature in the Golden Hamster, Mesocricetus auratus: A Model for Angiogenesis under Physiological Conditions

The ultrastructure of the developing testicular microvasculature in the testes of immature (3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30 and 35 days old) golden hamsters was examined and compared to the testicular microvasculature of adult (3 months old) hamsters. In addition, in 16- to 35-day-old hamsters vascular permeability was studied after localization of injected horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Angiogenic processes were present in the testes of all examined immature hamsters and were most conspicuous between 8 and 25 days of age. These processes were absent in the testes of 3-month-old hamsters. On days 3 and 5, few undifferentiated blood vessels with activated endothelium were present in the interstitial spaces. Endothelial cell migration started from these 'mother vessels' and led to invasion of intertubular spaces by vascular sprouts, before vascularization of peritubular spaces occurred (after day 12). Sprouting endothelial cells were identified by the presence of a basal lamina and characterized by abundant cytoplasm and cell organelles. HRP-positive slits were seen in developing vessels, which opened to form the vascular lumen. HRP exited the vascular lumen through unspecialized endothelial contacts and micropinocytotic vesicles. By day 16, the blood-testis barrier prevented HRP from entering the seminiferous tubules beyond the basal compartment. By days 30 and 35 most testicular microvessels and at the age of 3 months all testicular microvessels were of the mature type, with narrow inactive endothelium and specialized cell contacts (including tight junctions). These results demonstrate that the postnatal vascularization of the testis in the golden hamster is a timed complex process. Due to high permeability, vascular sprouts are likely to influence the metabolic situation and thus the maturation processes of the testis. Angiogenesis in the golden hamster testis shares typical morphological features with angiogenic processes in other organs and species under various pathological and physiological conditions. We therefore conclude that the postnatal testis can be viewed as a physiological model of angiogenesis.

A Laboratory Approach for Studying Emigration

Angevine, M. W., and S. N. Handel. 1986. Invasion of forest floor space, clonal architecture, and population growth in the perennial herb Clintonia borealis. Journal of Ecology 74:547-560. Batschelet, E. 1965. Statistical methods for the analysis of problems in animal orientation and certain biological rhythms. Monograph, American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA. 1981. Circular statistics in biology. Academic Press, London, England. Cain, M. L. 1985. Random search by herbivorous insects: a simulation model. Ecology 66:876-888. 1989. Empirical description and quantitative models of clonal growth in the tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima. Journal of Ecology, in press. Cain, M. L., and R. E. Cook. 1988. Growth in Medeola virginiana clones. II. Stochastic simulation of vegetative spread. American Journal of Botany 75:730-736. Ginsberg, H. 1986. Honeybee orientation behaviour and

Departure Latency to Invasion of Personal Space: Effects of Status and Sex

A field experiment examined the effects of status and sex on the invasion of the personal space of 480 adults of various ages sitting in a suburban shopping, mall. Male or female confederates sat next to male or female subjects (at a distance of 45 cm) under one of three status conditions: low (college student), high (business person), or religious (Catholic clergy). Women, but not men, had shorter latencies of departure when their space was invaded by low-status intruders relative to high- and religious-status intruders (there being no difference between the latter two conditions).

The anatomical basis for retrorenal extensions of pancreatic effusions: the role of the renal fasciae

Retrorenal extension of pancreatic inflammatory processes are considered to involve invasion of the posterior pararenal space. Analysis of computed tomographic (CT) images demonstrates preservation of posterior pararenal fat in most patients, implicating some other mechanism. We have examined the anatomical basis for these retrorenal extensions in static and functional studies of 12 cadavers using CT imaging, dissection and histological techniques. We observed that the posterior renal fascia was thicker than the anterior, that it could be easily separated into two layers by manual dissection and injections of liquid latex, that the inner (anterior) layer of the posterior fascia was continuous with the anterior fascia and the outer layer continuous with the lateroconal fascia. The point at which the two layers of the posterior fascia separated laterally and the medial extent of the posterior fascia varied considerably in CT scans of 100 patients. These data are interpreted to mean that pancreatic effusions extend posterior to the kidney by separating the two layers of the posterior renal fascia.

Univariate and Multivariate Analyses of 5-Year Survival, Recurrence and Inguinal Node Metastases in Stage I and II Vulvar Carcinoma

Ninety-seven patients with FIGO stage I and II vulvar carcinoma were analyzed for 5-year survival, inguinal node metastases (N = 61), and recurrence. Factors analyzed included stage, tumor grade, depth of invasion, presence or absence of tumor cell confluence, presence or absence of lymphatic/vascular space invasion, lesion size, and lymph node metastases. It was concluded that conservative surgery in patients otherwise suitable for surgery should consist of a wide, local excision of the vulvar lesion in conjunction with ipsilateral inguinal node resection if the tumor measured less than or equal to 1 cm in diameter and had a depth of invasion of less than or equal to 1 mm. All other stage I or II patients require radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of 5-year survival, recurrence, and inguinal node metastases in stage I and II vulvar carcinoma.

Ninety-seven patients with FIGO stage I and II vulvar carcinoma were analyzed for 5-year survival, inguinal node metastases (N = 61), and recurrence. Factors analyzed included stage, tumor grade, depth of invasion, presence or absence of tumor cell confluence, presence or absence of lymphatic/vascular space invasion, lesion size, and lymph node metastases. It was concluded that conservative surgery in patients otherwise suitable for surgery should consist of a wide, local excision of the vulvar lesion in conjunction with ipsilateral inguinal node resection if the tumor measured less than or equal to 1 cm in diameter and had a depth of invasion of less than or equal to 1 mm. All other stage I or II patients require radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy.

Extracellular matrix in normal and fibrotic human lungs.

Polyclonal affinity-purified antibodies to human collagen types I, III, and IV, and laminin were used to compare the extracellular matrix (ECM) in 10 normal and 32 abnormal lungs by indirect immunofluorescence. In normal lungs, type IV collagen and laminin codistributed in a uniform linear pattern along the epithelial and endothelial basement membranes. Type III collagen was found within the alveolar septa and interstitium in an interrupted ribbonlike pattern and was aggregated at the entrance rings of the alveoli. Type I collagen was distributed irregularly within the alveolar wall and was less prominent than type III collagen. In patients with pulmonary disease not characterized by interstitial fibrosis (n = 15), the distribution of ECM components studied was essentially normal. In pulmonary disease in which interstitial fibrosis was the characteristic feature, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (n = 17), collagen types I and III accumulated in the expanded interstitium. Type III collagen was initially predominant in the thickened alveolar septa and interstitium, whereas type I collagen appeared to be the principal collagen at later stages in the disease course. The basement membrane was disrupted early in the disease course with invasion of the alveolar spaces by interstitial collagens similar in type to those present in the adjacent interstitium.

Personal Space Invasion: Sex Differentials for near and Far Proximities

The effects of invasion of personal space by a male and a female who approached subjects at near and far proximities were investigated. It was hypothesized that invasion at a near distance would produce greater withdrawal than at a far distance. It was also hypothesized that male dyads would elicit more withdrawal than female dyads and that mixed sex pairs would produce the least withdrawal. All combinations of sex of subject, sex of confederate, and near and far approach proximities were tested. As expected, near proximity produced significantly more withdrawal. However, more withdrawal was produced by the female than the male confederate. Finally, no support was given to the mixed versus same-sex dyad hypothesis.

Social Cohesion Effects on Spatial Cohesion

A systems analysis of groups implies that strengthening the social bonds among group members should increase their spatial cohesion, that is, moving to avoid an invasion of the group's space. Male and female subjects (N = 48) received false information that a female confederate had very similar or dissimilar opinions. Afterward, subjects walking down a hallway with the confederate had to respond to a potential invasion of the dyad. Male subjects showed more protection of the group space in similar than in dissimilar conditions, but females showed uniformly high spatial cohesion. These results are interpreted as supporting the systems analysis.