Introvertive Anhedonia Research Articles

Insulin Resistance, Temperament and Personality Traits Are Associated with Anhedonia in a Transdiagnostic Sample.

Anhedonia constitutes a core symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) mediating the ultimate goal of MDD treatment: functional remission. Anhedonia is also present in other clinical populations, including patients with chronic pain. Recent data links anhedonia to insulin resistance (IR). Some researchers have underlined a different dimension of anhedonia as a temperament/personality trait. The objective of this post-hoc analysis was to explore the links between anhedonia (main outcome) and (1) IR, (2) temperamental, personality, and schizotypy traits (exposures). The study population included patients with MDD, fibromyalgia, and healthy controls. Participants were split into groups: (1) insulin resistant (IR[+] n = 69, HOMA-IR ≥ 2.1) and (2) insulin sensitive (IR[-] n = 69, HOMA-IR < 2.1). Anhedonia was significantly higher in the IR[+] group than the IR[-] group. IR was a predictor of higher anhedonia levels. IR[+] vs. IR[-] participants showed higher levels of anxiety and lower levels of hyperthymic affective temperaments, as well as conscientiousness and emotional stability personality traits. Depressive, irritable, and anxious temperaments, cognitive disorganization, and introvertive anhedonia positively predicted anhedonia, while hyperthymic temperament, conscientiousness, extraversion, and emotional stability traits negatively predicted anhedonia. IR partially mediated the relationship between depressive temperament and anhedonia. In sum, IR, affective temperaments, and personality traits are predictors of anhedonia.

Schizotypy, affective temperaments and anhedonia in bipolar depression.

"Schizotypy" is a term describing personality traits reflected in emotional, perceptual and cognitive styles. Affective temperaments are trait-like features which were observed to be stable in time and predispose to mood disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine relationship between schizotypal features, affective temperaments and anhedonia in patients with bipolar depression. 54 patients with bipolar depression were included in the study. Participant were administered the following psychometric tools: Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS), Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS), Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A), and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - Self-Report (QIDS-SR). Correlations between the variables were calculated and linear regression models were built. Only hyperthymia (affective temperament) and introvertive anhedonia (schizotypal domain) were statistically significantly correlated with anhedonia. In regression models, introvertive anhedonia predicted higher whereas hyperthymic features lower severity of anhedonia (measured by the SHAPS scale). Hyperthymic features are protective and introvertive anhedonia is a risk factor for consummatory anhedonia.

Psychotic and autistic traits among magicians and their relationship with creative beliefs.

There is a common perception that creativity is associated with psychopathology. Previous studies have shown that members of creative groups such as comedians, artists and scientists scores higher than the norm on psychotic traits, and scientists in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) fields score highly on autistic traits. To test whether magicians, a creative group that has not been studied before, also score highly on psychopathological traits and autism, and to test the associations of creative self-efficacy and creative identity with schizotypal and autistic traits among magicians. A sample of 195 magicians and 233 people from the general population completed measures of schizotypal traits (Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences) and autism (Abridged Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient), as well as the Short Scale of Creative Self. Magicians were also compared with other creative groups with respect to schizotypal traits, based on previously published data. Magicians scored lower than the general population sample on three of the four schizophrenia measures (cognitive disorganisation, introvertive anhedonia and impulsive nonconformity) but did not differ with respect to unusual experiences or autism scores. Magicians scored higher on creative self-efficacy and creative personal identity than the general sample. Magicians' scores on schizotypal traits were largely lower than those of other creative groups. Originality of magic was positively correlated with unusual experiences (r = 0.208), creative self-efficacy (r = 0.251) and creative identity (r = 0.362). This is the first study to show a creative group with lower scores than norms on psychotic traits. The results highlight the unique characteristics of magicians and the possible myriad associations between creativity and mental disorders among creative groups.

Mediating role for metacognitive processes in the relationship between schizotypy and anxiety and depression symptoms

ABSTRACT Introduction: Depression and anxiety symptoms are highly prevalent in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and are commonly associated with schizotypy in non-clinical samples. However, it remains unclear what factors could be contributing to the relationships between schizotypy and anxiety and depression symptoms. Using path analysis, we explored the complex interplay between schizotypy, metacognitive beliefs, cognitive insight, and symptoms of emotional distress. Methods: Self-report data of schizotypy, metacognitive beliefs, cognitive insight, depression, and anxiety symptoms were collected from 344 participants from a predominantly student sample. Results: Path analysis confirmed unique associations between schizotypy dimensions, metacognitive beliefs, and cognitive insight. Furthermore, negative beliefs about worry mediated the link between the schizotypy dimensions, unusual experiences, cognitive disorganisation, and introvertive anhedonia and both depression and anxiety symptoms. Lack of cognitive confidence also mediated the relationship between cognitive disorganisation and depression symptoms. Finally, the cognitive insight subcomponent self-reflectiveness mediated the relationship between unusual experiences and cognitive disorganisation and anxiety. Conclusions: This study significantly furthers our understanding of the complex relationship between schizotypy, metacognitive processes, and emotional distress. Our findings also provide support for interventions which modify metacognitive beliefs and self-reflectiveness, which may prove beneficial for treatment in clinical settings.

The effect of schizotypy on spatial learning in an environment with a distinctive shape.

In two experiments, participants completed the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences measuring schizotypal traits across four dimensions (unusual experiences, cognitive disorganization, introvertive anhedonia, and impulsive non-conformity). They then took part in a virtual navigation task where they were required to learn about the position of a hidden goal with reference to geometric cues of a rectangular arena or rely on colored wall panels to find the hidden goal in a square-shaped arena. Unusual experience and cognitive disorganization were significant predictors of the use of geometric cues, but no significant predictors were found for the use of wall panels. Implications to hippocampal function and the clinical domain are considered.

Schizotypy unfolding into the night? Schizotypal traits and daytime psychotic-like experiences predict negative and salient dreams

Symptoms of insomnia and frequent nightmares are prevalent in psychotic disorders, and are associated with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in the non-clinical population. Whereas the role of impaired sleep in psychosis was extensively examined by longitudinal and interventional approaches, studies on the association between psychosis and dream quality are scarce, and mainly cross-sectional. We conducted a three-week long prospective study in a group of healthy adults (N = 55), assessed schizotypal traits, daily PLEs, and the emotional quality of dreams recalled in the morning (N = 490). We extracted the latent factors of schizotypal traits and dream emotions, and examined the predictive value of trait-and state-like variables on day-to-day reports of PLEs and dream quality. PLEs reported in the evening predicted emotionally more negative and salient dream reports the following morning. On the other hand, the quality of dreams were not predictive of PLEs reported later during the day. Schizotypal personality traits were differentially associated with dream quality: Introvertive Anhedonia, Cognitive Disorganization, and General-Disorganized schizotypy were linked to more negative dream valence, whereas Unusual Experiences were associated with more salient dreams. Our findings highlight the relevance of the multidimensional nature of schizotypal traits, the role of different facets of schizotypy in daytime and nocturnal mental experiences, and the day-to-day associations between PLEs and dream affect. General scientific summaries (GSS)The aim of the study was to examine the temporal associations between psychotic-like experiences and dream emotions, taking into account the trait factors of schizotypy. Psychotic-like experiences during the evening hours predicted reporting more negative and salient dreams the following morning, and schizotypal personality traits were differentially associated with the dimensions of dream emotions.

No influence of sex on the relationship between schizotypy factors and executive control across the schizophrenia spectrum

Sex differences in symptoms and executive control across schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) are consistently reported. Similarly, these findings of sex differences are also observed in schizotypy, that is, schizophrenia-like features occurring in healthy individuals in the absence of a clinical diagnosis. This study aimed to examine the relationships between performance on three major domains of executive control: performance monitoring, response inhibition, and cognitive set-shifting, and schizotypy factor scores in both SSD patients and healthy controls (HCs), and whether sex moderated any relationships observed. A total of 111 (67 males and 44 females) patients with SSD and 258 (129 males and 129 females) HCs were included in this study. Schizotypal personality traits (in both SSD and HC) was assessed using the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE). Executive control performance was assessed using seven tasks. Stepwise linear regressions revealed that performance on cognitive set-shifting tasks was significantly associated with the introvertive anhedonia, cognitive disorganisation, and unusual experiences subscales of the O-LIFE. When sex was examined as a moderator, it was not a significant moderator of any of the relationships between cognitive set-shifting tasks and schizotypy factors. The results suggest that independent of sex, cognitive set-shifting ability is associated to an increased vulnerability to schizotypal personality traits, although performance monitoring and response inhibition did not.

Cognitive, morbid and premorbid factors in the development and maintenance of paranormal beliefs

La literatura muestra una amplia gama de teorías y factores que contribuyen a la formación y mantenimiento de creencias paranormales. En este estudio se analiza una serie de variables relacionadas con las principales explicaciones propuestas en una muestra de 184 sujetos. La esquizotipia (rxy = .23, p &lt; .001), las experiencias inusuales (rxy = .37, p &lt; .001), la anhedonia introvertida (rxy = .28, p &lt; .001), la habilidad de razonamiento condicional en tareas con contenido paranormal (rxy = .23, p = .001), la necesidad de afiliación (rxy = .21, p = .002) y la vivencia de experiencias extraordinarias subjetivas (rxy = .35, p &lt; .001) correlacionaron significativamente con la creencia en lo paranormal. Los resultados son consistentes con la teoría de la compensación de necesidades de Russell y Jones (1980) e indican que la ideología puede aparecer asociada a signos premórbidos y/o ser consecuencia de psicopatología. Sin embargo, sugieren que la creencia en lo paranormal puede no ser consecuencia de una deficiencia de razonamiento probabilístico y/o condicional. Se sugiere un modelo integrador basado en el feedback entre creencia y experiencia.

Anhedonia in young people with first episode psychosis: a longitudinal study

Aim: Previous research observed deficits in pleasure experience in chronic schizophrenia, but little is known about anhedonia in early psychosis. Aim of this study is: (1) to examine anhedonia in distinct help-seeking subgroups of young people identified through the First Episode Psychosis (FEP) criteria, (2) to investigate its correlations with psychopathology in the FEP sample, and (3) to monitor longitudinally its stability in the FEP group along 1-year follow-up period.Materials and methods: All participants (137 FEP and 95 nonpsychotic psychiatric controls [i.e. non-FEP]), aged 13–35 years, completed the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS), the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief version (SPQ-B), the Brief O-LIFE questionnaire (BOL), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life – Brief version (WHOQOL-BREF). We used two different indexes of anhedonia: CAARMS ‘Anhedonia’ item 4.3 and BOL ‘Introvertive Anhedonia’ subscale scores.Results: In comparison with non-FEP, FEP patients showed higher baseline anhedonia scores. After 1-year follow-up period, FEP individuals had a significant decrease in severity of anhedonia scores. In the FEP group, anhedonia showed significant, enduring (over time) correlations with impaired role functioning, negative symptoms, comorbid depression, poorer self-perceived quality of life and specific schizotypal personality traits (i.e. interpersonal deficits).Conclusions: Anhedonia is relevant in the early phase of psychosis and its severity is associated with functioning deterioration and a bad quality of life.

Schizotypy and Risk-Taking Behaviour: the Contribution of Urgency

The Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE) defines schizotypy as a multidimensional psychopathology construct comprising Unusual Experiences, Cognitive Disorganisation, Impulsive Nonconformity, and Introvertive Anhedonia. Previous research indicates that schizotypy is associated with various risky behaviours. Urgency (emotional impulsivity) has a unique and clinically important effect on risk-taking. However, the interplay between schizotypy and urgency in relation to risk-taking has not received adequate consideration. A sample of 204 participants completed self-report scales measuring Schizotypy, Urgency and Risk-taking behaviour. Using structural equation modelling, a mediational model tested the degree to which O-LIFE subfactors directly and indirectly (via urgency) predicted self-reported likelihood to engage in Risk-taking behaviour. Results indicated that Cognitive Disorganisation and Introvertive Anhedonia negatively predicted engagement in Risk-taking behaviour, whereas Impulsive Nonconformity positively predicted engagement in Risk-taking behaviour. Unusual Experiences, Cognitive Disorganisation and Impulsive Nonconformity had indirect effects on Risk-taking through Urgency. Inclusion of Urgency added explanatory power to the schizotypy-risk relationship.

Associations between schizotypal traits and antisocial behaviours in a sub-Saharan sample

Schizophrenic symptoms have often been associated with antisocial behaviours (ASBs). Most studies have focused on violence. The association between schizophrenia and violence is often confounded by socio demographic characteristics of patients. Overemphasis on diagnosis, rather than traits, and the traditional focus on violence may have obscured associations between psychotic features and antisocial behaviour. In this study, an analogue sample (n = 604, females = 54.4%, mean age = 21.46, SD = 5.89) completed self-report measures of schizotypy and antisocial behaviours. The aim was to identify the strength of associations between different schizotypal traits/symptoms (unusual experiences, cognitive disorganisation, impulsivity & introvertive anhedonia) and different forms of antisocial behaviour (rule breaking, physical aggression & social aggression). Differential patterns of association between genders were also considered. Traits akin to positive symptoms were more strongly associated with antisocial behaviours. Impulsive non-conformity was associated with rule breaking, physical aggression and social aggression for both males and females whilst unusual experiences traits were associated with physical and social aggression in both males and females but had only a weak (gender-nonspecific) association with rule breaking. Finally, cognitive disorganisation was not associated with any class of ASB for males but was associated with physical and social aggression in females. These specific associations could inform the development of more targeted treatment approaches for specific types of ASBs in males and females.

Olfactory threshold selectively predicts positive psychometric schizotypy

Olfactory impairment might be useful as a non-invasive pre-morbid biological marker of psychosis. People with schizophrenia show consistent impairments, but an association between olfaction and schizotypy in non-clinical populations is inconclusive and has been somewhat controversial. This is important as impairment in patients may be artefacts of antipsychotic medication. Meta-analyses indicate small effect sizes in non-clinical populations, suggesting prior negative studies may have been underpowered to demonstrate them.We measured olfaction and psychometrically-defined schizotypy in a sample of 739 non-clinical volunteers [mean age 23.1]. Subsets reported whether they had a history of mental illness in the family or smoked. We used (sniffin’ sticks) to measure threshold detection, discrimination and identification of odours. O-LIFE was used to measure schizotypy.Lower olfactory-threshold selectively predicted higher scores on the positive dimension, unusual experiences. This association was most evident in sub-groups reporting history of mental illness in the family and/or smoking. There was a weak trend for an association between identification and introvertive anhedonia and discrimination and cognitive disorganisation in those with a history of mental illness in the family.These data support the idea that olfaction merits further investigation as a biomarker for psychosis and that olfactory-threshold detection in particular has potential to selectively predict unusual experiences. Variability in previous studies may have been exacerbated by including different proportions of participants with history of mental illness in the family and/or smoking. We propose that non-clinical participants be stratified by these factors in future studies of olfaction and potentially any study that measures psychometric schizotypy.

Negative schizotypy is associated with impaired episodic but not semantic coding in a conditional learning task

ABSTRACTContext processing deficits associated with negative schizotypy may reflect variation in semantic or episodic declarative coding. Healthy volunteers (n = 166) were grouped on the basis of their introvertive anhedonia and unusual experiences scores on the Oxford and Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (OLIFE). Discrimination learning was measured using a commodity-trading task that required participants to predict profit (+) and loss (−) outcomes. Two forms of a biconditional discrimination (AX+, BY+, AY−, BX−) were employed. With fixed locations (n = 84) A & B were presented on the left, X & Y were on the right, with variable locations (n = 82) A, B, X, & Y occurred randomly in left and right locations. Negative schizotypy reflected the expression of a cognitive phenotype that impaired episodic (configural) representation formation. People with many negative schizotypal traits will struggle to learn when their choices are guided by multiple stimuli in inconsistent locations.

Anhedonia in adolescents at ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis: findings from a 1-year longitudinal study.

Previous findings suggested deficits in pleasure experience in schizophrenia, but little is known in psychosis risk prodrome, especially in adolescence. Aim of this study was (1) to assess anhedonia in distinct help-seeking subgroups of adolescents identified through the ultra-high risk (UHR) criteria, (2) to explore any association of anhedonia with other psychopathological aspects in the UHR group, and (3) to monitor longitudinally the stability of anhedonia in UHR individuals across 1-year follow-up period. 123 participants (13-18years) completed the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS), the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief version, the Brief-O-LIFE questionnaire (BOL), and the Brief version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF). Two different indexes of anhedonia were used: CAARMS "Anhedonia" item 4.3 and BOL "Introvertive Anhedonia" subscale scores. No difference in anhedonia levels between UHR and First Episode Psychosis (FEP) groups was found. UHR adolescents showed higher CAARMS and BOL anhedonia scores than non-UHR/FEP. After 1-year follow-up period, UHR adolescents had a significant decrease in severity only in CAARMS anhedonia subscores. In UHR subgroup, CAARMS anhedonia measures showed significant correlations with impaired role functioning and negative symptoms, while BOL anhedonia was significantly correlated with specific schizotypal personality traits concerning interpersonal deficits. Anhedonia is prominent in the psychosis prodrome, also in adolescence. Its severity is not statistically different from that of FEP adolescents and is related to more severe functioning impairment and a worse quality of life.

Thinking dispositions and cognitive reflection performance in schizotypy

AbstractSchizotypy refers to the continuum of normal variability of psychosis-like characteristics and experiences, often classified as positive schizotypy (‘unusual experiences’; UE) and negative schizotypy (‘introvertive anhedonia’; IA). Here, we investigated the link between schizotypy and cognitive processing style and performance. A particular focus was on whether schizotypy is associated more with Type 1 (automatic/heuristic) than Type 2 (reflective/effortful) processes, as may be expected from findings of impaired top-down control in schizophrenia. A large sample (n = 1,512) completed online measures pertaining to schizotypy (Oxford-Liverpool Inventory for Feelings and Experiences; O-LIFE), thinking style (Rational Experiential Inventory-10, Actively Open-Minded Thinking Scale), and reasoning performance (Cognitive Reflection Test). Higher positive (UE) and negative (IA) schizotypy were associated with more pronounced Type 1 processing, i.e. greater self-reported Faith in Intuition (FI), lower Need for Cognition (NFC), lower Actively Open-Minded Thinking (AOT), and lower cognitive reflection test (CRT) scores. Canonical correlation analysis confirmed a significant association between UE and increased FI, lower AOT and lower CRT performance, accounting for 12.38% of the shared variance between schizotypy and thinking dispositions. IA was more highly associated with reduced NFC. These findings suggest that schizotypy may be associated with similar thinking dispositions to those reported in psychosis, with different patterns of associations for positive and negative schizotypy. This result informs research on reasoning processes in psychosis and has clinical implications, including potential treatment targets and refinements for cognitive therapies.

Birds of odd feather flock together? Assortative partner preferences, and attractiveness of schizotypy in long and short term partners

Although schizotypy has received much research interest, studies have largely ignored attractiveness and assortative mating for this trait. In an on-line study, participants (N = 170) rated high and low schizotypy vignettes for long and short term attractiveness. They also filled in the O-LIFE measure of schizotypy (Mason et al., 2005). For Unusual Experiences, and Cognitive Disorganisation, high vignettes received significantly lower ratings than the low vignettes in both short and long term mating context. In comparison to the low vignettes, high Impulsive Nonconformity vignettes had higher ratings as short term partners. We also found assortative preferences for Introvertive Anhedonia and Unusual Experiences. The findings support the idea that some of the schizotypy sub-traits could be part of an adaptive fast life history strategy.

Schizotypal traits and their relation to rejection sensitivity in the general population: Their mediation by quality of life, agreeableness and neuroticism

Schizotypal traits are a cluster of personality styles suggesting a potential liability for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Interpersonal schizotypal traits include cognitive disorganisation which consists of social anxiety, and introvertive anhedonia which consists of a lack of pleasure in social activities. Rejection sensitivity is evident all along this continuum. This study aimed to determine whether psychosocial quality of life (QOL), neuroticism and agreeableness mediates the relation between schizotypy and rejection sensitivity. Three hundred and eighteen participants from a predominantly University student population completed an online survey measuring schizotypy, rejection sensitivity, quality of life, and the five-factor personality traits. A regression analysis determined the prediction of rejection sensitivity by schizotypy, quality of life, and the five personality traits. Analyses examined the mediation of the relation between interpersonal schizotypy and rejection sensitivity by psychological QOL, social QOL, neuroticism, and agreeableness. Cognitive disorganisation and introvertive anhedonia predicted greater rejection sensitivity, which in turn were mediated by psychological QOL, social QOL, neuroticism, and agreeableness. The findings show that interpersonal schizotypy relates to greater rejection sensitivity. Psychosocial factors that lower one's ability to have positive feelings, trusting relationships, and prosocial behaviour, and personality traits that increase worrying mediate this association.

T18. MULTIVARIATE BRAIN ANATOMICAL DIFFERENCES IN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SCHIZOTYPY: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE TYPIA STUDY

BackgroundIn schizotypy, a factor structure similar to the one observed in schizophrenia has been unraveled, being the positive and negative the most consistently replicated dimensions. Despite this fact, most of the studies on brain volume patterns in schizotypy consider it as an unitary rather than a multidimensional construct. Hence, based on previous results showing that schizophrenia and schizotypal personality traits share common neurodevelopmental patterns, it is hypothesized that brain volumetric patterns in individuals with high positive schizotypy are intrinsically different to those observed in persons reporting high negative schizotypy and to individuals with overall low schizotypal traits. The present study aims to evaluate this hypothesis using novel machine learning techniques to address the multivariate nature of psychotic diseases and the brain itself.MethodsData from the TYPIA Study, an ongoing project conducted at the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich and the University of Bonn in Germany, was used to investigate whether brain volumetric patterns are distinct in healthy individuals with high positive (HPS) and high negative schizotypy (HNS) when compared to one another (HPS vs HNS) and to individuals with self-reported low schizotypy (LS vs HNS and LS vs HPS). A preliminary analysis on grey matter volumetric patterns from 29 LS (19 f., mean age: 24.6 y.), 28 HNS (20 f., mean age: 26.8 y.) and 23 HPS (17 f., mean age: 26.4 years) individuals from the general population without any current psychiatric diagnosis was performed. Group divisions were based on the introvertive anhedonia and unusual experiences subscales from the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE). Structural images were preprocessed with a standard voxel based morphometry pipeline using the SPM-based CAT12 toolbox in Matlab. After age, sex and grey matter intracranial volume and center corrections, a linear support vector classification (SVC) algorithm was used to assess separability between the groups.ResultsOur preliminary cross-validated results showed that LS and HNS can be separated with 56.0 % balanced accuracy (BAC), whereas LS vs HPS and HNS vs HPS allowed for only 42.87% and 48.8% BAC respectively. Interestingly, a post-hoc analysis comparing LS vs both high schizotypy groups merged together showed the highest BAC (59.2%). As expected, the brain differences between groups are rather small, since the sample consists fully of healthy controls. However, these results indicate that personality traits related to HNS are linked to more pronounced changes in the brain as compared to HPS. Nevertheless, schizotypy as a combination of the positive and negative dimensions allowed for a higher classification accuracy when compared to LS, supporting the notion of schizotypy as a unitary construct as observed from the post-hoc analysis. Furthermore, HNS and HPS were not separable by the algorithm, most likely due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of the construct.DiscussionOur results align with previous studies claiming that negative symptoms are associated with structural changes in the CNS whereas positive symptoms relate to changes in functioning and activation of the brain. A larger sample as well as using other data modalities will confirm the stability of our findings. Research on volumetric patterns of the brain areas related to negative symptoms in non-clinical samples might lead to a better understanding of the underlying causes of schizophrenia. Above all, our results show that investigating non-clinical expression of psychosis-like symptoms is a promising strategy to understand the prodromal stadium of schizophrenia.

T61. ANTISACCADE AND MEMORY GUIDED SACCADE PERFORMANCE ACROSS THE SCHIZOPHRENIA CONTINUUM

BackgroundSaccadic (ocular motor) deficits are one of the most replicated findings in schizophrenia. However, less research has been conducted investigating the broader schizophrenia continuum. Recent research suggests that the personality characteristics and symptoms observed in schizophrenia lie on a continuum with subclinical symptoms, known as schizotypy, observed in the non-clinical population. Schizotypy is considered a suitable model for investigating schizophrenia as it mirrors the symptoms, albeit in a more subtle manner. As saccadic deficits are a cognitive hallmark of schizophrenia, it is believed that saccadic deficit may be associated with higher schizotypy. The aim of the current study was to 1) replicate previous findings of impairments in antisaccade and memory-guided saccade performance in schizophrenia and 2) investigate the relationship between antisaccade and memory-guided saccade performance and schizotypy.Methods105 adults (35 patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 70 healthy controls) completed the antisaccade and memory-guided saccade tasks, which engage spatial working memory and inhibition processes. The variables analysed for both saccade paradigms were error rate, latency (ie. reaction time) and gain (ie. spatial accuracy). Schizotypy was assessed using the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE), a 104 item questionnaire which measures the three main schizotypy factors: Unusual Experiences, Introvertive Anhedonia and Cognitive Disorganisation. A total O-LIFE score was also calculated from these three schizotypy factors as a representation of global schizotypy. Controls were then divided into low (n = 35) and high schizotypy groups (n = 35). A MANOVA was conducted to observe differences in eye movement variables between low schizotypy individuals, high schizotypy individuals and patients. Correlations were also conducted to further investigate these relationships.ResultsAntisaccade error rate, (p < 0.001), antisaccade latency (p = 0.007), memory-guided saccade error rate (p = 0.009) and latency (p < 0.001) were significantly different between patients and controls. When comparing low schizotypy, high schizotypy and patient groups, the MANOVA revealed significant differences for antisaccade and memory-guided saccade latency and a non-significant trend for antisaccade gain. However, post-hoc analyses revealed that there was only a significant difference between low schizotypy and patient groups (p < 0.001), but not between low schizotypy and high schizotypy nor between high schizotypy and patient. Looking across the schizophrenia continuum, there were significant correlations between the total O-LIFE score and antisaccade gain (p = 0.033), memory-guided saccade latency (p = 0.014) and memory-guided saccade gain (p = 0.011). A non-significant trend was also observed between the total O-LIFE score and antisaccade latency (p = 0.088).DiscussionThis study replicated previous findings of impaired saccade performance in schizophrenia. In addition, it also replicated findings of impaired antisaccade performance in higher schizotypy and is the first study to investigate and demonstrate the relationship between higher schizotypy and impaired memory-guided saccade performance. Overall, these findings supporting the use of schizotypy as a model for schizophrenia and also support the theory of schizotypy and a broader schizophrenia continuum.

Cannabis use in early adolescence is associated with higher negative schizotypy in females

The current study examined the relationship between early onset cannabis use (before age 16) and different schizotypy dimensions, and whether gender moderates these associations. Participants were 162 cannabis users, aged 15–24 years, who completed an online assessment examining alcohol and other drug use, psychological distress, and schizotypy. Participants were divided according to whether or not they had started using cannabis before the age of 16 (early onset=47; later onset=115) and gender (males=66; females=96). The interaction between gender and onset group was significantly associated with the dimension of introvertive anhedonia. Follow-up analyses showed that early onset cannabis use was associated with higher levels of introvertive anhedonia in females only. The current findings suggest that gender is an important moderator in the association between early onset cannabis use, schizotypy, and possibly, psychosis risk.