Intrinsic Orientation Research Articles

Religious tolerance among college students: How it’s influenced by religious orientation and personality traits?

Religious tolerance among college students needs to be maintained to create harmonious conditions and peace among the religious community. This study aimed to explore the influence of religious orientations and personality traits on religious tolerance among college students. This study used a quantitative approach and performed a survey method that utilized three measurement tools of psychological scales: the Religious Orientation Scale-Revised, the Personality Scale of Big Five Personality and the Scale of Religious Tolerance. The subjects of this study were 280 students from six universities in Surabaya. The results of the study show that, generally, there is a significant influence of religious orientation and personality traits on religious tolerance among college students. Partially, intrinsic religious orientation has a positive influence on religious tolerance, and on the contrary, the extrinsic religious orientation has a negative influence on religious tolerance. Of the personality traits (Big Five Personality), agreeableness and openness have a positive influence on religious tolerance. Meanwhile, extroversion, conscientiousness, and neuroticism do not have a significant influence on religious tolerance. Therefore intrinsic religious orientation and two personality traits - agreeableness and openness - are important to develop religious tolerance among college students. While college student who have extrinsic religious orientation tend to have low religious tolerance.

The self-repairing of ion irradiation damaged Mo–S–Ti (MoST) lubricant films by thermal annealing

Mo–S–Ti composite films deposited by magnetron sputtering were irradiated by 2 MeV Au2+ with a high fluence of 3.3 × 1015 ion cm−2. Upon intense bombardment by 2 MeV Au2+, the Mo–S–Ti thin film exhibits sensitivity to radiation-induced amorphization at room temperature. Afterwards, thermal annealing experiments on the irradiated thin films were conducted over the temperature range of 200 °C–900 °C. Subsequent annealing experiments found that the effect of heavy ion irradiation on Mo–S–Ti films was a reversible reaction, with the irradiation-damaged MoS2 lattice being completely self-repaired by thermal annealing. In the annealing temperature range of 200 °C–600 °C, no evidence of an amorphous to recrystallized transition was observed. When the temperature was increased to as high as 700 °C, the damaged MoS2 molecules were well recrystallized. HRTEM images of irradiated samples annealed at 700 °C strikingly found that the self-repaired MoS2 crystallites preserving long range ordering were still rearranged in an intrinsic (0 0 2) crystal orientation. MoS2 nanocrystals that survived the ion bombardment step may provide some nucleus for subsequent MoS2 grains growing dominantly in the (0 0 2) direction in thermal annealing. Compared with the difficult recrystallization in thermal annealing, the irradiation-amorphized MoS2 phases were easily self-repaired under friction. The low transition potential barrier from irradiation-induced amorphization to crystallization, achieved by mechanical working, may be an important reason for the quick recrystallization.

Relationship Between Assessment for Learning and English Learning Motivation of University Students in Blended Learning Environment

The study was sponsored by Hubei Provincial Department of Education’s Important Humanity and Social Sciences Research Project (Project ID: 16D068); Hubei Provincial Department of Education’s Research Project on Teaching Reform in Colleges and Universities (Project ID: 2016490); Hubei Provincial Education Science Twelfth Five-year Plan Project (Project ID: 2014B113); Educational Ministry of Hubei Province (Project ID: 19Q307); College of foreign studies, Hubei Normal University (ID: 1705). Abstract Recently, assessment for learning (AFL) has gained increasing popularity by researchers worldwide. It is generally accepted that AFL enables students to optimize their learning process and improve their learning proficiency through various informal assessment. This study aims at investigating the relationship between AFL and English learning motivation at university level as well as students’ perceptions of this kind of assessment in a blended learning course. Blended learning combines the advantages of traditional face-to-face classroom teaching with online learning in order to provide a better learning environment. Both quantitative and qualitative method were used in the study. The quantitative data comes from two questionnaires: Assessment for Learning Questionnaire for Students which consist of Monitoring and Scaffolding part was used to investigate students’ perceptions of assessment for learning and the Motivation Subscale of Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire was selected as the instrument to measure students’ motivation, which was furthered divided into value component, expectancy component and affective component. 115 university students from Hubei Province of China completed the two questionnaires. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Qualitative data were collected from semi-structured interviews with the selected 6 students. The results of correlation analysis show that intrinsic goal orientation and task value of value component is positively correlated with AFL. Expectancy component is positively correlated with AFL. There is no significant correlation between extrinsic goal orientation and AFL. AFL is not significantly associated with test anxiety. Both monitoring and scaffolding factors contribute to the increase of students’ motivation. Results of the interviews indicate that students with high language proficiency are more willing to accept AFL. It is suggested that AFL should be advocated and applied in teaching language course in China. Future studies are needed to investigate the influence of AFL on students’ learning outcome in an all-around way. Keywords: Assessment for learning; English learning motivation; University students; Blended Learning DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-5-09 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

The Attitudes toward Codes of Ethics: Do Cynicism and Religiosity Matters?

<p>The prevalence of corporate transgressions in Indonesia have brought the moral standards of business leaders into public domain. In light of these phenomena, an investigation into whether prospective business leaders of the country are predisposed to moral values is crucial. The purpose of this research was to ascertain the attitudes of the Indonesian future business leaders towards the existence of codes of ethics in business. In particular, the research examined whether the religious orientation of these future leaders influenced the attitudes. A test was also assigned to scrutinize whether the degree of their social cynicism moderated that possible causal relationship. A survey was used as the primary method to collect the data. The sample involved first-year students from a business school at a private university in Indonesia. A total of 111 students involved in the survey. A majority of the students Results of the research showed majority of the respondents were generally supportive shown to have positive attitudes towards codes of ethics. The intrinsic religious orientation of the students also had a positive impact on the attitudes. This positive relationship, however, was mitigated by their negative views of people and social institutions. Managerial implications of the research findings are discussed and the directions of future similar research are outlined. </p>

Assessing long-range contributions to the charge asymmetry of ion adsorption at the air-water interface.

Anions generally associate more favorably with the air–water interface than cations. In addition to solute size and polarizability, the intrinsic structure of the unperturbed interface has been discussed as an important contributor to this bias. Here we assess quantitatively the role that intrinsic charge asymmetry of water's surface plays in ion adsorption, using computer simulations to compare model solutes of various size and charge. In doing so, we also evaluate the degree to which linear response theory for solvent polarization is a reasonable approach for comparing the thermodynamics of bulk and interfacial ion solvation. Consistent with previous works on bulk ion solvation, we find that the average electrostatic potential at the center of a neutral, sub-nanometer solute at the air–water interface depends sensitively on its radius, and that this potential changes quite nonlinearly as the solute's charge is introduced. The nonlinear response closely resembles that of the bulk. As a result, the net nonlinearity of ion adsorption is weaker than in bulk, but still substantial, comparable to the apparent magnitude of macroscopically nonlocal contributions from the undisturbed interface. For the simple-point-charge model of water we study, these results argue distinctly against rationalizing ion adsorption in terms of surface potentials inherent to molecular structure of the liquid's boundary.

Examination of Kinect’s Torso PCA Model for Planar Activities Assessment after Stroke

Compensatory movement after stroke occurred when inter-joint coordination between arm and forearm for the purpose of arm transport becomes limited due to the weaknesses of the upper limb after stroke. This limitation causes an inefficiency of hand movement to perform the activity of daily living (ADL). Previous work has shown the possibility of using Kinect to assess torso compensation in typical assessment of upper limb movement in a stroke-simulated setting using a Torso Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Model. This research extends the study into evaluating Torso PCA Model in terms of orientation angles of the torso in three dimensional when performing planar activities namely circle tracing and point-topoint tracing. The orientation angles were compared to the outcome of the measurement from a standard motion capture system and Kinect’s intrinsic chest orientation angles. Based on the statistical results, Torso PCA model is concurrently valid with the clinically accepted measures of torso orientation and can be used further to analyze torso compensation in stroke patients.

PROFESYONEL FUTBOLCULARDA HEDEF YÖNELİMİNİN MOTİVASYONEL YÖNELİM ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Goal orientation was proposed by Nicholls (1989), and refers to how a person shows competence divided into two different directions: ego and task orientation. Deci and Ryan (1985) stated that individuals participate and continue sport activities for certain internal or external reasons. Intrinsic motivation refers to one's participation in an activity, pleasure and satisfaction from this situation. External motivation, on the other hand, is expressed as reinforcers carrying material and spiritual values ​​through other people. Understanding the motivation and goal orientation of individuals participating in sports can help coaches to develop training programs and improve adherence to performance. The aim of this study is to investigate how the goal orientations of professional footballers affect their motivational orientations. 121 (Xyas = 23.6 ± 3.6 years) professional football players participated in the study. In order to determine the target orientations of the participants, ‘Sporda Görev ve Ego Yönelimi Ölçeği (SGYÖ)’ adapted to Turkish by Toros (2001) and to determine their motivational orientations, ‘Sporda Güdülenme Ölçeği (SGÖ)’ adapted to Turkish by Kazak (2001) were used. For the analysis of data In the first stage, 4 groups were formed according to the scores obtained by the participants from the SGYÖ: High ego-Low task, Low ego-High task, High ego-High task and Low ego-Low task. Then 4 (Group) x 3 (internal, external, amotivation) One Way ANOVA was used. According to the findings of the study, Low Ego-High Task-oriented athletes scored significantly higher than the intrinsic motivation sub-dimension compared to High Ego-Low Task-oriented athletes (p <0.05). When the scores obtained from the Amotivation sub-dimension of the groups were examined, the Low Ego-High Task orientation group scores were significantly lower than the Low Ego-Low Task and High Ego-High Task orientation groups (p <0.05). When the results of this study are examined, it can be said that high duty-low ego-oriented players have more intrinsic motivation than low duty-high ego-oriented players. This situation is in parallel with many studies in the literature (Ryan and Deci, 2007; van de Pol et al., 2012). Given the critical importance of contributing to the training of more successful athletes, it is recommended to increase efforts to increase intrinsic motivation and task orientation.

Magnetic fields and cosmic rays in M 31

Context. Magnetic fields play an important role in the dynamics and evolution of galaxies; however, the amplification and ordering of the initial seed fields are not fully understood. The nearby spiral galaxy M 31 is an ideal laboratory for extensive studies of magnetic fields. Aims. Our aim was to measure the intrinsic structure of the magnetic fields in M 31 and compare them with dynamo models of field amplification. Methods. The intensity of polarized synchrotron emission and its orientation are used to measure the orientations of the magnetic field components in the plane of the sky. The Faraday rotation measure gives information about the field components along the line of sight. With the Effelsberg 100-m telescope three deep radio continuum surveys of the Andromeda galaxy, M 31, were performed at 2.645, 4.85, and 8.35 GHz (wavelengths of 11.3, 6.2, and 3.6 cm). The λ3.6 cm survey is the first radio survey of M 31 at such small wavelengths. Maps of the Faraday rotation measures (RMs) are calculated from the distributions of the polarization angle. Results. At all wavelengths the total and polarized emission is concentrated in a ring-like structure of about 7–13 kpc in radius from the centre. Propagation of cosmic rays away from the star-forming regions is evident. The ring of synchrotron emission is wider than the ring of the thermal radio emission, and the radial scale length of synchrotron emission is larger than that of thermal emission. The polarized intensity from the ring in the plane of the sky varies double-periodically with azimuthal angle, indicating that the ordered magnetic field is oriented almost along the ring, with a pitch angle of −14 ° ±2° at λ6.2 cm. The RM varies systematically along the ring. The analysis shows a large-scale sinusoidal variation with azimuthal angle, signature of an axisymmetric spiral (ASS) regular magnetic field, plus a superimposed double-periodic variation of a bisymmetric spiral (BSS) regular field with about six times smaller amplitude. The RM amplitude of (118 ± 3) rad m−2 between λ6.2 cm and λ3.6 cm is about 50% larger than between λ11.3 cm and λ6.2 cm, indicating that Faraday depolarization at λ11.3 cm is stronger (i.e. with a larger Faraday thickness) than at λ6.2 cm and λ3.6 cm. The phase of the sinusoidal RM variation of −7 ° ±1° is interpreted as the average spiral pitch angle of the regular field. The average pitch angle of the ordered field, as derived from the intrinsic orientation of the polarized emission (corrected for Faraday rotation), is significantly smaller: −26 ° ±3°. Conclusions. The dominating ASS plus the weaker BSS field of M 31 is the most compelling case so far of a field generated by the action of a mean-field dynamo. The difference in pitch angle of the regular and the ordered fields indicates that the ordered field contains a significant fraction of an anisotropic turbulent field that has a different pattern than the regular (ASS + BSS) magnetic field.

The Role of Students’ Motivation in the Relationship between Perceived Learning Environment and Achievement in Science: A Mediation Analysis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of 7th grade students' motivation towards learning science in the relationship between their science learning environment perceptions and science achievement. Correlational research design was utilized in this study and data were collected from 922 7th grade students by using self-report questionnaires and a multiple-choice science achievement test. While the motivation to learn science was regarded as self-efficacy, task value, intrinsic goal orientation, and extrinsic goal orientation, students’ perceptions of the learning environment in science class was assessed by considering the components of constructivist learning environment such as teacher support, involvement, investigation, and equity. The results are discussed in relation to the features of the classroom learning environment related to students’ performance in science class. According to the results obtained from Latent Variables Path Analyses, it seems important that classroom learning environments which were arranged by means of the perspective of the constructivist learning environment increase students’ science achievement directly and indirectly by increasing their motivation towards science.

SEAMLESS CO-REGISTRATION OF IMAGES FROM MULTI-SENSOR MULTISPECTRAL CAMERAS

Abstract. Small-format, consumer-grade multi-camera multispectral systems have gained popularity in recent years. This is specifically due to the simplicity of their integration onboard platforms with limited payload capacity, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Commercially available photogrammetric software can process the image data collected by these cameras to create multispectral ortho-rectified mosaics. However, misalignments of several pixels between spectral bands have been observed to be a common issue when employing these solutions, which can undermine the spectral and geometric integrity of the data. Besides, in advanced processing workflows such as object detection and classification with deep learning algorithms, band-to-band co-registered images are needed rather than one mosaic. We propose a two-fold solution for seamless band-to-band registration of images captured by five cameras integrated into a miniature multispectral camera system. This approach consists of 1) a robust self-calibration of the multispectral camera system to accurately estimate the intrinsic calibration parameters and relative orientation parameters of all cameras; 2) a single capture, band-to-band co-registration method based on trifocal constraints. This approach differs from existing literature since it is fully automatic, does not make any assumptions about the scene, does not use any best-fit projective or similarity transformations, and does not attempt cross-spectral feature-point matching. Our experiments confirm that the proposed co-registration method can accurately fuse multispectral images from a miniature multi-camera system and is invariant to large depth-variations in the captured scene.

Thickness Dependence and Strain Effects in Ferroelectric Bi2FeCrO6 Thin Films

We report on the ferroelectric properties of epitaxially grown Bi2FeCrO6 (BFCO) films with thicknesses of 7.5, 49, and 98 nm obtained by pulsed laser deposition. Because of the strains induced by the Nb-doped SrTiO3(001) substrate, the films exhibit a variable Fe–Cr order along the growth axis, with a disordered phase located near the interface and an increased order at the top of the films. This is first evidenced by X-ray diffraction and UV–vis–NIR absorption measurements as the ordered/disordered phases show different lattice parameters and band gaps. The strain effects which depend on the film thickness are found to strongly impact the ferroelectric properties. For the 49 nm thick film, piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) reveals an out-of-plane intrinsic polarization orientation, effect which is absent for 98 nm thick films. The polarization anisotropy increases when reducing the thickness to 7.5 nm. The intrinsic polarization of the as-deposited 49 nm films induces a significant shift of the curren...

RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE AS A KEY FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATE-LIFE TRUE BELIEF

Hoffer (1951) argued that “true believers” are individuals who cannot tolerate questions about their views. In terms of “true” religious believers, such individuals would not be able to tolerate questions about religious doctrine. In this study, we examine potential causes of religious “true” belief in later life. Using a model of religious orientation developed by Allport (1950) and Batson (1991), we defined “true” religious believers as those individuals who describe deep and broad religious commitments (score high on measures of intrinsic religious orientation) but refuse to question or doubt their commitments (score low on quest religious orientations). Using logistic regression analyses, we examined predictors of religious true belief in a sample of 357 denominationally diverse older adults living in New England. Predictors in the model included denominational affiliation, religious knowledge, organizational and non-organizational religious participation, and religious experiences, as well as non-religious factors such as personality traits (NEO), severity of illness and self-rated health, overall life stress, and other background factors (SES, gender, age) Of these 14 predictors, one factor in particular stood out as a particularly robust predictor of membership in the “true” believer group (n=47) – high scores on self-reported religious experience. Religious life experiences may be influenced by cohort and personality, resulting in extremely high scores of the individual on the intrinsic orientation scale and extremely low scores on the quest scale; together these embody the “true believer”.

An Exploration of the Career MotivationsStated by Early-Career Veterinarians inAustralia.

Despite the critical influence of motivation on education and work outcomes, little is known about the motivations driving people to become and remain veterinarians. This qualitative study explored the career motivations stated by Australian veterinary graduates (n = 43) using a free-response Ten Statements Test (TST) at graduation, with follow-up interviews 6-8 months later (n = 10). TST responses were coded using an alternate inductive-deductive approach that tested their fit against existing theories of motivation. Results showed that the stated motivations were predominantly oriented to perceived value, rather than self-beliefs such as expectancy of success. About a quarter of the statements were animal-related, principally themed around intrinsic animal orientation (e.g., I like animals) or extrinsic animal-related purpose (e.g., I want to help animals). However, many non-animal themes also emerged, including both intrinsic (e.g., love of learning, challenge/problem solving, variety, social relatedness) and extrinsic (e.g., helping people, social contribution, career opportunity) motivations. Interview data revealed a motivational narrative of early formative influences, with some interviewees describing a later transition toward more people- or goal-oriented motivations. This exploratory study, outlining a broad taxonomy of veterinary career motivations and their alignment to self-determination theory in particular, may provide a useful framework for exploring career motivations in veterinary education.

On Sin and Sacrifice: How Intrinsic Religiosity and Sexual-Guilt Create Support for Martyrdom

The affective, behavioral, and cognitive influence of sexual sin is investigated in this research. In Study 1, we demonstrated that religious people watching erotic (vs. neutral) images reported greater sexual guilt, which in turn increased their willingness to self-sacrifice for a cause. Extending these results, in Study 2 we demonstrated that when recalling a time when they had committed a sexual sin (vs. no sin), people with an intrinsic religious orientation believe in a more punishing view of God (akin to the Old Testament), which in turn predicts the extent to which they engaged in painful sacrificial behavior. Overall, these results suggest that sexual sins motivate self-sacrifice to repent, especially among those with an intrinsic (vs. extrinsic) religious orientation.

A VLA Polarimetric Study of the Galactic Center Radio Arc: Characterizing Polarization, Rotation Measure, and Magnetic Field Properties

Abstract The Radio Arc is one of the brightest systems of nonthermal filaments (NTFs) in the Galactic Center, located near several prominent H ii regions (Sickle and Pistol) and the Quintuplet stellar cluster. We present observations of the Arc NTFs using the S, C, and X bands of the Very Large Array interferometer. Our images of total intensity reveal large-scale helical features that surround the Arc NTFs, very narrow subfilamentation, and compact sources along the NTFs. The distribution of polarized intensity is confined to a relatively small area along the NTFs. There are elongated polarized structures that appear to lack total intensity counterparts. We detect a range of rotation measure values from −1000 to −5800 rad m−2, likely caused by external Faraday rotation along the line of sight. After correcting for Faraday rotation, the intrinsic magnetic field orientation is found to generally trace the extent of the NTFs. However, the intrinsic magnetic field in several regions of the Arc NTFs shows an ordered pattern that is rotated with respect to the extent of the NTFs. We suggest this changing pattern may be caused by an additional magnetized source along the line of sight, so that we observe two field systems superposed in our observations. We suggest that the large-scale helical segments near the Radio Arc could be components of such a source causing these changes in the intrinsic magnetic field, and some variations in the polarization and rotation measure values along the NTFs.

The Religious Orientation Scale Revised among Spanish Catholic People: Structural Validity and Internal Consistency of a 21-item Model

The personal religious orientation understood as the motivation behind religious behaviors must be considered as the process that manages and organizes the behavior of those who are religious. Thus, identifying the dimensionality of religiosity is important (Francis, 2007; Kirkpatrick &amp; Hood, 1990). This paper analyzed the structural validity and internal consistency of the 31-item Batson and Ventis Religious Orientation Scale. Participants were 529 Spanish Catholic undergraduates aged between 18 and 55 years, M = 21.55, SD = 4.39. A Principal Component Analysis with Equamax rotation method was performed on the ROS-31 with the randomized 50% of the sample, obtaining a 21-item three-component model (intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest religious orientations). Then, a CFA carried out with the other 50% of the sample showed an adequate fit of the obtained model, SBχ2(186) = 352.45, p &lt; 0.01, CFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.059 (CI 90% [0.049, 0.067]). The intrinsic scale showed an excellent internal consistency, the quest scale showed good internal consistency, and the extrinsic scale showed an acceptable internal consistency. Future lines of research are suggested in order to clarify the relationship between the religious orientation scales and some psychosocial variables.

It Goes without Saying: The Effects of Intrinsic Motivational Orientation, Leadership Emphasis of Intrinsic Goals, and Audit Issue Ambiguity on Speaking Up

ABSTRACTRegulation requires auditors to raise significant audit issues and concerns to the attention of audit engagement leadership and requires leadership to encourage such communication. This research demonstrates, using an experiment and a survey, that audit team members' willingness to speak up about such issues is associated with their intrinsic motivational orientation. Based on this result, we test whether audit leadership can leverage this relationship to increase speaking up, particularly when audit issues are more ambiguous, by emphasizing intrinsic goals. Results across three additional experiments indicate that auditors whose leaders emphasize intrinsic goals, whether directly or through tone at the top and firm culture, are more likely to speak up than are other auditors. We also find that auditors are more likely to speak up when an audit issue is less versus more ambiguous. We conclude that leadership can fulfill their obligation to encourage upward communication by emphasizing intrinsic versus extrinsic goals, regardless of the level of ambiguity surrounding the audit issue.

Numerical investigations of six-fold dendritic icing process in subcooled water subject to natural and forced convective environments

Six-fold symmetric ice dendrite growth in subcooled water is investigated based on a GPU-accelerated hybrid lattice Boltzmann (LB) method and the cellular automation (CA) method. A reduction factor is proposed to reduce the discretization induced anisotropy in the hybrid method. The accuracy and feasibility of this hybrid method is validated by comparing simulated tip velocity of ice dendrite with existing experimental data under microgravity conditions, as well as comparing with the LM-K theory under small degrees of subcooling. Effects of natural convection and forced convection environments on dendrite morphology and tip velocity are further studied based on this improved method. It is shown that natural convection promotes ice dendrite to grow upward, and the arm growth velocity can be enhanced or weakened by natural convection, depending on the relative angle between intrinsic growth orientation and gravity direction. Under large natural convection effects, a growth competition phenomenon between different arms on a single ice dendrite is observed which had not been predicted by previous theoretical models. On the other hand, forced convection is shown to have strong enhancing effects on upstream arms and inhibit the growth of downstream arms. The arm growth is always enhanced with increasing inlet Re to various degrees for different relative angles between intrinsic growth orientation and gravity direction.

Students’ perceptions on Cooperative Problem-Based Learning (CPBL) in the language Classroom

21st century poses greater challenges for graduates to secure positions in the employment sector. To prepare the graduates for the challenges, the teaching and learning approach needs to be transformed for better outcomes. Cooperative problem-based learning (CPBL) is a new approach that consists the elements of problem-based learning and cooperative learning. Its advantages is numerous that it could help to improve critical thinking skills, creativity, problem solving skills, social skill, leadership skills and motivation, which leads to better experience in the learning process. CPBL has been found to be used in the content-based class such as engineering and has displayed positive results. The elements of critical thinking and the usage of skills in the CPBL module have proposed that it is a suitable approach for the language classroom. A survey using questionnaires on students’ perceptions, motivation and strategies for learning has been conducted on undergraduate students to have insights of CPBL outcome in the language classroom. The questionnaire is later analyzed using exploratory factor analysis in the SPSS software. The results show that the most loaded factor is self-efficacy for learning, followed by extrinsic goal orientation, and intrinsic goal orientation. All these factors correlate with one another that the students focus on their extrinsic goals more than their intrinsic goals to increase their self-efficacy.

Effects of Religious Orientations on the Prevalence of Social Media Disorder Among Muslim University Students in Pakistan.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of religious orientations on the prevalence of social media disorder among Muslim university students in Pakistan. A total of 686 students (59.0% females), enrolled in the three public-sector universities, participated in the study. The new indices of religious orientation revised and a short version of social media disorder scale were adapted to collect the required information. Both scales demonstrated high reliability coefficients. Results demonstrate significant differences in the religious orientations of disordered and non-disordered social media users. Findings support that the higher extrinsic and quest religious orientations enhance likelihood of being disordered social media users. The enhanced intrinsic religious orientation, however, decreases the chances of being disordered social media users. The implications of research findings in related academic and non-academic settings are discussed at the end of this paper.