Intravenous Injection Group Research Articles

Intracoronary Versus Intravenous Administration of Eptifibatide During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes

Platelet activation and aggregation play a major role in thrombosis formation of coronary arteries in patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) and is responsible for most ischemic complications during PCI. There is little information on the benefits and side effects of intracoronary and intravenous injection of Eptifibatide, a potent antiplatelet agent; therefore, this study was performed with the aim to compare coronary blood flow velocity by measurement of TIMI frame count. In intravenous versus intracoronary bolus administration of Eptifibatide during PCI in ACS patients. This non-randomized clinical trial study was performed on 103 patients with acute coronary syndromes who referred to the cardiac emergency ward of Ghaem hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, and were candidates for urgent coronary angiography and PCI. Forty-eight cases received intracoronary bolus Eptifibatide and 55 intravenous Eptifibatide. TIMI Frame Count and Corrected TIMI Frame Count were used to comparing the effect of these two methods on coronary blood flow velocity. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22). To compare the quantitative variables in the two groups, according to the distribution of variables, the t-test was used if it was normal or the Mann-Whitney test was used if it was not normal. A Chi-square test was also used to compare qualitative variables into two groups. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Mean of age, gender, and cardiovascular risk factors were similar in the two groups. There was no significant difference in terms of serum Creatine Kinase MB (CKMB) level, Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF), coronary artery lesion length, coronary artery diameter, coronary thrombosis, and coronary artery thrombectomy in two groups. Based on Student's t-test, there was no significant difference between mean TIMI Frame Count in different coronary arteries in the intracoronary and intravenous injection groups (In LAD, P=0.518; For LCX, P=0.576; and in RCA, P=0.964). The complications were observed in 11 patients (22.9%) of the intracoronary injection group and 9 (16.4%) of the intravenous injection group; the difference was not significant (P=0.402). The effects and complications of Eptifibatide were not significantly different in Intracoronary and intravenous administration in ACS patients during PCI and at the time of patients' hospitalization.

Bilateral Sanyinjiao acupuncture reduces the dose of intravenous remifentanil in labor analgesia

This study aims to evaluate the effects of intravenous analgesia using remifentanil combined with Sanyinjiao acupuncture in childbirth. A total of 150 women who delivered their babies naturally were selected. Among these, 100 women willing to undergo labor analgesia and were full-term and with single child, cephalic presentation, and without pregnancy complications were randomly divided into an intravenous injection group (IV) and a combined injection group (CI), while the remainder comprised the control group (C). After the patients entered the active phase of labor, remifentanil was intravenously infused. Patients in group CI were injected with 2 ml of 1% lidocaine into the bilateral Sanyinjiao acupoint. After analgesia began, pain score, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate in group IV and group CI were significantly lower than in group C (p < 0.05). The dose of remifentanil was significantly lower in group CI than in group IV (p < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference in the duration of labor and neonatal score among the three groups (p > 0.05). Neither excessive sedation nor respiratory depression occurred. Sanyinjiao acupoint injection combined with intravenous infusion of remifentanil reduced the amount of opioids and the risk for serious adverse reactions.

Incidence and Risk of Peripheral Neuropathy Caused by Intravenous and Subcutaneous Injection of Bortezomib

To compare the effects of intravenous and subcutaneous injection of bortezomib on incidence and relative risk of peripheral neuropathy in patients with multiple myeloma(MM). The electronic database of PubMed, Embase, Cochrance library, CNKI and related meeting records were searched by computers. The data were derived all from a matched randomized controlled studies. The incidence, relative risk(RR) and 95% confidence interval of peripheral neuropathy caused by intravenous and subcustaneous injections were calculated by the statistical methods. Four RCT studies were selected for meta-analysis, with a total of 911 patients (479 cases and 432 cases in the subcutaneous injection and intravenous injection groups, respectively). The incidence of peripheral neuropathy in the intravenous injection group was 41.4% (95% CI=0.137-0.692, P=0.003), and the incidence of >2 grade of peripheral neuropathy was 15.6% (95% CI=0.005-0.308, P=0.043). The corresponding incidence rates of the subcutaneous injection group were 16% (95% CI=0.021-0.299, P=0.024) and 3.4% (95% CI=-0.011-0.080, P=0.141) respectively. Compared with the intravenous injection group, the RR of peripheral neuropathy and the relative risk of peripheral neuropathy above grade 2 were 0.525, 95% CI=0.297-0.928 (P=0.027) and 0.376, 95% CI=0.196-0.722 (P=0.003) respectively. Subcutaneous injection of bortezomib at therapeutic doses significantly reduces the incidence of peripheral neuropathy compared with intravenous injection.

Characterization of Plasmodium berghei Homologues of T-cell Immunomodulatory Protein as a New Potential Candidate for Protecting against Experimental Cerebral Malaria.

The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is biologically complex and involves multi-factorial mechanisms such as microvascular congestion, immunopathology by the pro-inflammatory cytokine and endothelial dysfunction. Recent data have suggested that a pleiotropic T-cell immunomodulatory protein (TIP) could effectively mediate inflammatory cytokines of mammalian immune response against acute graft-versus-host disease in animal models. In this study, we identified a conserved homologue of TIP in Plasmodium berghei (PbTIP) as a membrane protein in Plasmodium asexual stage. Compared with PBS control group, the pathology of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in rPbTIP intravenous injection (i.v.) group was alleviated by the downregulation of pro-inflammatory responses, and rPbTIP i.v. group elicited an expansion of regulatory T-cell response. Therefore, rPbTIP i.v. group displayed less severe brain pathology and feverish mice in rPbTIP i.v. group died from ECM. This study suggested that PbTIP may be a novel promising target to alleviate the severity of ECM.

Role of using two-route ulinastatin injection to alleviate intestinal injury in septic rats

PurposeEarly application of protease inhibitors through the intestinal lumen could increase survival following experimental shock by blocking the pancreatic digestive enzymes. Hence, it was hypothesized that two-route injection (intraintestinal + intravenous) of ulinastatin (UTI), a broad-spectrum protease inhibitor, could better alleviate intestinal injury than single-route injection (either intravenous or intraintestinal). MethodsA sepsis model induced by lipopolysaccharide on rats was established. The rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham, sepsis, UTI intravenous injection (Uiv), UTI intraintestinal injection (Uii), and UTI intraintestinal + intravenous injection (Uii + Uiv) groups. The mucosal barrier function, enzyme-blocking effect, levels of systemic inflammatory cytokines, and 5-day survival rate were compared among groups. The small intestinal villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and two components of mucosal barrier (E-cadherin and mucin-2) were measured to evaluate the mucosal barrier function. The levels of trypsin and neutrophil elastase (NE) in the intestine, serum, and vital organs were measured to determine the enzyme-blocking effect. ResultsCompared with the single-route injection group (Uiv or Uii), the two-route injection (Uii + Uiv) group displayed: (1) significantly higher levels of VH, VH/CD, E-cadherin, and mucin-2; (2) decreased trypsin and NE levels in intestine, plasma, and vital organs; (3) reduced systemic inflammatory cytokine levels; and (4) improved survival of septic rats. ConclusionTwo-route UTI injection was superior to single-route injection in terms of alleviating intestinal injury, which might be explained by extensive blockade of proteases through different ways.

Management of Caesarean scar pregnancy with or without methotrexate before curettage: human chorionic gonadotropin trends and patient outcomes

BackgroundTo evaluate the effects of systemic methotrexate in cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) patients treated with ultrasound-guided suction curettage.MethodsA retrospective review of all women presenting with CSP treated with ultrasound-guided suction curettage at Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China, between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2015, was conducted. Patients were grouped into those not treated with methotrexate before curettage (group 1), treated with methotrexate by intramuscular injection (group 2) and treated with methotrexate by intravenous injection (group 3). The clinical characteristics and outcomes were analyzed.ResultsAmong 107 patients, 47 patients were not treated with methotrexate before curettage, 46 patients had methotrexate administered by intramuscular injection and 14 patients had methotrexate injected intravenously. There were no significant differences among the groups in basic and clinical characteristics, such as age, gravity, parity, positive fetal heart beat and gestational age at diagnosis. Patients presented similar initial human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels in all groups. After treatment with methotrexate or curettage, the percentage changes and varied ranges of the hCG levels were also similar in all groups. There were no significant differences in intraoperative blood loss and retained products of conception among the three groups. However group 1 had significantly shorter hospital stays than the two groups that were treated with methotrexate (p<0.001).ConclusionBy grouping CSP patients who shared similar age, gravity, parity, fetal heart beat positive and gestational age at diagnosis, we found that the presence or absence of methotrexate treatment before curettage resulted in comparable outcomes and hCG levels, although patients who were not treated with methotrexate had significantly shorter stays in the hospital.

Effect of the arginine on some blood and biochemical parameters of Awassi Ewes

This study was carried out in The Ruminant Research Station (Abu Ghraib)/ Department of Animal Resources Research/ Office of Agricultural Research/ Ministry of Agriculture during the period from July 6, 2017 to Feb 3, 2018. Twenty one non pregnant Awassi Turkish ewes were used in the experiment. The age of the animals ranged between 2-5 years old with a weight ranged between 45-70kg. Befor insert CIDR, The animals were examined with ultrasonography to be sure that they were not pregnant. These ewes were divided into three equal groups of 7 ewes/ treatment. They were fed naturally on basal diet. The first group were not treated (T1) which serve Control group, and injected with 5-10 ml of normal saline in intramuscular. Ewes of Second group were Treated (T2) by injected with a 155 µmol/kg arginine I.V. The Third group were Treated (T3) by injected with 155µmol/kg arginine intramuscular. All Treated ewes were inseminated by rams for 7 days. The inseminate rams were revolved among folds to get rid of their effects on ewes, Each inseminated ram was given a number. Blood samples were taken from jugular vein on the 1st and 2nd days of arginine injection and then insert CIDR and on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th,13th ,and 16th days of this treatment to measure the change in the levels of a blood and chemical properties during arginine treatment. The results of a lab. analysis during the treatment of amino acid arginine showed no significant differences between the treated group with arginine as compared to the control group in the percentages of white blood cells, but there were a differences in the number of Neutrophils in the group of intravenous injection, the group of intramuscular injection, (75.14, 75.00), respectively as compared with control group (71.0). Lymphocytes showed no significant differences between parameters under study as well as for Eosinophil. The differences were observed between the coefficients and the study periods. The period (4) was significantly superior (P&lt;0.05) in the arginine treated as Compared with the control group, (20.42 ± 2.61) and the percentage of intravenous injection (17.28±1.98), respectively compared with a control group (19.00 ± 2.51), as for Basophil, there was a gradual decrease in all study groups. The results showed that the value of cholesterol a significant superiority (P&lt;0.05) in the treated group with arginine in ewes serum as compared with the control group. It was noticed that the group of intravenous injection of arginine significantly increase the group of intramuscular injection of arginine (P&lt;0.05) (6, 8) in blood cholesterol level. The periods (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7) of injection of amino acid arginine showed no significant differences between them. The glucose concentration level, showed no significant differences between the arginine amino acid treatment group and the control group and at the different. It was concluded from this study that treatment with amino acid arginine did not affect characteristics of the blood, and its chemical properties.

Effects of two different administration methods of heparin on the survival rate of severed finger replantation

Objective To evaluate the effects of two different administration methods of heparin on the survival rate of severed finger replantation. Methods From March 2010 to January 2015, the operation of single severed finger replantation was performed on 104 patients in emergency department of our hospital. According to the different administration methods of heparin after operation, they were divided into intravenous injection group (group A) and intravenous drip group (group B), with 52 cases in each group. The incidence of vascular crisis, the survival rate of replantation and the adverse reactions were observed postoperatively. The patients were follow-up for 2 months. Results There was no significant difference between two groups in the incidence of vascular crisis and the survival rate of replantation, and the adverse reactions in intravenous injection group were significantly lower than those in intravenous drip group. Conclusion There was no significant difference in the incidence of vascular crisis and the success rate of replantation after operation between intravenous injection of heparin and intravenous drip of heparin. However, intravenous injection can reduce the adverse reactions. Key words: Replantation; Heparin; Administration method; Vascular crisis; Adverse reaction

Perioperative analgesia with a buprenorphine transdermal patch for hallux valgus surgery: a prospective, randomized, controlled study.

PurposeHallux valgus surgery often results in significant postoperative pain. Adequate control of pain is essential for patient satisfaction and improves the outcome of the procedure. This study aimed to investigate the perioperative analgesic effect of a buprenorphine transdermal patch in patients who underwent hallux valgus surgery.Patients and methodsA total of 90 patients were randomly divided into the following three groups based on the perioperative analgesic method: flurbiprofen axetil intravenous injection (Group F), oral celecoxib (Group C), and buprenorphine transdermal delivery system (BTDS) (Group BTDS). The pain status, degree of satisfaction, adverse effects, and administration of tramadol hydrochloride for uncontrolled pain were recorded on the night before surgery, postoperative day 1, postoperative day 2, and postoperative day 3.ResultsThe BTDS could effectively control perioperative pain for patients undergoing hallux valgus surgery. The analgesic effect of the BTDS was better than that of oral celecoxib. In addition, statistically significant differences were not observed in the visual analog scale (VAS) scores, adverse effects, and rescue analgesia between the patients who received the BTDS and the patients who received the flurbiprofen axetil intravenous injection. However, the degree of patient satisfaction of the BTDS group was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the other two groups.ConclusionThe BTDS (a preemptive analgesia regimen) could exert an analgesic effect during the perioperative period for patients who had received hallux valgus surgery, and this effect is beneficial for sustaining postoperative physiological and psychological states and promoting functional rehabilitation.

Preparation and in vitro and in vivo release of ALA and HMME hydrogel suppository

Objective To prepare 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) hydrogel suppositories and to evaluate their photosensitizer transfer efficiencies in rectal tumor tissue. Methods The BALB/c mice implanted SW837 rectal cancer cells subcutaneously were randomly divided into four groups: intrarectal suppository administration group, cutaneous administration group, intratumoral injection group and intravenous injection group. Fluorescence spectrophotometry was used to measure the concentration of protoporphyrin Ⅸ (PpⅨ) and HMME in rectal wall, skin and tumor tissue. The distribution of photosensitizer was determined by a fluorescence spectroscopy system. Results The concentration of PpⅨ in the ALA suppository administration group was 9.76 times (1 h) and 5.80 times (3 h) higher than that in the cutaneous administration group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The maximal penetration depth of ALA in tumor tissue was about 3-6 mm at 2 h after the cutaneous administration. After the HMME suppository administration, the concentration of HMME in the rectal wall was very low. The maximal penetration depth of HMME in tumor tissue was less than 2 mm after the cutaneous administration. Conclusions ALA is more likely to penetrate mucosal barrier compared to skin tissue. The hydrogel suppository based rectal administration is expected to be a new administration method for the rectal cancer photodynamic therapy using ALA. Key words: Photosensitizer; Drug delivery; Photodynamic therapy; HMME; ALA; Rectal cancer

Functional Changes of Dendritic Cells in C6 Glioma-Bearing Rats That Underwent Combined Argon-Helium Cryotherapy and IL-12 Treatment.

The aim of this study was to explore changes in tumor tissues of glioma-bearing rats that underwent argon-helium cryoablation as well as changes in antitumor immunity before and after combined interleukin 12 treatment. Two hundred sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into a blank control group, intravenous injection interleukin-12 group, cryotherapy group, and cryotherapy + intravenous injection group. C6 glioma cells proliferated in vitro were implanted subcutaneously on the backs of rats to establish C6 glioma-bearing animal models. Each group underwent the corresponding treatments, and morphological changes in tumor tissues were examined using hematoxylin-eosin staining. CD11c staining was examined using immunohistochemistry, and differences in dendritic cells and T-cell subsets before and after treatment were analyzed using flow cytometry. The control group showed no statistical changes in terms of tumor tissue morphology and cellular immunity, cryotherapy group, and cryotherapy + intravenous injection group, among which the count for the cryotherapy + intravenous injection group was significantly higher than those of all other groups. In the argon-helium cryotherapy group, tumor cells were damaged and dendritic cell markers were positive. The number of CD11c+ and CD86+ cells increased significantly after the operation as did the cytokine interferon-γ level (P < .01), suggesting a shift toward Th1-type immunity. Combined treatment of argon-helium cryoablation and interleukin 12 for gliomas not only effectively injured tumor tissues but also boosted immune function and increased antitumor ability. Therefore, this approach is a promising treatment measure for brain gliomas.

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell sheet therapy for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in a rat model

Bisphosphonates (BPs) inhibit bone resorption and are frequently used to treat osteoporosis, bone metastasis, and other conditions that result in bone fragility. However, numerous studies have reported that BPs are closely related to the development of osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), which is an intractable disease. Recent studies have demonstrated that intravenous infusion of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is effective for the treatment of BRONJ-like disease models. However, the stability of injected MSCs is relatively low. In this study, the protein level of vascular endothelial growth factor in BP-treated MSCs was significantly lower than untreated-MSCs. The mRNA expression levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand and osteoprotegerin were significantly decreased in BP-treated MSCs. We developed a tissue-engineered cell sheet of allogeneic enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-labeled MSCs and investigated the effect of MSC sheet transplantation in a BRONJ-like rat model. The MSC sheet group showed wound healing in most cases compared with the control group and MSC intravenous injection group (occurrence of bone exposure: 12.5% compared with 80% and 100%, respectively). Immunofluorescence staining revealed that EGFP-positive cells were localized around newly formed blood vessels in the transplanted sub-mucosa at 2weeks after transplantation. Blood vessels were significantly observed in the MSC sheet group compared to in the control group and MSC intravenous injection group (106±9.6 compared with 40±5.3 and 62±10.2 vessels/mm2, respectively). These results suggest that allogeneic MSC sheet transplantation is a promising alternative approach for treating BRONJ. Statement of SignificanceBisphosphonates are frequently used to treat osteoporosis, bone metastasis of various cancers, and other diseases. However, bisphosphonate related-osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is an intractable disease because it often recurs after surgery or is exacerbated following conservative treatment. Therefore, an alternative approach for treating BRONJ is needed.In this study, we developed a bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) sheet to treat BRONJ and investigated the effect of MSC sheet transplantation in a rat model of BRONJ-like disease. The MSC sheet transplantation group showed wound healing in most cases, while only minimal healing was observed in the control group and MSC intravenous injection group. Our results suggest that the MSC sheet is a promising alternative approach for the treatment of BRONJ.

Combined intravenous and intrathecal vancomycin in treatment of patients with intracranial infections after craniotomy

To explore the efficacy and safety of combined intravenous and intrathecal vancomycin in treatment of patients with intracranial infection after craniotomy. Clinical data of a total of 60 consecutive patients with intracranial infections after cranial operation admitted to Department of Neurosurgery of Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University from June 1st 2013 to June 1st 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups: intravenous injection only (n = 25) and combined intravenous and intrathecal injection (n = 35). In both groups of patients intravenously given vancomycin hydrochloride 500 kU every 6 hours as well as third or fourth generation of cephalosporins or meropenem. In combined intravenous and intrathecal injection group, in addition to 20 mg vancomycin was slowly injected via lumbar puncture after release of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) once a day. The clinical efficacy and complications of the two groups were compared. The recovery rate in the combined intravenous and intrathecal injection group was significantly higher than that in the intravenous injection only group (94.3% vs. 76.0%, χ (2) = 4.220, P = 0.040). Lowering of white blood cell count in combined intravenous and intrathecal injection group was significantly earlier than that of the intravenous injection only group (time to become normal: 8 days vs. 13 days). The time of recovery in combined intravenous and intrathecal injection group was significantly shorter than that of the intravenous injection only group (days: 9.9±0.7 vs. 13.4±1.1, t = -2.716, P = 0.009). There were 3 patients who experienced nerve root irritation symptoms in combined intravenous and intrathecal injection group. Symptomatic treatment was given and injection speed was slowed down for these patients. There were no severe complications, such as coma, epilepsy or death in both groups. Combined intravenous and intrathecal injection of vancomycin could be a safe and effective therapy for intracranial infection after craniotomy.

Clinical investigation of different fentanyl medication methods on propofol intravenous anesthesia painless abortion

Objective To investigate different fentanyl medication methods on propofol intravenous anesthesia painless abortion, to provide a reference for clinical treatment. Methods 120 patients undergoing painless abortion were selected, according to the random number table they were divided into Ciliao point group, subcutaneous group, intravenous injection group, 40 cases in each group.Intravenous injection group used intravenous anesthetic propofol, Ciliao point group used Ciliao hole injection anesthesia, subcutaneous group used fentanyl anesthesia subcutaneous injection.The anesthesia, analgesia and other clinical indicators of complications were compared among the three groups. Results The anesthesia excellent and good rate of Ciliao point group was 97.50%, which was higher than the subcutaneous group, intravenous injection group, the differences were significant(χ2=4.132, 3.894, all P 0.05).Postoperative 4h, 8h, VAS scores of Ciliao point group were (2.32±0.56)points, (1.13±0.23)points, which were lower than those in the subcutaneous group, intravenous injection group, the differences were significant (t=8.656, 8.843, 6.587, 6.335, all P<0.05).The propofol use times, the amount of Ciliao point group were (1.14±0.14), (116.37±14.35)mg respectively, which were less than those in the subcutaneous group, intravenous injection group, the differences were significant (t=6.645, 5.587, 6.132, 5.854, all P<0.05).The incidence rate of adverse reaction of Ciliao point group was 2.50%, which of the subcutaneous group was 20.00%, which of the intravenous group was 25.00%, the differences were statistically significant (χ2=6.596, 7.454, all P<0.05). Conclusion Fentanyl uased at Ciliao point can enhance the clinical effect of anesthesia with less postoperative pain and reduce incidence of adverse reactions, it is worthy of clinical application. Key words: Fentanyl; Propofol; Anesthesia

Safety and Feasibility of Oral Rehydration Solution Prior to Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography

Purpose: The safety of oral rehydration therapy before endoscopic screening with respect to vital signs and complications after the screening procedure was assessed in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Methods: A total of 107 patients scheduled for ERCP were assigned to either the intravenous drip injection (DIV) group during fasting (56 patients) or ORS group given oral rehydration solution (51 patients) prior to endoscopy. Vital signs after ERCP, including blood pressure and temperature, blood biochemical data and the incidence of post-ERCP complications were compared between the groups. Results: No cases of aspiration pneumonia were detected in either groups. Moreover, there were no statistically significant differences between the DIV group and ORS group in terms of the biochemical data and vital signs after ERCP. The intergroup difference in the development of pancreatitis after ERCP was 2.3% [95% CI: ?5.7, 10.3], which was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The safety of oral rehydration therapy was found to be equivalent to that of the customary practice of infusion as a method for managing hydration and replenishing electrolytes in patients receiving ERCP. Oral rehydration therapy may be easily utilized as rehydration therapy prior to endoscopic screening for ERCP and other procedures.

Comparing the utility of homogeneous subtypes of cocaine use and related behaviors with DSM‐IV cocaine dependence as traits for genetic association analysis

Because DSM-IV cocaine dependence (CD) is heterogeneous, it is not an optimal phenotype to identify genetic variation contributing to risk for cocaine use and related behaviors (CRBs). We used a cluster analytic method to differentiate homogeneous, highly heritable subtypes of CRBs and to compare their utility with that of the DSM-IV CD as traits for genetic association analysis. Clinical features of CRBs and co-occurring disorders were obtained via a poly-diagnostic interview administered to 9,965 participants in genetic studies of substance dependence. A subsample of subjects (N = 3,443) were genotyped for 1,350 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected from 130 candidate genes related to addiction. Cluster analysis of clinical features of the sample yielded five subgroups, two of which were characterized by heavy cocaine use and high heritability: a heavy cocaine use, infrequent intravenous injection group and an early-onset, heavy cocaine use, high comorbidity group. The utility of these traits was compared with the CD diagnosis through association testing of 2,320 affected subjects and 480 cocaine-exposed controls. Analyses examined both single SNP (main) and SNP-SNP interaction (epistatic) effects, separately for African-Americans and European-Americans. The two derived subtypes showed more significant P values for 6 of 8 main effects and 7 of 8 epistatic effects. Variants in the CLOCK gene were significantly associated with the heavy cocaine use, infrequent intravenous injection group, but not with the DSM-IV diagnosis of CD. These results support the utility of subtypes based on CRBs to detect risk variants for cocaine addiction.

Influence of different injection techniques on the quality of bolus in 99mTc-DTPA renal dynamic imaging

Objective To explore the influence of different injection techniques on the quality of bolus in 99mTc-DTPA renal dynamic imaging.Methods 395 patients accepted 99mTc-DTPA renal dynamic imaging were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were divided into three groups according to injection techniques:direct injection group (187 cases),intravenous route injection group (84 cases)and venous indwelling needle injection group (124 cases).The three groups were injected by each technique.Areas of interest (ROI) were drawn on abdominal aorta by Xeleris workstation in blood flow perfusion imaging.The time-radioactivity curves of ROI were got.The patients whose ROI curve formed a peak was successfully injected,and did not formed was unsuccessfully injected.The number of patients in three groups who were successfully or unsuccessfully injected was respectively calculated.The data of three groups was taken Chisquare test by SPSS17.0 software.Results 174 patients of the direct injection group,46 of the intravenous route injection group and 115 of the venous indwelling needle injection group were injected successfully.The successful rate respectively was 93.0％,54.8％ and 92.7％.The successful rate of the direct injection group and venous indwelling needle injection group were higher than intravenous route injection group.The difference had statistical significance.The successful rate of the direct injection group and venous indwelling needle injection group hadn't statistical significance.Conclusions The successful rates of the direct injection group and venous indwelling needle injection group were similar.The venous indwelling needle injection technique can be chosen.The successful rate of the intravenous route injection group was lower than the other two groups.The intravenous route injection technique should be chosen prudently. Key words: Injection techniques; Radionuclide; Renal dynamic imaging; Bolus injection

Metabolites characterization of chamaechromone in vivo and in vitro by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/Xevo G2 quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry

Ethnopharmacological relevanceStellera chamaejasme L. (Thymelaeaceae) was a toxic perennial herb and widely used as pesticide and dermatological agents in China. Chamaechromone was a major component in the dried roots of Stellera chamaejasme with anti-HBV and insecticidal activity. Analysis of metabolic profile in vivo and in vitro plays a pivotal role to unravel how TCM works. And the metabolites of chamaechromone might influence the effects and toxicity of Stellera chamaejasme. Moreover, the metabolic routes of chamaechromone provide an important basis for toxicological safety evaluation. Until now, little is known about the metabolism of chamaechromone. The current study was designed to characterize the whole metabolic pathways of chamaechromone in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methodsTwenty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups, including two oral administration groups (100mgkg−1), one intravenous injection group (5mgkg−1), and one control group. The metabolites in rat urine and feces and bile were identified by UPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis and β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. Moreover, the possible metabolic mechanism was further confirmed by Phase I and Phase II metabolism and catechol-O-methyltransferase methylation in rat liver S9 fraction and degradation in rat intestinal bacteria. ResultsA total of 24 metabolites from chamaechromone were detected and identified in vivo and in vitro, 20 of which were novel. And the major metabolic processes were hydroxylation, methylation, glucuronation, acetylation, dehydroxylation and degradation. ConclusionsThe present study revealed the whole metabolic pathways of chamaechromone in rat through both in vitro and in vivo experiments for the first time. And chamaechromone could undergo extensive phase I and phase II metabolism in rat. These findings would provide an important basis for the further study and clinical application of chamaechromone. In addition, the results of this work have showed the feasibility of the UPLC/Q-TOF-MS approach for rapid and reliable characterization of metabolites.

Marrow mesenchymal stem cells with perfusion CT Assessment of muscle perfusion in ischemic rabbit hindlimb treated by intravenous implantation of bone

Objective To evaluate the application of CT perfusion in the assessment of muscle perfusion in ischemic rabbit hindlimb treated by implantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Methods Twenty rabbits were divided into two groups randomly (each n=10).Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were injected into the left ischemic hind limbs of animal models of intravenous injection group,with same volume of normal saline injected into the control group.Twenty-eight days later,the collateral circulation and blood vessel neogenesis were examined by Toshiba Aquilion One 320-MSCT and pathological approaches.ttest and Pearson test were used to compare the parameters. Results The results show that r AF,rBV,rClearance,r MVD were 1.15±0.67,1.19±0.32,0.62±0.20,and 1.34±0.28 in intravenous injection group and 0.57±0.17,0.74±0.19,2.06±0.15,0.62±0.19 in the control group respectively.There was significant difference of r AF,r BV,rClearance and r MVD between the intravenous injection group and the control group (t=5.75,5.01,-2.81,6.43 respectively,P<0.01).There was significant correlation between r BV,r AF,r C and r MVD (r=0.857,0.811,0.615,P<0.01). Conclusion CT perfusion imaging is a relatively accurate technique to assess changes of muscle perfusion in ischemic rabbit hindlimb treated by implantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Key words: Tomography,X-ray computed; Mesenchymal stem cells; Transplantation; Neovascularization,physiologic

The effect of cholesterol on cancer growth and metastasis: Experimental study with LDL receptor knockout mice.

e22071 Background: Cholesterol is an essential component for normal cell growth. However, epidemiological studies show cholesterol levels may be associated with cancer incidence. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial reported a significant inverse relationship between cholesterol levels and lung cancer. The effects of cholesterol on cancer growth and metastasis have not been established. The aim of the present study was to determine if cholesterol alters cancer growth or metastasis. Methods: The study used 48 wild-type mice and 18 LDL receptor knockout mice (LDLR-/-). Mice were randomized into 3 groups: Group I (wild-type mice fed normal chow, n=23); Group II (wild-type mice fed high lipid chow, n=25); Group III (LDLR-/- mice fed high lipid chow, n=18). Human melanoma cells were injected subcutaneously for the assessment of growth and intravenously for metastasis. Mice were followed for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, mice were weighed and autopsy was performed. Melanoma weight, metastasis, and blood cholesterol levels were evaluated. Data was analyzed using One-way ANOVA and Chi-square. Results: LDL-cholesterol level was significantly higher in Group III than Group I (1103±472 vs.28±6; p&lt;0.01). There was no significant difference in melanoma weight (2.74g ±1.77, 2.98g±1.98 vs. 2.18g±1.59, P=0.56) among the three subcutaneous injection groups. Lung metastasis was observed in all intravenous injection groups (11/11 vs. 10/10 vs. 8/8). There was no difference in melanoma weight or metastasis between male and female mice (P&gt;0.05). There was no difference in net weight gain among the subcutaneous injection groups (4.12g±2.50 vs. 2.64g±2.79 vs. 3.66g±1.96, P=0.30). However, among the intravenous injection groups, weight gain was observed in Group II (2.78g±2.67) and Group III (2.36g±1.73) and weight loss in Group I (-0.32g±1.34, P&lt;0.003). Conclusions: Cholesterol has no effect on melanoma growth or metastasis in mice. A high cholesterol diet may reduce weight loss in animals with metastatic melanoma. Further study is warranted to determine whether similar results exist in other types of cancers and to evaluate a possible beneficial effect of high lipid diets on patients with metastatic cancers.