Intra-sentential Code-switching Research Articles

Patterns of Code-Alternation in Nigerian Advertisement Jingles on Radio and Youtube

The alternation of codes in advertisements in the multilingual Nigerian society is a linguistic practice used by advertisers to effectively disseminate the information about the advertised products and services to diverse categories of listeners. The objectives of the study are to examine the types of code-switching used in the advertisement jingles; the various patterns of code-switching and code-mixing and their frequency of occurrence in the advertisement jingles; and the implications of these patterns of code-switching and code-mixing used by the advertisers on advertisements. The primary source of data was drawn from 60 code-switched advertisement jingles collected from 30 radio commercials and 30 online advertisements on YouTube. The 30 radio jingles were collected from 12 radio stations in the Southwestern states in Nigeria which are Osun, Oyo, Ondo, Ogun, Ekiti and Lagos. The result showed that from the three types of code-switching used in the selected advertisement jingles, there were nineteen (19) different patterns of code-switching, code-mixing and tag switching used by the advertisers. There are twelve (12) patterns of inter-sentential code-switching in which the dominant pattern is the “Naija-English Code-switching, four (4) patterns of intra-sentential code-switching in which the dominant pattern is the “Yorùbá-English Code-mixing” and three (3) patterns of tag switching in which the “English-Yorùbá Tag switching” is the dominant pattern. These patterns of code-switching, code-mixing and tag switching are functional motivated language strategies used by the advertisers for various reasons which is aimed at performing some specific functions. The study concluded that the linguistic proficiency of the advertisers in unifying the Yorùbá, Naija and English languages together in the advertisement jingles has helped to enhance a successful dissemination of information about the advertised products and services to the Nigerian people which has proffered a solution to the challenge of multilingualism. The study recommends that code-alternation should be used by advertisers, marketers, manufacturers and service providers when engaging in advertising discourses especially in multilingual societies.

Code-switching – normal oversight on the part of bilingual speakers: A review of literature

This study was inspired by the observation that code-switching is often discouraged in foreign language schools, where the target language and native language are strictly separated, with the target language designated as the 'official' language of instruction. The study sought to examine instances of code-switching in English as a First Additional Language (EFAL) acquisition among Sesotho native speakers in the Intermediate Phase in South Africa. Furthermore, it sought to illustrate the application of tag-code-switching, inter-sentential code-switching, and intra-sentential code-switching in English First Additional Language (EFAL) education for Sesotho native speakers in the Intermediate Phase in South Africa. This paper studied a particular multilingual phenomena, code-switching. While other linguistic behaviours exist, code-switching is the most popular in additional language contexts in South Africa. This research was founded on a literature review of code-switching in additional language situations. The paper examined the three roles of code-switching: repetition, emotional, and floor-holding. It also provided instances of how tag-code-switching, inter-sentential code-switching, and intra-sentential code-switching might be utilised by Sesotho home language learners to improve their comprehension of EFAL. One finding of the study is that, similar to translanguaging, code-switching fosters a sense of belonging and ownership among learners, and it is generally more accessible for the EFAL student to acquire knowledge from familiar concepts to unfamiliar ones. Another conclusion is that learners' restricted engagement in academic activities, attributable to their inadequate language proficiency, also impacts their motivation. The study advocates for the implementation of code-switching to improve learners' classroom involvement by allowing them to utilise their native language in the acquisition of a second language. The impact of code-switching on Sesotho home language learners' comprehension of EFAL in the Intermediate Phase in South Africa remains undetermined, necessitating further investigation into this important issue.

Bilingual language experience and code-switching acceptability judgments: A constructive replication of the work by Stadthagen-González et al. (2019), Balam et al. (2020), and Stadthagen-González et al. (2018)

Aims and objectives: While a significant body of research has examined bilinguals’ preferences with respect to the acceptability of different structures in intrasentential code-switching, this line of work has largely ignored the potential effect of language experience on bilinguals’ judgments. Within bilingual language experience, two particular variables have garnered significant attention: language dominance and code-switching experience. The current study presents a constructive replication of three prior studies and examines the potential modulating role of language experience. Design/methodology: Seventy-one Spanish–English bilinguals participated in a constructive replication of three previously published studies. Experiment 1, replicating the study by Stadthagen-González et al. (2019), examines comparative judgments of noun–adjective order. Experiment 2, replicating the work of Balam et al. (2020), analyzes bilingual verbs. Experiment 3, replicating the study by Stadthagen-González et al. (2018), examines the adjacency condition. Bilinguals provided code-switching judgments via a two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) task and information about their language experience via a language-dominance questionnaire and a code-switching experience questionnaire. Data and analysis: Relative rankings of the different bilingual constructions, using Thurstone’s law of comparative judgments, allowed for comparison with previous studies. The effect of language dominance and code-switching experience was assessed using binomial logistic regressions. Findings/conclusions: Broad agreement with results from each of the replicated studies was found. In addition, results show a significant impact of language dominance on acceptability judgments across all three experiments and an impact of code-switching experience in one of the three experiments. Originality: This study responds directly to an ongoing call for replication studies in the field of bilingualism and is among the first to consider the role of prior language experiences on acceptability judgments. Significance/implications: The strong replicability of prior results serves to support prior findings in the literature. Moreover, this study highlights the potential impact of prior linguistic experiences, including language dominance and code-switching experience, on bilingual behaviors.

An Analysis of Code-Switching by College Students in Makassar

This study examines code-switching among college students in Makassar, Indonesia. Code-switching, defined as the practice of alternating between two or more languages in a single conversation, is a common phenomenon in bilingual and multilingual communities. With the increasing influence of English in Indonesian education, students frequently switch between Indonesian and English. This research aims to identify the types of code-switching, understand its functions, and explore the reasons behind this linguistic behavior among college students. Data were gathered through recorded conversations and semi-structured interviews with 50 participants from different universities in Makassar. The results show that intra-sentential code-switching is the most prevalent, and the practice is influenced by social context, language proficiency, and exposure to digital media. This study provides significant insights into the bilingual language practices of college students in Makassar, specifically highlighting how code-switching serves as a dynamic tool for social interaction, identity negotiation, and academic expression. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of bilingual practices in Southeast Asia and provide practical insights for educators, suggesting that embracing multilingualism in academic contexts can create more inclusive and effective learning environments.

CODE-SWITCHING BETWEEN INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH ON A TELEVISION TALK SHOW

This study looked into Sarah Sechan's use of Indonesian-English code-switching on the private-run Net TV talk show host. The study looked at the different kinds of code-switching, its purposes, and the social encouragement provided by code-switching that took place during the conversation. After obtaining the data from the downloaded videos, the theories of Poplack (1980), Gumperz (1982), and Myers-Scotton (1998) were used to analyze the data. The discoveries uncovered that the three sorts of code-switching, the intra-sentential code-switching, the between sentential code-switching and the extra-sentential code-switching existed. The intra-sentential code-switching, which is thought to be the more complex of the three, was used the most frequently in verbal communication. Quote marking, addressee specification, interjections, reiteration, message qualification, personalization versus objectivization, topic switch, affective function, expressive, phatic, metalinguist, and directive were also identified as twelve functions of code-switching. Predominant was the reiteration function. In the meantime, the social triggers of code-switching were identified as the sequence unmarked choice maxim and the deference choice maxim.

Differences in codeswitching patterns between immigrant and heritage speakers of US American Danish

This paper addresses intrasentential code-switching in US American Danish spoken by 1st generation immigrants from Denmark, who migrated to the US around 1900 as part as the transatlantic European mass emigration and their descendants (2nd and 3rd generation). The analysis is based on the Corpus of American Danish, specifically a dataset of 173 speakers producing 46 hours of speech. In this dataset, we observe significantly different patterns of intrasentential code-switching in the speech of the immigrant speakers (1st generation) and US-born heritage speakers (2nd and 3rd generation): The code-switching patterns of the heritage speakers show a preference for English lexemes that are integrated morphologically into Danish or which are part of Danish-English bilingual compounds. In contrast, the immigrant speakers prefer non-integrated English words for code-switching. This result taken per se shows that code-switching patterns show variation across generations just as other linguistic variables. Taking the result further, we have connected it to a previous study of representations of linguistic proficiency in immigrant Danish in the Americas. By this, we are able to show that the morphologically or lexically integrated code-switching of the heritage speakers correlate with features representing fluent speech, while the non-integrated code-switching of the immigrant speakers rather seems to correlate with features showing a low activation of Danish in a situation of language shift. Thus, the heritage speakers seem to have developed a way of speaking US American Danish where English word stems are an integrated part of speaking fluently and lexically varied.

AN ANALYSIS OF CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING USED BY RICH BRIAN AND NIKI IN NAJWA SHIHAB’S APA ADANYA RICH BRIAN & NIKI YOUTUBE VIDEO

The objectives of this research were to find out the types and reasons of code mixing and switching used by Rich Brian and NIKI in Najwa Shihab’s Apa Adanya Rich Brian NIKI YouTube Video. This research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative method. The utterances were analyzed and categorized into the framework developed by Hoffman who proposed types of code-switching and mixing. The results showed that intrasentential code switching appeared most often with a total of 46 times (42.9%). Meanwhile the rest were intrasentential mixing 34 times (31.7%), intrasentential switching 22 times (20.1%), intralexical mixing 4 times (3.7%), and the lowest frequency is tag switching 1 time (0.9%). The researcher found that there were only six reasons. Those were intention of clarifying the speech for interlocutor 66 times (61.6%), talking about a particular topic 29 times (27.1%), expressing group identity 4 times (3.7%), interjection and repetition used for clarification 3 times (2.8%), and last being emphatic about something 2 times (1.8%). The findings demonstrate that Rich Brian and NIKI purposefully mix and switch their language to make sure that the message is as clear as possible to the interlocuter.

An Analysis Of Code Switching Used By Cinta Laura In The Podcast Ruang Sandi

English is an international language used by many people in various countries. The ability to use English well can open up international standard educational and employment opportunities, because all companies need employees with a certain level of English skills to reach top positions. Currently there is a phenomenon of people who like to mix Indonesian and English in everyday conversations. This happens because it is influenced by the environment, society, education and trends. People who usually speak one language and then switch to another language, either at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of their speech, are called Bilingual. This research aims to identify the most common types of code switching used by Cinta Laura when creating YouTube content with Sandiaga Uno in the Ruang Sandi Podcast on YouTube. This research uses observation techniques, especially non-participatory, and data collection is carried out by watching one of the contents of the Ruang Sandi Podcast in collaboration with Cinta Laura and only focusing on what she said. The research results show that there are 2 speech data from Tag Code Switching, 10 speech data from Intrasentential Code Switching and 8 speech data from Intersentential Code Switching. The resulting percentage is 10% Tag Code Exchange data, 50% Intrasentential Code Exchange data and 40% Intersentential Code Exchange data.

Code-Switching found in Nessie Judge’s Instagram Captions

The main goal of this research is to identify the types and to analyze the reasons of code-switching found in Nessie Judge's Instagram captions. This study focuses on the captions where both of Indonesian and English languages are alternated. The study employs both descriptive and qualitative approach. The analysis draws upon Poplack's theory (1980) to classify the types of code-switching present in the data, while Hoffman's theory (1991) is employed to examine the underlying reasons behind these language switch. Both formal and informal method employed in presenting the findings. The analysis reveals 18 data of inter-sentential Code-switching, 13 data of intra-sentential Code-switching, and 7 data of tag switching. The reasons for these Code-switching occurrences are diverse: talking about particular topic 37% of the instances, quoting someone's words 10%, expressing feeling about something accounts for 21%, interjections makes up 21%, repetition used for clarification constitutes 8% and expressing group identity represents 3%.

Phonetic shifts in bilingual vowels: Evidence from intersentential and intrasentential code-switching

Aims and objectives: While previous research on code-switching, defined as the alternation between two languages in a single interaction, has focused on syntactic sociopragmatic patterns, significantly less work has focused on the impact of code-switching on phonetics. Distinct types of code-switching have been previously identified, with the distinction between intersentential and intrasentential code-switches being among the most basic. Yet, existing work on the phonetics of code-switching has largely relied on single feature (i.e., voice onset time) and has exclusively examined one type of code-switch (i.e., intrasentential). The current study investigates the potential for cross-linguistic interference in vowel production and examines the potential role of different code-switch types: intersentential and intrasentential code-switching. Design/Methodology: Thirty-seven Korean–English bilinguals participated in a controlled reading paradigm, producing monolingual English, monolingual Korean, intersentential code-switches, and intrasentential code-switches. Data and analysis: Analysis leveraged differences in the Korean and English vowel inventories and focused on the production of English [æ] and the corresponding Korean vowel [e~ε]. Findings/Conclusions: Results indicated that code-switched English vowels shifted in the direction of Korean vowels with respect to both height and backness. Code-switch type was shown to be significant, with a greater degree of vowel shift for intrasentential than intersentential code-switching. Originality: This study adds to the limited prior literature examining the effect of code-switching on vowel quality and is one of the first studies to systematically examine the role of code-switching typology on cross-linguistic interference in the phonetic domain. Significance/Implications: First, this study adds to the limited prior research that specifically examines the effect of code-switching on phonetic production of vowel quality. Second, this study highlights the nuances of short-term cross-linguistic interference, and notably the possibility for differential outcomes of interference across different linguistic domains (e.g., phonetics and syntax), showing a clear role for code-switching typology at the phonetic level.

Bilingual instruction practices and students’ performance in teaching-learning mathematics: A case study (June 2023)

This study delves into bilingual instruction practices and their impact on students' participation patterns within a classroom environment. The research aims to understand how students engage during classes where bilingual instruction practices are employed. Qualitative research methods were used for the purpose of data collection and analysis in this study. The selection of participants was carried out through purposive sampling, focusing on the forty-six (46) students from Grade 11 Agarao at Laguna Senior High School at Sta. Cruz, Laguna. To gather the data, a video recording and observation of a one-hour class discussion were conducted. The findings were analyzed through the application of thematic analysis. The results reveal that code switching, encompassing extra-sentential, intra-sentential, and inter-sentential types, is a prevalent bilingual instruction practice used by teachers. Notably, intra-sentential code-switching was the most frequently utilized by the teacher. Additionally, the study identifies four distinct participation patterns: total integration, conditional participation, marginal interaction, and silent observation. The study found that a significant portion of Grade 11 Agarao students exhibited conditional participation and marginal interaction tendencies out of the total cohort of forty-six (46) students. Understanding these dynamics provides insights into how bilingual instruction influences students' involvement and contributions within the classroom. Base on the following findings, it is recommended for schools to include bilingual instruction in their school improvement plan and school development program. It is also recommended to add another research instrument, such as an audio recorder, to easily transcribe the data and yield better results.

Language choice and code-switching in bilingual children’s interaction under multilingual contexts: evidence from Mandarin-English bilingual preschoolers

ABSTRACT Language choice and code-switching are commonplaces for peer interaction among bilingual children from various language backgrounds in Hong Kong. However, few studies concern these linguistic practices of immigrant children proficient in Mandarin and English. This study adopted a qualitative research approach to investigate three Mandarin-English preschoolers’ language choice and code-switching by analyzing their conversations in interaction with a Cantonese–English bilingual peer under the framework of translanguaging. The findings reveal that these Mandarin-English preschoolers’ priority language for interaction is English, indicating that choosing a shared language is an essential communicative strategy for integrating with their Cantonese–English peers. The factors for those language choices include social environment, interlocutor’s ability, and sense of identity and belonging. Both inter-sentential and intra-sentential code-switching are adopted in verbal interaction. However, intra-sentential code-switching occurs more frequently and with greater diversity in Mandarin-based sentences, where nouns are the most easily switched component, followed by verbs and adjectives. This study enriches the study of bilingual children in Hong Kong, extends the application of translanguaging to peer interaction outside the classroom in multilingual contexts, and provides pedagogic implications.

Code Switching and Code Mixing: An Analysis in Boy William’s Reality Show ‘The Family’

This study aims to identify and analyze the types of code switching and code mixing between Indonesian and English in Boy William’s speech. The analysis utilizes Macswan's code switching and Musyken's code mixing theories to examine two episodes of 'The Family' reality show on the BW YouTube channel. Direct observation involving transcribing and taking notes on videotaped utterances was applied to analyze code switching and code mixing. The research findings indicated that Intra-sentential code switching was the predominant form of code switching observed in Boy William's speech. He regularly switched languages from English to Indonesian in one sentence to another, and vice versa. Nonetheless, alternation was the predominant form of code mixing that appeared. The phenomena of Indonesian-English in Boy William's speech is recognised as a consequence of conscious choice to embrace a bilingual identity in contemporary life. This study presents an analysis of code switching and code mixing in an Indonesian influencer who comes from a multicultural family. This study is limited to an oriental bilingual participant. Further studies with local Indonesian individuals are necessary to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how the influence of Indonesian-English mixed language impacts the younger generation in Indonesia.

The effect of lexical triggers on Spanish-English code-switched judgment tasks.

It has been argued that certain words can "trigger" intrasentential code-switching. While some researchers suggest that cognates establish triggering at the lexical level, others have argued that words that lack direct translations are more natural stories switch. Yet to be tested experimentally is to what extent different types of lexical items influence the acceptability of mixed utterances. The current study investigates this methodological consideration for code-switching research by having early US Spanish-English bilinguals (i.e., heritage speakers of Spanish) complete an acceptability judgment task with a 7-point Likert scale directly comparing cognates (e.g., sopa "soup") and culturally specific items (e.g., pozole "traditional Mexican soup") in otherwise identical grammatical switched sentences (N = 24). The results showed that there was no significant effect of condition (p = 0.623) suggesting that cognates and language-specific items are equally acceptable in code-switched sentences. Indeed all conditions were rated on average above 6. These findings show that in this context, judgment tasks are not affected differently by these types of lexical items.

Code-switching among bilingual ethnic-adyghe community in the black sea region

This study focuses on the linguistic phenomenon of code-switching (CS) in the bilingual Ethnic-Adyghe community in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Specifically, this paper aims to analyze the types of CS and the factors that influence CS in different situational conversations, with a focus on Ethnic Adyghe individuals. The study utilizes a qualitative research design, using a purposive sample type of 10 Ethnic Adyghe individuals living in Samsun, Turkey. This study favors the use of informal settings to gather data from various linguistic contexts and analyze the frequency of CS. The findings indicate that participants used intra-sentential CS the most (59.9%). One major reason for that was the lack of vocabulary in Adyghe, leading participants to switch to Turkish to fill the lexical gap and effectively communicate their thoughts. Moreover, a total of 14 factors were identified. These factors encompassed aspects such as proficiency, social norms, cultural identity, vocabulary limitations, and communication effectiveness. The identification of these factors contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics of code-switching within the bilingual Ethnic-Adyghe community.

Code Switching and Code Mixing Used by Dian Sastrowardoyo in Daniel Mananta Network Youtube Channel

The purpose of this research is to discover and gain a deeper understanding, for both writer and readers, regarding the use of code switching and code mixing when someone speaks, specifically during a podcast. For this research, the writer uses qualitative method in analyzing the data contained within the research information, namely Code Switching and Code Mixing used by an actress named Dian Sastrowardoyo in a video titled Cerita Hidup Seorang Dian Sastrowardoyo - Daniel Tetangga Kamu Youtube video in Daniel Mananta Network Youtube channel. The results of the study show that there are 321 utterances spoken by Dian in the video. The most dominant type for Code Switching is intra-sentential code switching, and Code Mixing is intra-sentential code mixing. The most dominant reason of Dian's code switching and mixing is talking about a particular topic.

Inalienable possession in Spanish-English code-switching

Intrasentential code-switching is a common bilingual phenomenon that occurs when multiple languages are used in the same utterance. Research has shown that such switching is not arbitrary, but rather systematic and rule-governed. By looking at the syntactic interactions that happen when bilinguals co-activate their languages, we can shed light on our understanding of a variety of structural factors as well as bilingual grammars more generally. The current talk focuses on data from Spanish-English inalienable possession, which is manifested differently in the two languages (e.g., he washed his face vs. él se lavó la cara ‘(lit.) he to himself washed the face’). The results of an acceptability judgment task completed by US heritage speakers of Spanish suggest that regardless of the direction of the switch, an English-like structure is preferred with a possessive determiner (e.g., he washed su cara), and in the case of a Spanish verb switched with an English object, the preverbal clitic is required as well (e.g., él se lavó his face).

Inalienable possession in Spanish-English code-switching

Intrasentential code-switching is a common bilingual phenomenon that occurs when multiple languages are used in the same utterance. Research has shown that such switching is not arbitrary, but rather systematic and rule-governed. By looking at the syntactic interactions that happen when bilinguals co-activate their languages, we can shed light on our understanding of a variety of structural factors as well as bilingual grammars more generally. The current talk focuses on data from Spanish-English inalienable possession, which is manifested differently in the two languages (e.g., he washed his face vs. él se lavó la cara ‘(lit.) he to himself washed the face’). The results of an acceptability judgment task completed by US heritage speakers of Spanish suggest that regardless of the direction of the switch, an English-like structure is preferred with a possessive determiner (e.g., he washed su cara), and in the case of a Spanish verb switched with an English object, the preverbal clitic is required as well (e.g., él se lavó his face).

Code-switching used in basboi's song lyrics on adulting for dummies album

The songs are one of the numerous types of media that can use code-switching English and Indonesia has some number of songs of this genre. Unlike the lyrics made by Basboi, he mixed Indonesian and English in one song and not just one song but made it into an album. This study aims to the types of Code-Switching, the reason used in code-switching, and the most frequently use of code-switching in the lyrics of Basboi’s song. This study used descriptive qualitative method that is carried out by colleting as much descriptive data as possible which is then presented in the form of reports and description. The writer used Poplack’s theory to find four types of code-switching in Adulting for Dummies album. The results showed that The types of code-switching in Adulting for Dummies album are Intra-Sentential Code-Switching, Inter-Sentential Code-Switching, Tag-Switching, and Establish Continuity Code-switching. The study discovered 4 data of Tag-Switching (8,51%), 20 data of Inter-Sentential Code-Switching (42,55%), 23 data of Intra-Sentential Code-Switching (48,94%).

Contact Linguistics of Interlanguage

Different from traditional definitions of “interlanguage” and descriptions of interlanguage production, this study defines interlanguage in terms of its outstanding linguistic characteristics at the level of abstract lexical structure, including its three sublevels: lexical-conceptual structure, predicate-argument structure, and surface morphological realization patterns (Myers-Scotton and Jake 1995). Also different from most previous studies of interlanguage, this study views interlanguage or any interlanguage system as an outcome of a language-contact phenomenon. Adopting the Matrix Language Frame model (Myers-Scotton 1993[1997]) of bilingual intrasentential codeswitching in particular and contact linguistics in general, this study identifies the “matrix language” or the grammatical frame which structures interlanguage and reviews such a matrix language as a composite (Jake 1998; Wei 2009c). By adopting the Bilingual Lemma Activation model (Wei 2002, 2015, 2020), this study explores the nature and activity of the bilingual mental lexicon during interlanguage development. Accordingly, it proposes a particular approach to the nature and sources of second language learner errors or first language transfer in second language learning. It concludes that any interlanguage system must be driven by an incompletely acquired target language system in general and by an incompletely acquired target language abstract lexical structure in particular.