Intransitive Clauses Research Articles

Intransitive clause word order in Neo-Aramaic: information structure, pragmatics and word order shifts

Intransitive clause word order in Neo-Aramaic: information structure, pragmatics and word order shifts

Grammatical Alliance in Malay Language: A Study of Linguistic Typology

This article is entitled Aliansi Gramatikal Na Lingua Melayu: Study of Linguistic Typology. This study of the Malay language's grammatical alliance aims to understand (1) the basic construction of clauses, (2) the construction of complex sentences, (3) the pivotal system, and (4) ultimately the definition of the grammar alliance system. This study uses the theory of language typology as the main theory proposed by Comrie. (1988). These research data are clauses and sentences. Qualitative descriptive. This approach aims to understand the existence of the overlap of different external and internal symptoms of the subject being the subject of the study. Data from the coordinative construction and subordinative construction of the Malay language typologically leads to the finding that in syntax, the Malay languages treat S equally with A, and give different treatment to P (S`=`A`≠ P). The Malay language is a group of languages that works with the S/A pivot system. A system of grammatical alliances such as this suggests that Malay is syntaxically a language of nominative-akusative type. Observing the behavior of S on the intransitive clause with the behaviour of A and P on the transitive clauses of Malay language which indicates that S is equal to A and equally equal with P, then morphologically Malay language has a tendency as a nominative-akusative language.

Subordinative Construction of Tamiang Malay Language: Syntactic Typology Study

This study aims to identify the syntactic typology of Tamiang Malay, focusing specifically on the co-referential patterns of grammatical relations to its arguments, including S, A and P in subordinative construction. This research is qualitative research. This study used a descriptive research design to investigate the syntactic typology of Tamiang Malay language. Data collection was conducted through a fieldwork in Tamiang Malay-speaking communities in Batu Lapan Sub-Village, Rantau Sub-District, Rantau Pauh Village, Aceh Tamiang District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Tamiang Malay exhibits a unique syntactic structure that combines different types of clauses, including intransitive and transitive clause. The findings demonstrate the existence of several co-referential patterns, such as S = S, S = P, S = A, A = S, P = S, A = A, A = P, and P = A, within the combined clauses. The results of the research also show that Tamiang Malay exhibits a combination of accusative and ergative alignment patterns in its syntactic typology. In Tamiang Malay, the alignment pattern is primarily accusative, where the subject of an intransitive clause is marked the same way as the agent of a transitive clause, while the patient of a transitive clause is marked differently. However, Tamiang Malay also displays instances of ergative alignment that mark the subject of an intransitive clause the same way as the patient of a transitive clause, while the agent of a transitive clause is marked differently.

How is The Grammatical Relation of Batak Toba Wedding Ceremony?

This article discusses grammatical relations in Toba Batak language. Toba Batak language has formal markings, both predicates and arguments that show the relationship between clause elements, and the coding of words in the language. arguments are integrated syntactically. This research uses descriptive qualitative research. Qualitative is used to investigate an issue in order to gain a clear understanding of a particular phenomenon. The main data of this research are sentences. Sentence data in this study were obtained through traditional Toba Batak documents, namely 'marhata sinamot' which is commonly used Grammatical relations have an important role and function to identify the correctness of the syntactic process because they are considered to connect arguments with clauses. The grammatical relationship and the semantic role of the Toba Batak language are S = A/P and S = P/A. That is, the Toba Batak language treats S as A and S as P. A language is said to be of ergative type if the patient (P) of a transitive verb is treated with or coreferential with the subject (S) in an intransitive clause and different from the agent (A) of the verb transitive.

Struktur koordinasi bahasa Aceh: kajian tipologi sintaksis

This study aims to describe the types of coordination in the Acehnese language at the clause level and determine whether the language can be classified as accusative or ergative. The research utilizes a qualitative descriptive approach to outline the pivot system in Acehnese and formulate applicable patterns using coordination structures as a combination of clauses in testing the pivot system. The findings of this study reveal four types of coordination in Acehnese: intransitive-intransitive, intransitive-transitive, transitive-intransitive, and transitive-transitive. Furthermore, the presence of syntactic ergativity properties can be observed in coordinated sentences in Acehnese, resulting from the elision of referential arguments when they function as patients and subjects. Additionally, Acehnese also exhibits syntactic accusative properties, where arguments from intransitive clauses are elided and co-referenced with agents. Keywords: Coordination Structure, Pivot, Aceh Language, Typology

Kategori dan Peran Tematis Argumen Klausa Verbal pada Bahasa Batak Toba

This paper describes the types of thematic role categories of verbal clause arguments in the Toba Batak language (BBT). This syntactic study is conducted through a qualitative approach with a listening technique in collecting oral and written data. Then the data is processed through commensurate and 'agih' methods, which are described through distributional and informal methods. The results show that the category of verbal clauses in BBT is divided into two parts: verbal and non-verbal. Verbal clauses consist of (1) transitive clauses, which are divided into medial active clauses, passive clauses, and reciprocal clauses; (2) intransitive clauses; and (3) semi-transitive clauses. Transitive clauses have the structure of P+O+S and S+P+O. Intransitive clauses are structured P+S and P+S+Ket. Furthermore, semi transitive clauses have S+P and S+P+Ket as their structures. The category of non-verbal clauses in BBT, namely clauses with non-verbal predicates, have nominal, numeral, adjectival, and adverbial (prepositional phrases) as categories in their predicates. The thematic role of BBT verbal clause arguments consists of two macro roles as actor and undergoer, while the special thematic role consists of agent, stimulus, experiencer, theme, locative and patient. This research is further expected to positively impact the development of BBT.

GRAMMATICAL ALLIANCE AND PIVOT SYSTEM OF BATAK SIMALUNGUN LANGUAGE: A SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY STUDY

Syntax, morphology, and phonology can be used as a reference for language classification. This research aims to determine the grammatical alliance of the Simalungun language syntactically and its typology. It is a qualitative study with the typology approach. The data are phrases and clauses of the Simalungun language collected from informants and books – Simalungun language syntax books, by interviews and notes. It found that a transitive verb formulates the intransitive clause of the Simalungun Batak language as a predicate. The predicative verb appears with affixes. In general, the Simalungun language contains verbs that, in their presence, correspond to the subject. Simalungun language has a grammatical alliance system that treats subject (S) the same as agent (A), and a different treatment is given to predicate (P). Based on grammatical relations, the Simalungun language treats S the same as A at the syntactic level. Thus, it can be typologically grouped into syntactical accusatives. Based on the Pivot test, it also belongs to the accusative language group.

Basic Structure of the Riau Malay Clauses

This study aims to explain the basic structure of Riau Malay clauses using a linguistic typology approach. Data obtained from oral and written data. The method used is Sudaryanto (2005). The discussion is based on the opinion of Jufrizal (2012). The results showed that the basic clauses of BMR were in the form of (1) non-verbal basic clauses whose predicates are nouns (pronouns), adjectives, numerals, and prepositions which are located one argument before the predicate (2) verbal clauses in the form of transitive and intransitive forms. Verbs that occupy the predicate position in the two clauses are marked morphologically with affixes and some can stand alone without affixes. The BMR intransitive clause has one argument that comes before the predicate (verb). There are transitive clauses that have two or three arguments.

Grammatical Alliance of South Nias Dialect

This research aimed to understand (1) the types of complex sentence structures in BNDS, and (2) the determination of grammatical alliance system. This study used a qualitative descriptive method and applied the theoretical framework of language typology proposed by Van Vallin Jr, Lapolla (1999) and Dixon (1994) as the main theory. The data of this research were in the form of clauses and sentences. Based on the results of data analysis that has been carried out, it was found that syntactically BNDS is included in the accusative language group that treats the subject the same as the agent, and gives different treatment to the patient (S = A, ≠ P). BNDS is a language group that works with the S/A pivot system. This grammatical alliance system showed that BNDS is syntactically a nominative-accusative language. Paying attention to S’s behavior in intransitive clauses with A and P’s behavior in BNDS transitive clauses which showed a tendency to be nominative-accusative language.
 Keywords: clauses, complex sentences, pivot test and grammatical alliance

한ㆍ중 이동사건의 어휘화 양상 대조 연구

Talmy(2000a,b) considered Korean a V-language and Chinese an S-language. However, subsequent studies by Korean and Chinese scholars have argued for a variety of positions. Chae(1999)，Slobin(2004) and Lee(2007) followed Talmy(2000a,b) in viewing Korean as a V-language, whereas Choi and Bowerman(1991) found that Korean is a V-language in transitive clauses indicating a caused motion and a new type of language in intransitive clauses expressing a spontaneous motion. Hong(2013) and Lee(2018) classified Korean as an E-language(Equipollently-framed language). In addition, Maeng and Jeon(2018) classified Korean as largely a V-language, while showing some characteristics of an E-language. Regarding Chinese, Shen(2003) and Liu(2013) consider it a S-language, as did Talmy(2000a,b), but Tai(2003) and Slobin(2004) asserted that Chinese is a V-language or an E-language, respectively. Previous researchers found the lexicalization of motion events to differ in Korean and Chinese because they focused on the lexicalization of only one type of motion event. This paper examines how native Korean and Chinese speakers perceive and express all motion events involving translational motion when watching a variety of videos, from which the lexicalization types of motion events in Korean and Chinese were determined. In short, modern Korean can be considered a V-language as it possesses many characteristics of a typical V-language, especially regarding caused motion. Conversely, Modern Chinese is basically an S-language with some characteristics of a V-language.

Attributive modification in South American indigenous languages

AbstractThe article deals with attributive modification in South American languages. It focuses on descriptive terms that denote properties. First of all, it is observed that attributive modification with property terms is possible in most, but not all South American languages. The typology of attributive constructions is argued to constitute a continuum, from syntactically loose nominal expressions, on the one hand, to morphologically complex structures which are ambiguous between compounding and derivation, on the other hand. The latter involves the use of lexico-grammatical means such as classifiers. The paper also raises the question of a possible diachronic link – at least for some languages – between intransitive clauses and postnominal property terms, which are often verbal in nature.

ARGUMENT STRUCTURE OF PERSUASIVE LANGUAGE IN PUBLIC SPACE OF INDONESIA – TIMOR LESTE

Persuasive language is different from declarative language in Bahasa Indonesia. This distinctive form impacts the functional pattern and the argument structure. Thus, this study aimed at identifying and describing argument structure of persuasive language in public space of Indonesia – Timor Leste. Since this study was a qualiative study, the data obtained were analyzed qualitatively using lexical-functional grammar theory (LFG). Persuasive language found in the research was in the form of intransitive and monotransitive clauses. Intransitive clauses have the pattern V – OBJ and V – OBJ – ADV. The monotransitive clauses have the pattern SUBJ – V – OBJ, V – OBJ – SUBJ, and OBJ – V – SUBJ. The intransitive verbs found always bind arguments that semantically have a locative role, therefore the model of the argument structure is ‘jauhi’ locative and 'jaga' locative. The argument structure of monotransitive clauses can be modeled as ‘bersatu membangun’ agent, locative, ‘bersatu membangun’ locative, possessive, ‘membangun’ experiencer, theme, and 'wujudkan’ agent, locative.

Syntactic conditions on accusative to ergative alignment change in Austronesian languages

AbstractThis paper develops the proposal put forth by Aldridge (2015, 2016) for the emergence of ergative alignment in a first-order subgroup of the Austronesian family. I first provide new evidence for reconstructing Proto-Austronesian (PAn) as accusative rather than ergative. I then propose a significantly revised approach to Aldridge’s proposed reanalysis. On the basis of evidence from Tsou, I propose that the reanalysis took place in biclausal constructions embedded under motion or locative verbs. Since such biclausal constructions are contexts for restructuring, no accusative case is available for an object. This forced objects which needed structural licensing to value nominative case with T. I additionally show that subjects were assigned inherent non-nominative case in PAn when objects needed to enter into Agree with T, as when valuing nominative case. These conditions yielded a new ergative clause type in a daughter of PAn, which Aldridge (2015,2016) calls “Proto-Ergative Austronesian”. No change took place in clauses lacking an object needing structural licensing. Consequently, subjects in intransitive clauses and transitive clauses with indefinite objects continued to surface with nominative case, yielding the type of ergative alignment prevalent in Formosan and Philippine languages today.

Penerjemahan Klausa Transitif Dari Bahasa Arab ke Dalam Bahasa Indonesia

The objective of this research was to obtain an overall view of translation of transitive clause from Arabic to Indonesian. This study used a qualitative approaching using a content analysis methode. The data used in this study is Arabic transitive clause including its translation procedures and its translation accuracy into Indonesian. The data source in this study is Himar Al-Hakim novel by Taufik Al-Hakim chapter 1-3 and its translation on Indonesia ‘Keledai yang Bijak’ translated by Harits Fadly.The results of this study indicate that the transitive clause of Arabic uses a standard clause 1 pattern (Verb[S] - Object) which is 79%. When viewed from the grammatical structure, the translation of the transitive clauses of Arabic in Indonesian is not always a transitive clause. In certain cases, transitive clauses can be translated into intransitive clauses, passive clauses, non-verbal clauses and even translated into phrases.There are nine procedures used by translators: literal procedures, modulation, transposition, cultural equivalence, functional equivalence, naturalization, recognized-translation, transference and deletion. In general, it can be said that most of the translations are accurate translations, although there are also eight inaccurate translations because there is a deviation of the meaning and omission of the meaning caused by the author's mistake in choosing the equivalent word and the failure of the author in understanding the source text.

Anticausatives with passives of subordinate intransitive clauses in Xitsonga

Literature shows that anticausatives have been well investigated in European languages such as English, German, and Greek. However, this is not the case with African languages, particularly Bantu languages such as Xitsonga. The available evidence suggests that there remain unanswered questions about anticausatives across languages. This article, therefore, is an attempt to reduce this knowledge gap by providing a perspective that seems to have been overlooked in previous studies, namely how anticausatives and passives can interact and complement each other in a single construction. In Xitsonga, anticausatives are marked by the presence of neuter-passive morpheme -ek- on the verb, for example, -hlanhl-a ‘smash to pieces’ > - hlanhl-ek-ile ‘smashed to pieces’, while the passives are marked by the morpheme -iw- , for example, -hlanhl-iw-ile ‘smashed to pieces’. The anticausatives in this paper occur as the main clause while the passives occur as the subordinate hikuva ‘because’ reason clause. The main concern of the present paper is to determine the modification of the passive of the subordinate clause by the PPs denoting agents, instruments, and causers/causing events. On the whole, this paper finds that Xitsonga passives of the subordinate intransitive clause may be modified by PPs denoting agents, instruments (pure-instruments), and causers (instrument-causers) when the verb in such a clause is a motion verb with a reduplicated stem, or a weather verb, and when the passive morpheme co-occurs with the causative morpheme.

Fluid intransitivity in Old Finnish

Fluid intransitivity designates the phenomenon that the intransitive subject (S) may be marked like a transitive subject (A) or an object (O) depending on the syntactic construction where it occurs. In Finnish, the S of existential and possessive clauses is marked like O in terms of case-marking and agreement.
 This paper examines fluid intransitivity in Old Finnish through a corpus of intransitive clauses with indefinite subjects from Agricola's New Testament and the NT portion of the 1642 Biblia. I will examine various factor groups that may influence the variation found between A-like and O-like subjects in these clauses, such as polarity, quantity, clause type and others. I will then examine the relative strength of these factor groups by a multivariate analysis.
 Results are that polarity is a stronger factor than quantity, and that possessive clauses exhibit O-like subjects to a greater degree than other clauses. Possible explanations for these results will be discussed.

PEMBENTUKAN VERBA ERGATIF DALAM BAHASA HOKKIEN: KAJIAN MORFOSINTAKSIS

This article is discussing about the formation of ergative verb in Hokkien. A language can be called as ergative if the patient (P) of the transitive verb is treated equally or conferential with the subject (S) in the intransitive clause and is different from the agent (A) of the transitive verb. Ergative verb treats P equally with S. It is usually no indication for both. Accusative sentence is a sentence which has a system where A is equal with S and is different with P. However, active sentence is a type of sentence which shows a group of S which are acting the same with P and a group of S which are acting the same with A in a language.
 In Hokkien, most verbs can be used intransitively, but usually this does not change the subject’s role. For example, “? c?ak m?en pau” (He eats bread) (transitive) and “? c?ak” (He eats) (intransitive), where the only difference is that the latter does not determine what is eaten. By contrast, with ergative verbs, the subject’s role changes; such as “Jack ph?? phua pua” (Jack broke the plate) (transitive) dan “pua phua” (the broken plate) (intransitive).

Transitivity, agency, mind style: What’s the lowest common denominator?

Analyses of the worldviews presented by texts have identified grammatical patterns in terms of the transitivity system outlined in systemic-functional grammar (Halliday, 1994; Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014). While contributing to different interpretations of mind style and ideology in different contexts, these patterns and interpretative effects often bear fundamental similarities. In this article, I investigate this underlying similarity in transitivity analyses, or ‘interpretative “lowest common denominator”’ (Simpson, 1993: 105), from a cognitive stylistic perspective. This article attempts to characterise this low-level effect and test it empirically. It takes as its starting point a body of analyses in stylistics and critical discourse analysis which repeatedly link comparable sets of grammatical features (e.g. goal-less intransitive clauses and metonymic agency) to a diminished sense of intentionality, awareness and control in the human agent responsible (e.g. Halliday, 1971; Kennedy, 1991; Simpson and Canning, 2014; Trew, 1979). I argue that the shared interpretative effects of these stylistic choices can be understood in terms of cognitive grammar’s model of construal (Langacker, 2008). Specifically, I propose that the effects of transitivity choices are fundamentally effects for our attribution of mental states, or ‘mind-modelling’ (Stockwell, 2009) of participants, as part of a construal. Finally, I describe an online reader response experiment which tests this proposal among a wider sample of readers. Combining methods from experimental studies of mind attribution in psychology with a controlled alteration of texts by Conrad and Hemingway, this research reveals predictable cognitive effects of transitivity choices across contexts.

Aorist voice patterns in the diachrony of Greek

Abstract This paper deals with the aorist voice system in NT Greek and focuses on middle-passive markers, namely middle inflection, e.g. in the middle sigmatic aorist, and affixes -η-/-θη-, in the so-called passive aorist. The research is corpus-based and investigates the occurrences of ca. 1800 verbal items. According to the grammarians, in the NT both middle and passive aorists spread. The present study confirms this observation by providing a comprehensive account of the distribution of these forms, but also shows how they have functionally reorganised. Passive aorists spread at the expense of middle aorists in all kinds of intransitive constructions, namely passive, unaccusative, and reflexive, whereas middle aorists are either found in transitive middles, e.g. possessive, benefactive etc., or occur as deponent verbs in both transitive and intransitive clauses. The parameter transitive vs intransitive appears to be relevant for this functional reorganisation.

Peran Semantis Argumen Klausa Verbal Bahasa Dawan Dialek Amanuban, Nusa Tenggara Timur

This research entitled “The Role of Semantic Argument on Verbal Clauses of Dawan Dialect Amanuban”. The Problems discussed in this research are (a) How is the basic structure of verbal clause of Dawan Dialect Amanuban? (b) What role does the semantic argument contain in the verbal clause of Dawan Dialect Amanuban? The study aims to (a) Describe and analyze the structure of the verbal clause argument of Dawan Dialect Amanuban, (b) Identify and analyze the role of semantic argument verbal clause of Dawan Dialect Amanuban. The Method used is qualitative descriptive method and macro perceived theory (Macro rules). Based on this theory, the analysis of the research results shows that the basic structure of the BDDA verbal clause is Subject-Predicate-Object (SPO) and Subject-Predicate (SP) in the intransitive clause. Percent macro actors are realized through the thematic role of locative influencing agents, theme, instrumental, and benefactive. The role of the macro underground is realized through the thematic, benefactive, instrument, theme, locative, and influence roles.