Intestine Of Sheep Research Articles

Adaptation of the Relationship in the "Parasite–Host" System with Parasitism Paramphistomum сervi in the Small Intestine of Sheeps

The purpose of the research is studying microstructural changes in the process of adaptation of components during the formation of the “parasite–host” system by the example of Paramphistomum cervi (Zeder, 1790) parasitizing in the small intestine of spontaneously infected sheep. Materials and methods. Peculiarities of changes in the microstructure of the small intestine in the “parasite–host” system were studied using parasitization of P. cervi in the intestines of sheep using well-known histological methods. Pieces of tissue of the small intestine of sheep with P. cervi, after being preserved in 70% alcohol, were processed according to the generally accepted histological procedure and embedded in paraffin. Sections 5–7 μm in thickness were stained with histological stains and examined under a light microscope. Results and discussion. Microstructural analysis of the characteristics of the relationship in the "parasite–host" system showed that the mucous membrane of the small intestine of sheep in the presence of P. cervi looks sharply thickened. Swelling of the epithelium of villi and crypts, its vacuolization and albuminoid degeneration were found. In some places, proliferation of the epithelial layer of the mucous membrane was detected, due to which epithelial hyperplasia is observed, in some cases turning into metaplasia. Proliferation and hyperplasia (metaplasia) in the endostation of the host in the presence of the parasite contribute to: 1. stability of the parasite-host system and the participation of trematodes in trophism; 2. determination of the clinical and morphological picture of trematodose; 3. predicting the effects of this pathology on the host. Adhesion in the microstructural complex “trematode tegument – epithelial tissue of the villi of the small intestine” in ovine paramphistomosis at the contact level of two glycocalyx layers – the tegument of P. cervi and the surface of the epithelial cells of the villi of the host’s intestine, as well as single histological staining of the sites of contact between the parasite and the host as a result of mixing the components of the trematode tegument and the tissue of the host’s small intestine with deep adhesion indicate the established mutual relations between the components of a single system "parasite–host".

Glycogen content and In Vitro glycogen consumption in sheep cestode Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi, 1805)

Moniezia expansa is common cestode in the small intestine of sheep and causes considerable damage to it. Therefore, an effort to study such biological aspects of Moniezia expansa which would help in its control is much needed. The glycogen content and in vitro consumption of endogenous glycogen was determined in immature, mature and gravid proglottids of Moniezia expansa by Anthrone method by Carroll et al.(1956). The total glycogen (on fresh weight basis) was found to be 3.03%, 4.26% and 3.85% respectively in immature, mature and gravid proglottids of unstarved (control) parasite. The glycogen content in immature, mature and gravid proglottids of parasites starved for 3 hrs. is 2.51%, 3.09% and 2.91% respectively, parasites starved for 6 hrs is 1.91%, 2.0% and 2.0% respectively, parasites starved for 9 hrs. 1.25%, 1.33% and 1.35 respectively and parasites starved for 12 hrs is 0.79%, 0.80% and 0.99% respectively (on fresh weight basis).The endogenous glycogen consumption (in percent of total glycogen content of control parasite) by immature, mature and gravid proglottid was found to be 17.16%, 27.46% 24.42% respectively in parasites starved for 3 hours, 36.96%, 53.05% and 48.05% respectively in parasites starved for 6 hours, 58.75% 68.78% and 64.94% respectively in parasites starved for 9 hours and 73.93%, 81.22% and 74.29% respectively in parasites starved for 12 hours. Rate of consumption of endogenous glycogen between different starvation time periods (in percentage per hour) for immature, mature and gravid proglottids is also calculated. Rate of consumption was maximum during early hours of starvation i.e. between 0–3 hrs and 3–6 hrs and was minimum at 9–12 hrs. Glycogen is the major energy reserve in parasitic helminths which live in low oxygen condition, as they are the best substrate for anaerobic energy production. The study of consumption of endogenous glycogen in cestode during starvation period may be quite helpful for their control in the host. The rate of endogenous glycogen consumption is helpful in understanding metabolic rate and physiological aspects of different proglottids of the parasite.

Intraspecific Morphological Variation in Free-Living Stages of Strongyloides Papillosus (Nematoda, Strongyloididae) Parasitizing Various Mammal Species

Abstract Strongyloides papillosus Wedl, 1856 is one of the most widespread nematodes parasitic in domestic animals. This species has been recorded on almost all continents of the planet. It parasitizes the small intestine of rabbits, sheep and cattle. At laboratory conditions, this species can also infect guinea pigs. Morphological variability of S. papillosus in relation to host species has not yet been studied. Our research showed that L1 and L2 of S. papillosus reached their maximum size in all parameters in guinea pigs: for L1 — length and width of the body, length of esophagus and intestine; for L2 — width of body and length of intestine. L3 of S. papillosus had statistically reliable differences in almost all parameters (except the length of intestine) when parasitizing goats and rabbits. For L3 the width of the body and the length of the tail end, we determined differences between S. papillosus infecting rabbits and guinea pigs, and also goats and guinea pigs. Male S. papillosus were observed to have statistically reliable differences in all morphological parameters for goats and rabbits, and also for rabbits and guinea pigs. Practically all measurements (except the length of the tail) were larger for S. papillosus in guinea pigs and goats than those in rabbits. Free-living females statistically differed by larger size in goats and rabbits. The smallest dimensions were determined for all free-living stages of S. papillosus in goats (except males). The largest size in most cases was determined for larval stages of S. papillosus in guinea pigs.

Docusate promotes digestion and absorption in sheep fed a roughage-based diet

ABSTRACT Objective This research studied the effect of supplemental docusate (DOC) on digestion and absorption in the forestomach and small intestine of sheep. Materials and Methods Six adult male Small-Tail Han sheep, fitted with permanent duodenum and ileum T-type cannulas, were individually fed a basal diet containing 67% roughage. Sheep were allocated into 2 groups of 3 and fed either the basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with DOC at 0.8 g/kg of diet for 19 d (phase 1); the diets were swapped in phase 2 and fed for another 19 d. Chymes were sampled from the duodenum and ileum during the last 4 d of each phase. Results and Discussion The results showed that supplemental DOC increased the voluntary feed intake of sheep by 30.7%, and the amounts of digested DM, OM, CP, cellulose, and hemicellulose in the forestomach increased by more than 22.0%. Compared with the control values, DOC increased the amounts of DM (18.0%), OM (15.6%), CP (16.0%), microbial CP (34.4%), and by-pass protein (21.6%) entering the small intestine, as well as the total amounts of AA (18.3%), lysine (12.2%), and methionine (10.6%). Compared with control values, DOC also increased absorption in the small intestine for DM (63.7%), OM (61.9%), and CP (41.7%), as well as total AA (21.6%), lysine (17.9%), and methionine (40.5%). Implications and Applications Supplemental DOC significantly increased feed intake and nutrient digestion and absorption in sheep, so DOC can be an effective feed additive for improving sheep nutrition.

MICROMORPHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF RELATIONSHIPS IN THE “PARASIT-HOST” SYSTEM

Micromorphological, histochemical and pathomorphological features of relationships in the “parasite-host” system before and after exposure to the antitremum (at a dose of 200 mg / kg of LW) and tegalide (at a dose of 30 mg / kg of LW) were studied in a comparative aspect using the example of parasitizing by a Paramphistomum cervi in sheep intestines. The effect of anthelmintics on trematodes is associated with endostation of the parasite, in which certain trophic links are formed between the host and the helminth. The adhesion in the morphofunctional complex “tegument-epithelial tissue of the intestinal villus” at paramphystomy of sheep is considered as an indicator of the maturity of the reciprocal relationship between the parasite and the host. Pathomorphological changes in the mucous membrane of the intestine of sheep with paramphystomy are characterized by the presence of proliferation, hyperplasia and metaplasia, which provide the dynamic stability of the parasite-host system in the endostation of the parasite. Pathomorphological manifestations in the small intestine of sheep with paramphystomy and chemotherapy with tehalide and antithyroid consist of alternative dystrophic and proliferative processes. With the introduction of anthelmintic into the host organism, a violation of the homeokinetic state of each of the biological species that make up this binary system occurs, which leads to destabilization and homeoclase, and then to the death of the system and the development of the disease with clinical manifestations.The micromorphological features of interrelations in the “parasite-host” system, studied with the example of parasitic Paramphistomum cervi in the intestine of spontaneously-infested sheep, before and after the anthelmintic effects of antitermite and tehalid reveal the mechanisms of morphofunctional interrelations in the process of transition of the “parasite-host” from the homeoresistive state to the homeoclasis one and allow you to assess the impact efficiency of anthelmintics with trematodoses.

SEASONAL EVALUATION OF TRYCHOSTRONGYLESIS DISTRIBUTION IN SHEEP IN KABARDINO-BALKARIA

New data were obtained in the study of seasonal changes in the extensiveness and intensity of invasion of sheep trichostrongylosis in distant of pastures of the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic. The seasonal variability of the extensiveness and intensity of invasion of trichostrongylosis in the population of young sheep on mountain pastures of the region was determined by methods of helminthological autopsy according to K.I. Scryabin of the small intestine 35 heads. The epizootic process of trichostrongylosis in young sheep under 1 year of age is characterized by a two-peak climax of extensiveness and intensity of invasion. The first peak of the EI rise covers the end of spring (May) to the third decade of August, and the second peak covers the period from the end of summer to the second decade of November. Trichostrongylosis in young sheep under 1 year old in spring is found with EI – 17.4% and II – 54.8±6.3 copies / individual; in the summer season it is found of peak with EI – 36.2% and II – 123.0±11.4 copies / individual; in the autumn period – 58.6% and 185.9±16.7 individuals / individual; in the winter season – 58.6% and 27.3±2.5 copies / individual. In the small intestine of young sheep in all seasons of the year, except late autumn and winter, there were pathogens of trichostrongylosis in various stages of puberty. These data should be used to predict the epizootic situation on the trichostrongylosis of young sheep in the North Caucasus region, as well as when determining the optimal timing and frequency of deworming.

Gross and Histopathology of Coccidiosis in Small Ruminants in Tamil Nadu

Coccidiosis, caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria, is one of the major parasitic diseases characterized by subclinical contagious enteritis in domestic and wild animals. A total of 125 tissue samples (Abomasum, small intestine and large intestine) of sheep and goat were collected from slaughter houses in Chennai, Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur districts and samples from necropsied small ruminants at Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The overall prevalence of coccidiosis in single infection in collected samples was 28.57% (10/35). Grossly, the ileum and jejunum infected with coccidia showed oedema, congestion of serosa and mucosa. In few cases, the ileum showed a single white round raised spot. On histopathological examination, infected tissues showed different developmental stages like early, young and mature first generation schizonts with stage of blastophore formation, early stage of compartmentalization, advanced stage of compartmentalization, early and mature second generation schizonts with stage of merozoite formation, macromeronts, micromeronts, mature meronts, microgametocytes, macrogametocytes, microgamonts, macrogamonts and mature oocysts in the intestinal mucosa mainly in the epithelial crypts.

English

The present study was performed to detect the molecular and the phylogenetic identification of species that belonging to the genus of Moniezia Blanchard, 1891 which affected intestines of sheep in Al-Diwaniyah city, Iraq; fifty intestine samples were sought for the infestation of Moniezia spp. from the city slaughterhouse from 1 October to 30 November 2017, this tapeworm was found to infest the intestines of 13 sheep. For morphological identify the genus of this tapeworm, eggs from one gravid proglottid of the thirteen worms were examined, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the PCR-product-based sequencing were applied on 4 Moniezia tapeworms targeting a specific region of the 18S rRNA gene. The sequencing has shown 2 species of Moniezia, SP1 and SP2 ,these two species revealed close matching on the phylogenetic tree to an according to the current study findings, Moniezia spp. affect on sheep in the city of Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq, these findings give interesting information about the evolution history of this worm in the studied city.

Effect of exogenous butyrate on the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. II. Hydrolytic activity in the rumen and structure and function of the small intestine.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of exogenous butyrate on the activity of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes in the reticuloruminal digesta and structure and selected functions of the small intestine in sheep. Eighteen rams (30.8 ± 2.1 kg; 12 to 15 mo of age) were fed for 14 d a diet without (CTRL) or with sodium butyrate (BUT; 36 g/kg of offered DM). Butyrate concentration in the reticuloruminal fluid and proximal small intestinal digesta was greater for BUT compared with CTRL (P ≤ 0.05). Amylolytic activity was greater, whereas cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity in the reticuloruminal digesta was less for BUT compared with CTRL (P ≤ 0.04). Relative to BW, small intestinal tissue mass and small intestine length did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.15); however, absolute length of the small intestine was greater for BUT compared with CTRL (P = 0.04). In the duodenum, crypt depth tended (P = 0.10) to be greater, whereas in the ileum, crypt depth and muscularis thickness tended (P = 0.10) to be less for BUT compared with CTRL. Mitosis-to-apoptosis ratio in the proximal jejunum was greater for CTRL compared with BUT (P = 0.02). Expression of G-protein-coupled receptor 43 mRNA in the duodenal epithelium was greater for BUT compared with CTRL (P < 0.01). On the other hand, peptide transporter 1 mRNA expression in the distal sections of the small intestine, as well as activity of aminopeptidase A and dipeptidylpeptidase IV, were greater for CTRL (P ≤ 0.05). In summary, exogenous butyrate supplementation in feed affects hydrolytic activity in the rumen, and increased butyrate flow out of the reticulorumen affects both proximal and distal sections of the small intestine in sheep.

ITRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis of alterations in the intestine of Hu sheep under weaning stress.

When Lambs are weaned off ewe’s milk, metabolic, structural, and functional changes often occur in the small intestine. Because information on the effects of weaning stress on the proteome of the intestine is limited, an animal model was established with eight pairs of twin lambs divided into artificially reared and ewe-reared groups, which was followed by proteome analysis using iTRAQ technology. Changes occurred in the morphology of the intestine and 5,338 proteins in three biological replicates with less than a 1.2% false discovery rate were identified and quantified. Among them, a subset of 389 proteins were screened as significantly up- (143) and down-regulated (246) in artificially reared compared with ewe-reared. According to Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis, the differentially expressed proteins that were strongly down-regulated were enriched in immune system processes, biological adhesion, and metabolic processes. The up-regulated proteins were enriched in gene expression, cellular biosynthetic processes, ribosome and RNA binding in response to weaning stress. A series of proteins associated with intestine morphology and immune function were identified, and levels of the mRNAs encoding these proteins were analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The results of this study increased our understanding of the response of lambs weaned off ewe’s milk and helped to determine the mechanisms underlying weaning stress.

Helminths parasites of digestive trackt of sheep and goats in Macedonian region

During two periods (December 1985-October 1986 and October 1990-April 1991), the digestive tracts of 102 sheep and 29 goats were examined, with the purpose to find out and identify the helminthes parasites of these animals. The 96,1% of sheep and 93,1% of goats were found to be infected with 26 and 20 different helminths, respectively. The nematodes which were found out of the different parts of the digestive tract of these animals were: Sheep: oesophagus: Gongylonema pulchrum, abomasum: Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, T. trifurcata, Trichostrongylus axei and Cooperia oncophora, small intestine: Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis} T. vitrinus, T. capricola, Cooperia oncophora, C. curticei, Nematodirus filicollis, N. helvetianus, N. spathiger, N. battus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum and Strongyloides papillosus, large intestine: Oesophagostomum venulosum, Oe. columbianum, Chabertia ovina, Trichuris globulosa, T. ovis and Skrjabinema ovis. Goats: all the previous findings except T. vitrinus, Nematodirus helvetianus, N. battus and Trichuris ovis. The cestodes parasites, Moniezia expansa, Moniezia benedni, Avitellina centripunctata and Stilesia globipunctata were found into the small intestine of sheep and, Moniezia expansa and Avitellina centripunctata, in goats only. All animals were infected with more than one different parasites. The sheep nematodes Cooperia curticei, Nematodirus helvetianus, and N. spathiger, were identified for the first time in Greece, more over, Nematodirus battus were found out and identified for the first time in Greece.

Gross and histopathological changes in intestine of sheep associated with trichuriosis

Gross and histopathological changes in intestine of sheep associated with trichuriosis

The efficacy of the supramolecular complexes of niclosamide obtained by mechanochemical technology and targeted delivery against cestode infection of animals

Niclosamide is an anthelmintic that is widely used to treat cestode infection of animals. The efficacy of the supramolecular complexes of niclosamide obtained by mechanochemical technology and targeted delivery was studied in hymenolepiosis of mice and monieziosis of sheep. The efficacy of new substances of niclosamide with polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer in different ratios (1:10; 1:5; 1:2) was determined by the results of helminthological necropsy of the small intestine of sheep and mice. Pre-treatment eggs per gram (EPG) were not significantly different (P>0.1) among groups. The controlled test was used to evaluate the efficacy. A high efficacy (>95% efficacy) of the supramolecular complexes of niclosamide with PVP (SCoNwPVP) was shown in different ratios (1:10; 1:5 and 1:2) at a dose of 20mg/kg of body weight at oral administration against Hymenolepis nana in mice and Moniezia expansa in sheep. Whereas the basic drug − substance of niclosamide was effective at a dose of 100mg/kg of b/w. No adverse effects of the drugs on animal health were detected during the study.

Detection of cholecystokinin and glucagon like peptide in small intestine of Awassi sheep

Detection of cholecystokinin and glucagon like peptide in small intestine of Awassi sheep

Особливості морфометричної будови імаго Oesophagostomum venulosum (Rudolphi, 1809)

The study of biodiversity, morphological and biological peculiarities of pathogens of invasive animal diseases in natural and anthropogenically transformed ecosystems is an important task of modern population and applied ecological parasitology. The dominant position among helminthiasis of the digestive organs in ruminants occupy strongylatoses of the gastrointestinal tract. One of the components of the strongylates fauna, which parasitizes on sheep, is Oesophagostomum venulosum Rudolphi, 1809.In order to study the morphological features of the structure of imaginal forms of nematodes of the species Oe. venulosum and determination of their differential metric characteristics, the study of sexually mature oesophagostomes isolated from the intestines of sheep was conducted. Collection of helminths was carried out by the method of complete helminthology of the thick intestine of animals. The congenital morphological features of oesophagostomes are the presence of a clearly separated main vesicle, well-developed major papillae, the outer and inner radial corona around the mouth. Species Oe. venulosum in females is characterized by peculiarities in the structure of the caudal end, vulva, oviduct, vagina. It was found that the length of the body and main vesicle in females was 27.73 and 9.3% higher than that of males and averaged 18.75 ± 0.58 mm and 0.43 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. Indices of body width and major vesicles of mature males and females ranged 0,30–0,64 mm, 0,34–0,43 mm and did not differ significantly. New data on morphological and metric parameters of females Oe. venulosum, which increase the effectiveness of differentiation of helminths to the species. The parameters of the esophagus width in different sites, the width of the body in the vulva and the anus, the width and length of the spherical protrusion in the vulva area are determined. It was found that the length of the eggs in the femoral cavity and in the secretion it secretes significantly changes, the eggs are thickened, decreasing by 13.97%. The length and width of the eggs allocated by the female Oe. venulosum, on average, is 82.51 ± 2.37 and 53.51 ± 1.17 μm, respectively, and have a structure characteristic of the strongylidsc type eggs.

Proteomic changes in the ileum of sheep infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). To identify the processes activated in the sheep intestine during natural MAP infection, and to provide a panel of differential host and pathogen proteins with diagnostic and prognostic potential, a differential shotgun proteomics workflow, including mass spectrometry, label-free quantisation and pathway analysis, was applied to ileal tissues of ewes with and without JD. Out of 2889 total proteins identified, 384 were differentially expressed and 341 were expressed at a higher level in JD. On the basis of Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) analysis, these proteins were involved in numerous relevant biological networks and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, including inhibition of phagosome acidification (such as V-ATPase), bacterial invasion, leucocyte recruitment and activation, and antimicrobial activity (such as haptoglobin, lactoferrin, cathelicidins, calgranulins and interleukins). A total of 28 MAP proteins were identified, including bacterioferritin, β-lactamase and heparin-binding haemagglutinin (HBHA), a mycobacterial adhesin crucial for dissemination of infection.

Mechanical behavior measurement of the sheep small intestine using experimental tests

Background: There is no consistent data on the mechanical properties of sheep intestine. OBJECTIVES: We performed a series of biaxial strain measurement experiments and extracted the constitutive model to describe the mechanical characteristics of the sheep intestinal tissue. METHODS: Eleven specimens were obtained freshly from sacrificed sheep and the planar biaxial tests were performed on the tissue specimens by applying simultaneous loads along the circumfer-ential and longitudinal directions. Then the measured data were fitted into the anisotropic four-parameter Fung-type model and also to the modified Mooney-Rivlin model. RESULTS: The specimens showed some degree of anisotropy; the stiffer direction is not gener-ally predictable. Some of the specimens were stiffer in the circumferential direction, and the others in the longitudinal direction. However, the average results state the circumferential di-rection as the stiffer orientation. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that sheep intestine be-haves normally as a nonlinear anisotropic tissue which is well-characterized by the modified Mooney-Rivlin model.

CHARACTERIZATION OF DIARRHEAGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM RAW BEEF, MUTTON, AND INTESTINES SOLD IN OUAGADOUGOU, BURKINA FASO

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli are zoonotic bacteria commonly present in animal gut. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli isolated from raw meats and intestines in open markets of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. A total of 450 samples were collected from beef, mutton, beef intestine and sheep intestine, in respective number 175, 175, 50 and 50. Diarrheagenic E. coli were isolated by using standard microbiological methods and then Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction was used for characterization. Among the pathotypes, enteropathogenic E. coli was identified by serotypage (slide agglutination). A 30% (135/450) were E. coli. 30% (40/135) of E. coli strains provided the virulence genes. 14% of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli, 13% of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli-enterotoxinogenic Escherichia coli, 1% of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli, 2% of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and 1% of enterotoxinogenic Escherichia coli. 41% (55/135) were enteropathogenic Escherichia coli belong to serotypes: (5%), O119 (3%), O127 (16%), O125 (9%), O126 (18%), O128 (5%), O114 (5%), O124 (5%), O142 (7%). This study show contamination of slaughter animal with diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes in Burkina Faso. Precaution can take of mutation breeding level.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of &lt;i&gt;Salmonella enterica&lt;/i&gt; strains isolated from raw beef, mutton and intestines sold in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile of Salmonella enterica isolated from raw beef, mutton and intestines sold in Ouagadougou; Burkina Faso.Methodology and Results: A total of 450 samples from raw meat of beef (n=175), mutton (n=175), beef intestine (n=50) and sheep intestine (n=50) were analyzed using standards microbiological method for the detection of Salmonella. The isolates were tested for antibacterial resistance using the agar diffusion method with fourteen commonly used antibiotics. In this study, Salmonella contaminated 19% (86/450) of the samples with 27% (47/175) of beef, 18% (9/50) of beef intestine, 11% (19/175) of mutton and 22% (11/50) of sheep intestine. Salmonella strains isolates were most resistant to tetracycline and cefalotin than other tested antibiotics.Conclusion and main findings: The high rate of Salmonella strains in animals can pose a major public health risk in Burkina Faso. In addition, the susceptibility test confirms the circulation of antibiotic resistant pathogens in raw meat. Interestingly, these findings indicate a presence of multiresistant strains. The regulation of antibiotics use in animal husbandry is recommended to prevent antibiotic resistance in humans.Key words: Beef, Mutton, Raw Intestine, Salmonella, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Burkina Faso.

In vivo measurement of the absorption of strontium in the rumen and small intestine of sheep as an index of calcium absorption capacity.

In the present study, a method was developed for determining the alimentary tract Ca absorption capacity of ruminant animals by measuring the absorption rate of Sr after the administration of an oral dose of strontium chloride acting as a tracer analogue of Ca. A close correlation between the absorption rates of the two tracers was observed upon simultaneous administration of an oral dose of stable Sr and radioactive calcium (r 0·98). The Ca absorption capacity of the rumen and small intestine was determined separately by either directing the solution into the rumen or by diverting it into the post-ruminal tract by vasopressin-induced closure of the ruminoreticular groove. The animals were treated with 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 administered via subcutaneously implanted mini-osmotic pumps. The effect of elevated plasma 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol concentrations on the Ca absorption capacity of the alimentary tract was then determined. An increased rate of Sr absorption was observed in both the rumen and small intestine of sheep after treatment, although it is unclear whether the rumen possesses the same vitamin D-dependent Ca absorption pathway as the small intestine.