Intestinal Microbiota In Children Research Articles

Altered intestinal microbiota in children with bronchiolitis.

To investigate the correlation between the alteration of intestinal microbiota and disease in children with bronchiolitis. Fifty seven children diagnosed with bronchiolitis from January 2020 to January 2022 in our pediatric department were included as the case group, and another 36 normal children were included as the control group. Stool and blood were collected from both groups for high-throughput sequencing, untargeted metabolite detection and ELISA. A mouse model of RSV infection was established to validate the results of clinical case detection. Body weight, passive smoking, and a host of other factors were possible as acute bronchiolitis influencing factors in the onset of acute bronchiolitis. The alpha diversity Shannon, Simpson and Pielou's evenness indices were significantly lower in children with acute bronchiolitis than in healthy children with gated levels of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and genus levels of Clostridium and other short chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. The relative abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs)-producing bacteria decreased and the abundance of genus-level sphingolipid-producing bacteria Sphingomonas increased; the progression of acute bronchiolitis is likely to be associated with the abundance of Clostridium and Sphingomonas and higher fecal amino acid concentrations, including FF-MAS, L-aspartic acid, thioinosinic acid, picolinic acid; supplementation with Clostridium butyricum significantly alleviated RSV infection-induced lung inflammation. The progression of bronchiolitis may be associated with altered intestinal microbiota, decreased SCFAs and elevated sphingolipids metabolism in children. Some fecal bacteria and metabolites may predict the onset of bronchiolitis, and oral administration of Clostridium butyricum may alleviate RSV infection-induced pulmonary inflammation.

Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Allergies in Children: A Literature Review.

The intestinal microbiota is a diverse and complex microecosystem that lives and thrives within the human body. The microbiota stabilizes by the age of three. This microecosystem plays a crucial role in human health, particularly in the early years of life. Dysbiosis has been linked to the development of various allergic diseases with potential long-term implications. Next-generation sequencing methods have established that allergic diseases are associated with dysbiosis. These methods can help to improve the knowledge of the relationship between dysbiosis and allergic diseases. The aim of this review paper is to synthesize the current understanding on the development of the intestinal microbiota in children, the long-term impact on health, and the relationship between dysbiosis and allergic diseases. Furthermore, we examine the connection between the microbiome and specific allergies such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and food allergies, and which mechanisms could determine the induction of these diseases. Furthermore, we will review how factors such as mode of delivery, antibiotic use, breastfeeding, and the environment influence the development of the intestinal flora, as well as review various interventions for the prevention and treatment of gut microbiota-related allergies.

Changes in the intestinal microbiota of children with hand, foot, and mouth disease under 3 years old.

This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of intestinal microbiota in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) under 3 years old. Fresh feces were collected from 54 children with HFMD and 30 healthy children. All of them were <3 years old. Sequencing of the 16S rDNA amplicons was performed. Between the 2 groups, the richness, diversity, and structure of the intestinal microbiota were analyzed by α-diversity and β-diversity. Linear discriminant analysis and LEfSe analyses were used to compare different bacterial classifications. The sex and age of the children in the 2 groups were not statistically significant (P = .92 and P = .98, respectively). Compared to healthy children, the Shannon index, Ace index, and Chao index were lower in children with HFMD (P = .027, P = .012, and P = .012, respectively). Based on the weighted or unweighted UniFrac distance analysis, the structure of the intestinal microbiota in HFMD was also significantly changed (P = .002 and P < .001, respectively). Linear discriminant analysis and LEfSe analysis showed that the changes of key bacteria were manifested as a decrease in Prevotella and Clostridium_XIVa (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively), while Escherichia and Bifidobacterium increased (P = .025 and P = .001, respectively). Children with HFMD under 3 years of age have intestinal microbiota disorder and show a decrease in diversity and richness. The decrease in the abundance of Prevotella and Clostridium, which can produce short-chain fatty acids, is also one of the characteristics of the change. These results can offer a theoretical foundation for the pathogenesis and microecological treatment of HFMD in infants.

Gut Microbiota Composition Changes following Discontinuation of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition in Children with Crohn’s Disease

This study aims to determine changes in the intestinal microbiota of children with Crohn's disease (CD) before and during exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) and after its discontinuation. A total of 14 newly diagnosed children with CD (median age 16.0 years; 43% female) were included in this study. Patients were initially treated with EEN and were followed for one year after EEN discontinuation. Stool samples were taken at the time of diagnosis (before EEN introduction), the second day of EEN, the last day of EEN, and every two months for one year after the discontinuation of EEN. A molecular approach targeting 16S ribosomal RNA was used for analysing the gut microbiota. No change was found in the Shannon diversity index before, during, and after EEN cessation (HhaI-digestion p = 0.82; MspI-digestion p = 0.87). According to the PCO, on the basis of the dissimilarity matrices of OTUs, a clear separation of patients at different time points, forming two clusters (before and during EEN as opposed to after EEN), was evident. No clear separation was noted between patients who achieved sustained remission as opposed to those who did not achieve sustained remission during EEN and at the follow-up. In conclusion, a distinct change in the microbiota composition already occurred after two months of EEN discontinuation and remained mostly unchanged over a year of follow-up.

Modern View on the Formation of Intestinal Microbiota in Children of the First Year of Life

During pregnancy, the maternal microbiome influences the development of the fetus and generally creates the prerequisites for the formation of the infant microbiome. Currently, the study of external factors on the formation of the microbiome, including the influence of the mother's microbiome on the formation of the infant's microbiome, remains relevant. The purpose of this review: to provide up-to-date data on the development of the intestinal microbiota of a child at the early stages of its formation and the factors influencing this process. Research of publications were conducted in search engines as PubMed, eLibrary.ru, Google Scholar. The selection of publications was carried out in accordance with the purpose of the review. We analyzed current data on the infant gut microbiome and concluded that the infant gut microbiome is affected by maternal age, maternal overweight, obstetric history, gestational age, mode of birth, work performed during pregnancy, place of residence, diet during pregnancy and lactation, illness and antibiotics. All these factors affect the state of the maternal microbiome itself and affect the microbiome of the child through breastfeeding. The intestinal microflora of the newborn is largely dependent on the state of the mother's microbiome, it is mainly through breast milk. The microbes of our body control all life processes, as well as the stability of the internal environment.

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In recent years, the use of probiotics has increased unprecedently, regardless of their origin and characteristics. In particular, the use of probiotics for nutritional and therapeutic purposes in infants and patients with a number of diseases (malignant neoplasms, diabetes, post-transplant period, etc.) needs reviews and clinical justification. Currently, in the production of dairy products, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) of intestinal origin are of particular interest, which is explained by the fact that the final target of probiotics is the intestine of an animal or a person. However, there is some skepticism about the efficacy of using human gut-derived LABs in dairy production. LABs are widespread in nature: exist in large quantities in plant residues, soil, human and animal intestines. LABs are widely used both in health care and agriculture, as well as in fisheries and fish production. A task was set up to study a series of biosafety indicators of yoghurts obtained from the Lpb. plantarum ZPZ, Lcb. rhamnosus str. Vahe.am, Lpb. plantarum K1-3, L. delbrueckii IAHAHI probiotic strains. Yoghurts produced with biosafety indicators corresponding to the risk of spreading antibiotic resistance in yoghurts, heavy metals and M1 aflatoxin content, as well as to international standards for microbiological indicators were obtained from new probiotics isolated from the intestinal microbiota of children (Lpb. plantarum ZPZ, Lcb. rhamnosus str. Vahe) and dairy products (Lpb. plantarum K1-3, L. delbrueckii IAHAHI). The results of our research prove that yoghurts obtained from lactic acid bacteria of different origins are harmless to health.

Evaluation of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 polymorphism and intestinal microbiota in children with food allergies.

Mutual regulation between immune system and gut microbiota is achieved through several mechanisms including the engagement of toll-like receptors (TLRs) which is expressed on numerous cell types. In this study we aimed to explore the association between food allergies and TLR gene polymorphisms in association with gut microbiota. Toll-like receptors polymorphism frequencies and some bacteria in the gut microbiota in 130 infants aged 1-24 months with egg and/or milk allergy in a prospective cohort were compared with 110 non-food allergic controls. Four candidate polymorphisms (TLR2 rs1898830/rs5743708 and TLR4 rs4986790/rs4986791) were genotyped by allelic discrimination polymerase chain rection (PCR) method. Gut microbiota analysis was achieved by using high-throughput sequencing. The TLR4 rs4986790 (Asp299Gly) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) major/minor allele frequency was 0.788/0.212 in food allergy patients and 0.719/0.280 in controls (p=0.017). There was a statistically significant difference between groups in terms of genotype frequencies (AA, AG, GG). Gut microbiota analysis revealed increased Firmicutes phylum in stool of the patients with food allergy. Except for TLR4 rs4986791 (Thr399lle) allele, the other TLR polymorphisms were not associated with food allergies in children. When the bacteria in the intestinal microbiota and TLR2 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms were compared; we determined a statistically significant increase in Bifidobacterium concentration in the intestinal microbiota in TLR4 rs4986791 CT heterozygous genotype (p=0.004). This study demonstrated a partial role of TLR4 gene polymorphism and gut microbiota in the development of food allergies. Future work in this area will be required to clarify the roles of different microbial strains that modulate gut microbiota composition and function in conjunction with TLR transcription pathways.

Combined method of colon microbiota correction after colon x-ray in children with chronic colostasis

Objective: The problem of chronic colostasis is especially relevant in children. Numerous research studies have been devoted to this type of pathology, but until now, no final solution has been proposed both in traditional therapy and surgical treatment. The research aimed to study the state of intestinal microbiota in children with chronic colostasis in preparation for irrigation and to evaluate the combined method of its correction by oral and rectal probiotic administration. Materials and methods: The study enrolled 100 patients of both genders aged 5-15 years with the diagnosis of chronic colostasis. All patients were divided into main and control groups consisting of 50 people in each one. For the correction of intestine microbiota, the probiotics in the main group were administered orally and using enema with direct irrigation of the large intestine cavity after preparation for X-ray analysis, while patients of the control group received probiotics only orally. Results and Discussion:In the main group, the concentration of all types of useful microorganisms in the intestine increased to normal values after the correction, the number of useful microorganisms is statistically significantly higher, and the number of opportunistic enterobacteria is less in comparison with the those in the control group (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion:The developed method of combined application of probiotics orally and introduction into the lumen of the large intestine with an enema is an effective way to correct the quantitative composition of intestinal microbiota at chronic colostasis in children. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 22 No. 01 January’23 Page : 180-188

Interplay of Lymphocytes with the Intestinal Microbiota in Children with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Abnormally high lymphocyte counts are seen in persons with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Gut microbiota dysbiosis is a risk factor for NAFLD. We assessed the gut microbiota of 63 healthy children and 63 children with NAFLD using 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing to explore the relationships. Compared with healthy children (HC group), the Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Akkermansia were less abundant, while the Actinobacteria were more abundant in children with NAFLD (FLD group). To understand the effect of lymphocytes on the gut microbiota of children with NAFLD, we compared the microbiota of 41 children with NAFLD and high numbers of lymphocytes (FLD_HL group) and 22 children with NAFLD and low numbers of lymphocytes (FLD_LL group). The abundances of Bacteroidetes, Verrucobacterium, and Akkermansia increased and Actinobacteria decreased in the FLD_LL group compared to the FLD_HL group. Akkermansia was negatively correlated with lymphocyte count. NAFLD may disturb the gut microbiota in children through reducing the abundance of Akkermansia and increasing the abundance of proinflammatory bacteria, such as Escherichia-Shigella. Conclusions: High lymphocyte counts are associated with disturbances of gut microbiota and emergence of opportunistic pathogens in children with NAFLD.

Intestinal Microbiota in Children with Anemia in Southern Peru through Next-Generation Sequencing Technology.

Knowledge of the sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene constitutes a true revolution in understanding the composition of the intestinal microbiota and its implication in health states. This study details microbial composition through next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology in children with anemia. Anemia is the most frequent hematological disorder that affects human beings. In Peru, it is one of the conditions that presents the most significant concern due to the adverse effects that cause it, such as delayed growth and psychomotor development, in addition to a deficiency in cognitive development.

Food Selectivity and Its Implications Associated with Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Food selectivity (FS) in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is common, and its impact on a nutritional level is known. However, the etiology of gastrointestinal disorders (GID) related to alterations in the intestinal microbiota in children with ASD remains unclear. This article provides a narrative review of the literature on FS from the last 15 years, and its relationship with GID in children with ASD. Sensory aversion in ASD leads to food elimination, based on consistencies, preferences, and other sensory issues. The restriction of food groups that modulate the gut microbiota, such as fruits and vegetables, as well as the fibers of some cereals, triggers an intestinal dysbiosis with increased abundance in Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella Escherichia/Shigella, and Clostridium XIVa, which, together with an aberrant immune response and a leaky gut, may trigger GID. It is observed that FS can be the product of previous GID. GID could provide information to generate a hypothesis of the bidirectional relationship between FS and GID. Emphasis is placed on the need for more studies with methodological rigor in selecting children with ASD, the need for homogeneous criteria in the evaluation of GID, and the adequate classification of FS in children with ASD.

Characteristics of Escherichia coli Isolated from Intestinal Microbiota Children of 0-5 Years Old in the Commune of Abomey-Calavi.

Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterium and one of the first bacteria to colonize the digestive tract of newborns after birth. It is characterized by great versatility and metabolic flexibility that allows its survival in different niches. The present study aims at analyzing the diversity of E. coli strains isolated from the intestinal microbiota of children aged from 0 to 5 years in the commune of Abomey-Calavi in Benin. For this purpose, a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 135 stool samples were collected from the pediatric clinic of Abomey-Calavi. Microbiological analyses were performed according to standard microbiology analytical techniques. The molecular characterization of E. coli was performed by investigating eight genes (dinB, icdA, pabB, polB, putP, trpA, trpB, and uidA) using the PCR technique. The results showed that the average loading rate on stool samples was 3.74 × 107 CFU/g for TAMF. A total of 7 species of bacteria were identified at different proportions: Staphylococcus spp (55.36%), E. coli (14.29%), Klebsiella ornithinolytica (12.5%), Serratia odorifera (5.36%), and Enterobacter aerogenes (5.36%). Interestingly, isolated E. coli presented a resistance of 100% to cefotaxime and aztreonam. In addition, resistances of 95.24% and 50% were observed against erythromycin and nalidixic acid, respectively. The molecular characterization of the isolated E. coli strains allowed us to discover another molecular variation within the isolated strains. Genes encoding the enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (icd) and DNA polymerase II (polB) were detected at 96.30% in the isolated E. coli strains. Moreover, the genes encoding the enzymes beta-D-glucuronidase (uidA) and DNA polymerase (dinB) were detected at 88.89% in the isolated E. coli strains. Interestingly, 81.48%, 85.19, 92.59%, and 100% of isolated E. coli strains expressed the genes encoding the enzymes tryptophan synthase subunit A (trpA), proline permease (putP), p-aminobenzoate synthase, and tryptophan synthase subunit B (trpB), respectively. The diversity of E. coli strains reflects the importance of regulatory mechanisms in the adaptation of bacteria to the gut microbiota.

Personalized symbiontic therapy for children with functional digestive disorders

The aim of the study was to identify the features of the influence of autoprobiotic and probiotic E. faecium strains on clinical and laboratory parameters in children with functional gastroenterological pathology.Patients and methods. In the period 2020–2021. 35 children over 3 years of age with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) were observed on an outpatient basis, who were prescribed an autoprobiotic or probiotic strain E. faecium for therapeutic purposes and recommended a diet.The study protocol provided for clinical and anamnestic screening, FGID diagnostics; analysis of coprograms and assessment of the composition of the intestinal microbiota in children before and after a course of probiotics. The study of intestinal microbiota was carried out by RT-PCR in feces using a set of primers “Colonoflor”. One patient was excluded from the study due to refusal to take the autoprobiotic.The rest of the patients formed two groups: group 1 (n = 16)—children who received the autoprobiotic strain and group 2 (n = 18)—children who received the conditionally “reference” strain E. faecium L3. Probiotics were used in the form of a liquid form (which is a starter culture based on soy protein isolates containing 109 CFU in 1 ml) at a dose of 25 ml 2 times a day for 10 days.The results of using probiotic strains were evaluated on the basis of data from a survey of parents about the state of children and the dynamics of clinical manifestations, as well as changes in the values of indicators of coprograms and the composition of the intestinal microbiota.Statistical processing of the results was carried out using Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test; Wilcoxon test. The results were considered reliable at a significance level of p &lt;0.05.Results. Studies of the effect of prescribing E. faecium L3 strain and an autoprobiotic strain to children with FROP revealed a positive effect on the clinical symptoms of the disease (in 29.4% and 25%, respectively) in the absence of undesirable side effects. Analysis of the dynamics of coprograms revealed an equivalent positive dynamics in the form of improvement in most of the studied stool characteristics. The study of the composition of the intestinal microbiota in the observed children revealed a low level of Lactobacilli and Enterococcus before and after the administration of probiotics. After the course of the E. faecium L3 strain, a significant increase in the content of F. prausnitzii was noted. The use of an autoprobiotic strain contributed to a significant decrease in the frequency of isolation of conditionally pathogenic bacteria in large numbersConclusion. The course appointment of autoprobiotic and probiotic E. faecium strains in children with FGID has a positive effect on clinical symptoms, improvement of most coprogram indices and normalization of the intestinal microbiota composition.

The role of probiotics in the immune response and intestinal microbiota of children with celiac disease: a systematic review.

ABSTRACTObjective:To evaluate changes in peripheral immunological response (decrease in blood proinflammatory cytokines) and fecal microbiota (especially Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes) after administration of probiotics in children with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet.Data source:The databases MEDLINE, LILACS, Springer and SciELO were used for this review, with the descriptors “celiac disease AND probiotics”. At the end of the search, 168 articles were retrieved, four of which were included in the final qualitative synthesis, having as inclusion criteria randomized clinical trials and pediatric population (1–19 years) and, as exclusion criteria, interventions other than probiotics, studies with patients with other diseases associated with celiac disease, or patients who did not meet the diagnostic criteria. All elected studies were published until September 2020, without language restriction, with patients receiving strains of Bifidobacterium breve or B. longum and on a gluten-free diet.Data synthesis:The studies show that the administration of probiotics along with a gluten-free diet, can approximate the fecal microbiota of celiac patients to typical conditions of healthy individuals, by restoring the abundance of some microbial communities that characterize the typical physiological condition. In addition, the administration of probiotics can reduce serum proinflammatory cytokines (mainly TNF-alpha).Conclusions:Despite the positive correlation between probiotics and fecal microbiota/serological markers in pediatric patients with celiac disease, we emphasize the need for future multicentric studies that should include a larger number of patients and a longer follow up period.%

Changes in Intestinal Microbiota Composition in 1–5 Years Old Children with Atopic Dermatitis: Cross Sectional Study

Background. Atopic dermatitis (AD) arouses high research interest these days due to its significant morbidity rate. The most crucial risk factor for its development is the intestinal microbiota composition. The correlation of this factor with the development of AD in children requires further study.Objective. The aim of the study is to perform comparative analysis of the intestinal microbiota in 1–5 years old children with AD and conditionally healthy children via 16S-sequencing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) of bacterial genes.Methods. We have conducted cross sectional study. 60 children with diagnosed AD and 15 conditionally healthy children aged from 1 to 5 years were surveyed. Intestinal microbiota was examined via 16S-sequencing of rRNA of bacterial genes.Results. The intestinal microbiota in children with AD and conditionally healthy children has statistically significant differences. Despite the absence of significant differences in species richness of compared groups, children with AD had the elevation in the metagenome of Proteobacteria; Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria classes; Enterococcaceae and Veillonellaceae families; Eggerthella, Dialister and Enterobacter genus; as well as the decrease in the relative value of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia; Bacteroidales and Bifidobacteriales orders; Bifidobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae families; Lachnoclostridium, Roseburia, Prevotella, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides genus; decrease of Bifidobacterium longum, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides fragilis.Conclusion. It was revealed that the intestinal microbiota of children with AD has significant differences in taxonomic composition with the microbiota of conditionally healthy children. Elevation of Proteobacteria, Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria classes, Eggerthella, Dialister and Enterobacter genus can be the risk factor for this disease development, whereas decrease of such bacteria as Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidales and Bifidobacteriales can aggravate atopic symptoms. Thus, the need for further study of intestinal microbiota in children with AD is justified to establish the correlation of these bacteria with the disease course.

Effect of gut microbiota from Henoch-Sch\xf6nlein Purpura patients on acid-sensitive ion channel 3 expression and intestinal motility in germ-free rats

BackgroundIt has been proven that gut microbiota alterations are involved in the development of Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP). However, the pathogenesis of HSP hasn’t been eluciated. This study was to investigate the impact of gut microbiota from HSP on ASIC3 expression and interactions between microbiota and ASIC3 expression in the development of HSP.MethodsFeces collected from HSP and healthy children at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University were made into fecal microbial solutions. Germ-free rats were randomly assigned to either the control or HSP groups. The HSP group of rats were administered the fecal microbiota solution of HSP children, while the control group rats were administered the fecal microbiota solution of healthy children. Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) and intestinal propulsion rate of the rats were used to determine visceral sensitivity. Composition of the gut microbiota of HSP children was determined using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. ASIC3 expression in the colon was ascertained through qRT-PCR as well as western blotting analysis.ResultsThe results showed a reduction in the number of species and abundance in the intestinal microbiota of children with HSP. Visceral sensitivity and intestinal propulsion rate of HSP group rats increased significantly, compared with the control group. Colon ASIC3 mRNA and protein levels in the HSP group were found to be upregulated. The microbiota dysbiosis of HSP patients could stimulate ASIC3 expression in the colon of Germ-free rats, which in turn affected intestinal motility.ConclusionsThese results suggested that HSP children had intestinal microbiota disorder, which might affect gut motility by down-regulating colon ASIC3 expression in rats.

Effect of a Symbiotic Mixture on Fecal Microbiota in Pediatric Patients Suffering of Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders

(1) Background: Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) represent one of the main etiologies of chronic abdominal pain in the pediatric population. A wide spectrum of probiotic or prebiotic mixtures has been evaluated in trials regarding benefits in patients with FAPDs, mainly in the adult population. (2) Methods: This study was interested in evaluating the effect of oral supplementation with a symbiotic mixture on intestinal microbiota in children with functional dyspepsia (FD), irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D), and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C). A combination of six bacterial strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011, Lactibacillus casei R0215, Bifidobacterium lactis BI-04, Lactobacillus acidophilus La-14, Bifidobacterium longum BB536, Lactobacillus plantarum R1012) and 210 mg of fructo-oligosaccharides-inulin were administered orally, daily, for 12 weeks and patients were scored for severity of symptoms and fecal microbiota before and after the treatment. (3) Results: The proportion of patients with adequate symptom relief was higher in the IBS-D than in the IBS-C group; however, the difference was not statistically significant (74.4% vs. 61.9%, p = 0.230). There was an increasing proportion of bacterial genera associated with health benefits, for both IBS-C and IBS-D (IBS-C: 31.1 ± 16.7% vs. 47.7 ± 13.5%, p = 0.01; IBS-D: 35.8 ± 16.2% vs. 44.1 ± 15.1%, p = 0.01). (4) Conclusions: Administration of a symbiotic preparation resulted in significant changes to the microbiota and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with FAPDs.

ALTERAÇÕES NA MICROBIOTA GASTROINTESTINAL DE CRIANÇAS COM TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

Researchs about the causes of Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has led several scientists to relate many others systems to the patient's brain, linking changes in the gastrointestinal microbiota (GIM) to typical behaviors of people with ASD, suggesting that the brain-intestine axis is an important piece in this 'puzzle'. This work aimed to investigate the microbiota gastrointestinal in children with ASD. Such research was carried out on scientific work platforms, resulting in 293 works, which, after the selection, totaled 28 works analyzed. Almost all of them showed changes in the intestinal microbiota of children with ASD, the reduction of their diversity being the main alteration of these individuals in relation to the control group. The bacterial family Lachnospiraceae, the bacterial gender Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Feacalibacterium, and Bacteroides stood out in these studies; and the fungal genus Candida. Among the symptoms, constipation was quite frequent in children with ASD and some groups of microorganisms were positively or negatively associated with changes in sleep, speech development and behavioral aspects. We conclude that there are several alterations of GIM in children with autism when compared to children with typical neurodevelopment, being also affected by anatomical and metabolic issues as causes or consequences of ASD. There is a need for further studies, especially in the Brazilian population, and more specifically in the states, in view of the great heterogeneity of our people and their culture, the great dietary variations of the last decades, as well as the increase in gene flow among world populations.

Features of the intestinal microbiota in children with intestinal parasitosis

The aimof the research is to study the features of the intestinal microbiota in children with parasitic invasions.Clinical and microbiological examination of 40 children aged from 9 months to 1 0 years with functional disorders of the intestine was carried out, in 20 of whom intestinal parasitoses were detected (15 of them — ascariasis, 5 — intestinal lambliosis) — the main group. The comparison group consisted of 20 other children with functional disorders of the intestine without intestinal parasitosis.All children underwent: assessment of the course of the ante-neonatal periods, the nature of feeding and clinical symptoms of intestinal parasitosis; triple study of feces for eggs of worms and protozoa in the enrichment environment of Turdyev, coprocytogram, biochemical analysis of feces, ultrasound of internal organs. To identify the quantitative content of the main groups of normobiota, species composition and spectrum of opportunistic bacteria and viruses, the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of intestinal microbial markers was used.It was found that in children with intestinal parasitosis, already at the prenatal stage of the formation of the intestinal microbiota, risk factors were recorded that negatively affect the composition of the forming microbiota, associated with functional disorders of the digestive tract from the first days of life.The degree of deficiency of normobiota, as well as the spectrum of opportunistic bacteria in children with parasitic invasions, was greater: 14 types of bacteria in combination with herpes viruses versus 9 in the comparison group. Association Clostridium spp. — Herpes virus against the background of a deficiency of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli acts as a dominant association in the relationship with intestinal parasitosis.

Human Milk Oligosaccharides Modulate Fecal Microbiota and Are Safe for Use in Children With Overweight: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) impact the intestinal microbiota by increasing beneficial bacteria in infants and adults, and are safe and well tolerated in these age groups. Effects on intestinal microbiota, safety, and digestive tolerance in children have not been, however, assessed. The aims of this trial were to evaluate if HMOs are able to specifically modulate the intestinal microbiota in children, and to assess safety and digestive tolerance. In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, 75 children with overweight (including obesity) ages 6 to 12 years were randomized to receive 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), a mix of 2'FL and lacto-N-neotetraose (Mix), or a glucose placebo orally administrated once per day for 8 weeks. The relative abundance of bifidobacteria increased significantly after 4 (P < 0.001) and 8 (P = 0.025) weeks of intervention in the 2'FL-group and after 4 weeks (P = 0.033) in the Mix-group, whereas no change was observed in the placebo group. Compared with placebo, the 2'FL-group had a significant increase in bifidobacteria abundance after 4 weeks (P < 0.001) and 8 weeks (P = 0.010) and the Mix-group showed a tendency to increased bifidobacteria abundance after 4 (P = 0.071) and 8 weeks (P = 0.071). Bifidobacterium adolescentis drove the bifidogenic effect in the 2 groups. Biochemical markers indicated no safety concerns, and the products did not induce digestive tolerance issues as assessed by Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale and Bristol Stool Form Scale. Both 2'FL and the Mix beneficially modulate intestinal microbiota by increasing bifidobacteria. Furthermore, supplementation with either 2'FL alone or a Mix is safe and well tolerated in children.