Child Interviews Research Articles

Correlation between Distribution of Water Fluoride and Fluorosis in the villages of Mahendergarh district, Haryana- India

Fluoride plays a very important role in preventing dental carries and is beneficial for dental enamel. But fluoride is valuable for health only when if it is used in a small amount within the allowable limit. Its excessiveness causes a number of side effects for human health such as fluorosis. According to WHO recommendation in 2011, fluoride level in drinking water is 1.5 mg/l. In everyday life, drinking water is considered as major source of fluoride. Most of the residents of Mahendergarh district of Haryana in India depend on ground water for their drinking purposes. This study has been conducted to examine the dental fluorosis among govt. school children in the villages of the study area. The fluorosis data were collected from different blocks of Mahendergarh district from school going children aged between 6 to 11 years old. A face-to-face interview of school children from class-3rd to class-5th has been carried out. A total of 43 villages were selected for dental fluorosis analysis. 25 villages were selected where the fluoride level is more than 1.5 mg/l and 18 villages were chosen where fluoride level was less than 1.5 mg/l. A survey was carried out among 1196 school going children for oral examination of dental fluorosis. School children were examined with the help of an expert of dental fluorosis. The study revealed that children of Sihma, Mahendergarh, Narnaul and Nangal Chaudhary blocks are the most affected with dental fluorosis. It was found that 33.3% children were affected with dental fluorosis in high fluoride zone, while only 7.36% children were suffering from dental fluorosis below permissible area (below 1.5mg/l). The study also reveals the positive correlation between water fluoride and fluorosis.

A shape of play to come: Exploring children's play and imaginaries with robots and AI

We are rapidly moving into an era where AI and robots are part of everyday interactions in society and education, and there are immense discussions today about current and future technologies. Still, children are often not included in this discussion, while there is much to learn from current uses and children's understandings of AI and robotics. The study is based on a seven-month ethnographical work that details the implementation of a robot in two preschool groups of children aged 1–2 and 3–5 (n = 38). The study descriptively combines a framework for children's play analysis with explorative qualitative child interviews (n = 6) with the 3-5-year-olds to examine how children play with the robot and their thinking about a future with robots and AI. The results show how children's play with robots spans all of Hughes's (2011) sixteen play types and integrates robots into play in ways specific to child-robot interaction. The interviews indicate that children have well-formed knowledge about the current uses of robots and AI and elaborate imaginaries about a future with them, including critical boundaries toward robots and AI agents. The evidence shows emerging ways children relate to these. The potential of including children's actions and voices in the ongoing societal and educational debates on AI is discussed.

A Qualitative Study Inquiring Children's Views on Microbes During the Pandemics

The study was carried out employing a phenomenological design to examine the views of children aged five to seven years about microbes during the pandemic. The sample of the study consisted of children aged 5-7 and their mothers. The participating mothers and their children were selected through purposeful sampling method. The "General Information Form," "Child Interview Form," and the pictures drawn by the children were used as data collection tools. The data were collected via phone calls due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The data obtained in the research were analyzed with descriptive and content analysis methods. As a result of the relevant analyses, it was found that the majority of children described microbes as small/tiny things. According to them, microbes can only be seen with the help of a microscope/magnifier; microbes are harmful and the harm is to cause disease; mostly found outside and transmit through close contact; they have learned about microbes through the media; they can be protected from microbes by following hygiene rules; and the coronavirus is a virus that makes one sick. The participating children were found to draw pictures about "what the microbe is”, "harms of microbes", "modes of transmission", "ways of protection from microbes".

Parental Coping, Representations, and Interactions with Their Infants at High Risk of Cerebral Palsy.

The aim of this study is to describe parental coping, representations, and interactions during the time of inclusion in the Small Step early intervention program for infants at high risk of cerebral palsy (CP) in Norway (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03264339). Altogether, 11 infants (mean age 4.8 months, SD: 1.5) and their parents (mothers: n = 10, fathers: n = 9) were included. Parental coping was assessed using the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Parental representations and parent-infant interactions were assessed using the Working Model of the Child Interview (WMCI) and the Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment (PCERA). Parents' PSI-SF and HADS scores were within normal range; however, 26.7% showed symptoms of stress, 52.6% showed symptoms of anxiety, and 31.6% showed symptoms of depression above the cut-off. WMCI results indicate that 73.7% of the parents had balanced representations. For PCERA, the subscale Dyadic Mutuality and Reciprocity was of concern, while two other subscales were in areas of strength and three subscales in some concern areas. There were no differences between mothers and fathers. Most of the parents had balanced representations, some had mental or stress symptoms and many were struggling with aspects of the parent-infant interaction. This knowledge could be useful when developing more family-centered interventions.

Exploring the triadic parent–child–sibling relationship: How do mothers’ view of their children impact sibling relationships?

The functioning of the sibling subsystem is often overlooked in research on attachment relationships, despite its both threatening and protective potential. Taking a multi-case approach, this study sought to build theory regarding how the mother–child relationship and the mother’s view of each of her children impact the sibling relationship. Three families were assessed using the Meaning of the Child Interview, a method of analysing parental discourse in a semi-structured interview to understand the parent–child relationship, and a sibling free-play procedure. The study illustrated how in more struggling relationships, the child represented a particular threat or challenge to the mother, and how the child’s accommodation to this influenced the dynamics of the sibling relationship. The sibling may be recruited to care for their sibling to ease demands on their mother, serve as an ally with their mother against their sibling, or siblings may support each other to compensate for what is lacking in the child–parent relationship. This was further influenced by wider systemic challenges to both children and mother, such as parental conflict or settling in a new country.

Validation of the Italian version of the clinician affective reactivity index (CL-ARI)

Introduction Irritability represents a transdiagnostic symptom in youths, which can become a predictor of long-term psychosocial adversity. Yet, few tools investigate this symptom in childhood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the CL-ARI in an Italian population, analyzing the correlations between irritability and other pathological constructs. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in a Child Neuropsychiatry Unit in Rome. A transdiagnostic sample of 67 youths aged 7–17 years, which underwent to a psychodiagnostic evaluation, was administered by a clinician with the translated version of the CL-ARI, along with tools exploring irritability and other constructs (depressive symptoms, anxiety, global impairment in functioning). Results The most frequent diagnosis obtained by the psychodiagnostic evaluation was anxiety disorder, followed by disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) and no diagnosis. Cronbach’s alpha values revealed good internal consistency for the total score (0.86), as well as for the score of each subscale of the tool (0.81 for temper outbursts, 0.89 for irritable mood, 0.71 for impairment). Test-retest reliability showed excellent values (ICC 0.89 to 0.98), and criterion validity exhibited good correlation among the sub-scales and between each sub-scale and the total score. Finally, positive correlations were found between total scores of the parent and the child interview, and between the CL-ARI, the measure of DMDD severity (CGI) and of depressive symptoms (CDI 2). Conclusions These data confirmed that the CL-ARI is a promising tool designed to intercept irritability, with good psychometric properties. Further research on the assessment of irritability is critical and thus encouraged.

Manado children's choice echo trumpet (review aspects of establishment and development)

The purpose of this study was to examine and describe the children's choir of Gema Trumpets, review and how the process of making the Children's Choir of Gema Sangkakala Manado, How is the process of fostering the Children's Choir of Gema Sangkakala Manado, What are the factors that hinder the process? Ordering and coaching the Manado Echo Sangkakala Children's Choir, and What efforts have been made to overcome the obstacles to ordering and coaching the Echo Trumpets Children's Choir. The research method used in this study is qualitative. Data technique is done by observation, interview, documentation study. coaching, namely: After analyzing the data, it was concluded that The reservation of the Gema Sangkakala Manado children's choir was a response to the public's interest, especially choir observers to accommodate the potential of children who have interests and talents in senior vocals, especially in the choir. , as part of the development of the organization (Studio) to contribute to fostering children's attitudes and behavior through the chorus, to motivate in general in cultivating and attracting children's interest in their love of good singing skills through praise, Age limits and parents, as well as children in the Choir by showing the impact of fostering children on a changing process, the management of the process always requires substantial funds by relying only on non-permanent donors, and Efforts which were carried out to overcome various obstacles in the choir, among others, recruiting members followed by b . interviews both for children and parents, involving parents in the preparation of activity programs that are tailored to the child's schedule, fundraising is carried out at any time including scheduling concert programs that are held regularly.

The use of mathematical games in the early childhood settings in Palestine

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine how five-year-old children demonstrate their learning through mathematical games in preschool settings in Palestine. It also explored the perspectives of children and teachers of different stages of play. The sample consisted of 90 children and 6 teachers. Children were guided to a wide range of mathematical games. Children roamed freely and explored by themselves at first, and then teachers provided suitable environments and instructions to facilitate children’s experiences and learning afterward. Qualitative research methods were utilised using different research instruments, including observational notes, teacher interviews, children interviews, and reflective journals. The results show that mathematical games opened new horizons for children to investigate, discover and create mathematical concepts. It allowed children to use their creativity and develop their imagination, skilfulness, and other strengths. The children learned scientific concepts, and their problem-solving ability was enhanced and expanded. The results also indicate that teachers were able to broaden their perspectives regarding students’ learning abilities as they observed children invent their games and express their interests with limited support from their teachers. In light of these results, it is recommended that children’s learning through play should be promoted in Palestinian preschool settings.

Under age five children survival times in Nigeria: a Bayesian spatial modeling approach

BackgroundNigeria is among the top five countries in the world with the highest under-five mortality rates. In addition to the general leading causes of under-five mortality, studies have shown that disparity in sociocultural values and practices across ethnic groups in Nigeria influence child survival, thus there is a need for scientific validation. This study quantified the survival probabilities and the impact of socioeconomic and demographic factors, proximate and biological determinants, and environmental factors on the risk of under-five mortality in Nigeria.MethodsThe Kaplan-Meier survival curve, Nelson Aalen hazard curve, and components survival probabilities were estimated. The Exponential, Gamma, Log-normal, Weibull, and Cox hazard models in a Bayesian mixed effect hierarchical hazard modeling framework with spatial components were considered, and the Deviance and Watanabe Akaike information criteria were used to select the best model for inference. A 5% level of significance was assumed throughout this work. The 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey dataset was used, and the outcome variable was the time between birth and death or birth and the date of interview for children who were alive on the day of the interview.ResultsFindings show that the probability of a child dying within the first two months is 0.04, and the probability of a boy child dying before attaining age five is 0.106, while a girl child is 0.094 probability. Gender, maternal education, household wealth status, source of water and toilet facility, residence, mass media, frequency of antenatal and postnatal visits, marital status, place of delivery, multiple births, who decide healthcare use, use of bednet are significant risk factors of child mortality in Nigeria. The mortality risk is high among the maternal age group below 24 and above 44years, and birth weight below 2.5Kg and above 4.5Kg. The under-five mortality risk is severe in Kebbi, Kaduna, Jigawa, Adamawa, Gombe, Kano, Kogi, Nasarawa, Plateau, and Sokoto states in Nigeria.ConclusionThis study accentuates the need for special attention for the first two months after childbirth as it is the age group with the highest expected mortality. A practicable way to minimize death in the early life of children is to improve maternal healthcare service, promote maternal education, encourage delivery in healthcare facilities, positive parental attitude to support multiple births, poverty alleviation programs for the less privileged, and a prioritized intervention to Northern Nigeria.

Applying ICF’s categories to the functional diagnosis of children with developmental challenges in speech or language. Polish adaptation of the SPAA-C questionnaires

Children with speech sound disorders constitute a significant part of many speech-language pathology caseloads at (pre)schools. Traditionally, speech-language diagnosis with these children has mainly focused on the level of the disorder regarding body structures and functions from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). In turn, qualitative-quantitative functional diagnosis, referring to the biopsychosocial model, aims to enhance the diagnosis scheme by considering the possible functions of a disorder in children’s everyday life. It means that it refers to the other components of the ICF's classification, which emphasizes the individuality and multidimensionality of each person's developmental path. The holistic diagnosis supports formulating adequate therapeutic goals to improve life quality. This article describes the polish adaptation of the SPAA-C questionaries considering the ICF classification's activity and participation components. The SPAA-C comprises six semi-structured interviews for children with developmental challenges in the area of speech or language, like speech sound disorder or developmental language disorder, as well as for their significant others. It was translated into polish using a forward and back translation procedure and then verified by the target recipients of this tool.

Home Learning Environments During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Caregivers’ and Children’s Perceptions

ABSTRACT In this study, we explored Pre-K through 3rd-grade children’s home learning environments and caregivers’ perceptions, strategies, and attitudes regarding home learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants included 10 caregivers and their Pre-K through 3rd-grade children. Data were collected via caregiver and child interviews, and a caregiver survey in Summer 2020. Descriptive statistics, and open, axial, and selective coding were used to analyze research data. Findings indicated that caregivers provided academic support for children’s learning, supervised their children’s technology use for academic purposes, and created study areas. Children’s learning activities were mainly in mathematics and language arts. During COVID-19, children completed homework and participated in activities with caregivers and siblings. Children reported missing their schools, friends, teachers, and school activities. Findings deepened our limited understanding of the home learning environment during the COVID-19 pandemic from caregivers’ and children’s perspectives and illuminated possible pathways to improve children’s learning at home with the assistance of caregivers and technology use.

Parenting Among Women in Methadone Treatment: Contributions of Mental Health Problems and Violence Exposure.

The aim of the current study is to explore factors associated with quality of parenting among women in treatment for opioid use disorders. 150 Black American women with 3-5year old children were recruited through methadone treatment programs. Parenting representations were assessed through the Working Model of the Child Interview and parenting behavior through video recordings of mother-child interaction. Interviews were used to assess mothers' history of violence exposure and to make DSM diagnoses. Mothers' mood disorder was related to distorted representations and to expressions of concerned affect (anxiety, fear, guilt). Mothers' personality disorder was related to expressions of negative affect (anger and frustration) and inversely related to sensitive parenting behavior. Mothers' experience of family violence during childhood and partner violence during adulthood were related to concerned affect in their representations. Women in treatment for substance use disorder have complex and interconnected needs, including parenting supports and trauma-informed mental health services.

“I do not remember… You are reminding me now!”: Children's difficult experiences during forensic interviews about online sexual solicitation

BackgroundForensic interviews for children who have undergone online sexual solicitation (OSS) constitute a unique setting compared to other forms of child sexual abuse (CSA). In these cases, the interviewer holds concrete evidence of the abuse in the form of pictures or texts. During the interview, interviewers use these materials to advance the data collection regarding the abuse, a practice that may significantly influence the child's wellbeing. ObjectiveThe current study aims to explore children's experiences during forensic interviews concerning OSS. Participants and settingThe sample included 20 Jewish children in Israel who were referred to and participated in a forensic investigation. MethodsA thematic qualitative methodology was used to analyze the children's narratives. ResultsThe findings demonstrate the children's difficulties when confronted with materials related to the abuse. The children detailed the different ways the interview challenged their wellbeing, including visualizing and verbalizing the abuse, new insights, and being videotaped. ConclusionsThe findings in the current study emphasized the intrinsic challenges that children face in OSS forensic interviews resulting from the tension between the interviewer's need to collect details about the abuse and the child's desire to forget it. Practical ramifications pertaining to these threats to the child's wellbeing, future recommendations, and limitations of the study will be discussed.

Trends of socioeconomic inequalities in overweight and obesity in children and adolescents in Germany

Abstract Background Overweight and obesity in early life are risk factors for chronic health conditions in the later life course. Children and adolescents from socioeconomically disadvantaged families are more likely to be overweight or obese than their better-off peers. This study examined post-millennial trends of socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among young people in Germany. Methods Repeated cross-sectional data were used from the German health interview and examination survey for children and adolescents (KiGGS). Overweight and obesity were assessed by body mass index, based on measured height and weight of 3- to 17-year-old participants in KiGGS baseline (2003-06) and KiGGS wave 2 (2014-17). Socioeconomic position (SEP) was measured using a composite index of parental education, occupation and income. The regression-based slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) were calculated to estimate the extent of absolute and relative inequalities in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Results The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity among 3- to 17-year-olds in Germany did not change over time and was recently 15.4% and 5.9%, respectively. In both survey waves, overweight and obesity were more prevalent in lower SEP-groups. From 2003-06 to 2014-17, overweight increased in the low-SES group, whereas it tended to decrease in those with higher SES. This trend was concomitant with increasing socioeconomic inequalities in overweight over the observation period (SII from 0.11 to 0.19, p = 0.054; RII from 2.1 to 3.7, p = 0.021). No such trend was found for obesity. Conclusions Socioeconomic inequalities in overweight have widened among the young in Germany since the early 2000s. Structural interventions that are effective in preventing and reducing overweight in young people from socially disadvantaged backgrounds are still needed. Key messages

Child and adolescent career construction: Lived experiences of an expressive arts group

AbstractThe Child and Adolescent Career Construction Interview (CACCI), adapted from the Career Construction Interview, is a comprehensive career counseling intervention tailored to meet the developmental needs of children and adolescents, and is especially designed to address preadolescent needs in career and social/emotional domains. Because of the dearth of child and adolescent career development research, unique career development needs of preadolescent girls, and potential benefits of a gender homogenous group intervention, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine preadolescent girls’ lived experiences of participating in a CACCI group. Findings of this study have the potential to inform developmentally appropriate career counseling for preadolescents. Through the CACCI, counselors can help preadolescents explore their conception of self and their approach to decision‐making and problem‐solving. By adopting a present‐focused approach, counselors facilitate preadolescents’ development of self‐awareness in the “here and now,” laying the foundation for future self‐exploration as they move through adolescent development.

Developmental implications of preschool children’s affective experiences during organized activities

ABSTRACT This study examined Chinese preschoolers’ affective experiences during organized activities. One-on-one child interviews were conducted in which children were asked to rate their general affect during each organized activity in which they participated, and then provide reasons for their responses. Child-reported emotional engagement was related to children’s social-emotional development, approaches to learning, as well as cognitive development. The reasons children mentioned for both their positive and negative affect were coded into six major categories: interest-utility value, activity format, activity difficulty level, interpersonal relationships, external reinforcement, and activity arrangement. Notably, interest-utility value was most frequently used by children to explain their positive affect, while difficulty level was most frequently cited to explain their negative affect. The findings underline the need to better understand young children’s organized activity experiences from their own perspectives, as well as the importance of children’s affective experiences during organized activities for their development in multiple domains.

“I am not exaggerating, literally a monster … a Jekyll and Hyde type thing”: Understanding the lived experience of adoptive fathers whose children display violence and aggression

The caregiving of fathers, especially adoptive fathers, is currently under-researched. This study explored the experience of adoptive fathers whose children displayed aggression and violence. Six Parent Development Interviews from a larger study were analysed using an attachment-informed Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Attachment discourse analysis derived from the Meaning of the Child Interview (MotC) and Parental Reflective Functioning Scale acted as ‘third voice’ in dialogue with the researchers’ and participants’ to explore the fathers’ experience interpersonally, in the context of their family relationships. Four superordinate themes were identified, with these fathers feeling ‘The Problem is in the Child’, at times sensing themselves persecuted by their child and lacking agency as a parent. ‘Confusion and Comparison’ highlighted the fathers’ sense of helplessness and longing for the ‘normal’ family life they associated with being a biological parent. The fathers also talked of ‘The Mixed Blessing of Feeling like a Father’, expressing extremes of anger but also fondness for their children. Participants engaged in ‘Looking Back’ both at their child’s trauma history and their own history of being parented, which in all but one father, also involved trauma. This left the fathers searching for answers to questions around biological versus relational origins of difficulties, and also pain arising from their own frustrated intention to create a better family life than they had experienced themselves in childhood. Common to all of this was the fathers’ sense of helplessness in being unable to contain or influence their child’s difficult behaviour, that negated or challenged their sense of fatherhood. We suggest a more relational approach that explicitly includes the father’s past and present experience, rather than treating the child’s aggressive behaviour in isolation. This could support fathers in recovering an internal experience of a shared relationship with, and being a father to, their adopted child.

Creating opportunities to “prepare, perform, and reflect” in a doctrinal family law course

AbstractThis article details “why” and “how to” use in‐depth lawyering simulations in a doctrinal Family Law course. Students are placed in‐role as lawyers engaged in a specific lawyering task: negotiating a divorce settlement on behalf of a client, representing a client in a child custody mediation, and interviewing and counseling a client to revise a draft premarital agreement. Incorporating these intensive lawyering simulations into a doctrinal course advances numerous pedagogical and curricular goals. The article explains the instructional design for each simulation, from assignments and assessment to legal doctrine, specific lawyering skills introduced, and structured reflection and debrief.

At the Center of the School of the Future will be the Child Interview with Alexander Murashev

Alexander Murashev, a journalist, author of “The Other School” book and the “Normal People” YouTube project, presenter of the namesake program on Radio Mayak, is a guest of our Journal’s special issue “Positive Changes: Education.” Editor-in-Chief Natalia Gladkikh talks to Alexander about the concept of the School of the Future and how school can become one’s navigator in life.

Positive Psychology Themes in Interviews of Children With Atopic Dermatitis: Qualitative Study

BackgroundAtopic dermatitis is a pruritic chronic condition associated with significant sleep disturbance, inattention, and sometimes behavioral problems. Enhancing resiliency in children with atopic dermatitis may promote coping strategies to improve quality of life. Positive psychology is one strategy that can be used to strengthen resiliency.ObjectiveOur objective was to identify positive psychology concepts mentioned by children with atopic dermatitis and their parent to inform strategies to strengthen resiliency in children with atopic dermatitis.MethodsA total of 20 patient-parent dyads were interviewed to share their experience with atopic dermatitis to help develop a novel psychologic intervention for atopic dermatitis. Patients were 8 to 17 years old and diagnosed with atopic dermatitis. Trained coders analyzed transcripts using a coding dictionary developed based on Seligman’s PERMA (positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment) model of positive psychology. The frequency of unprompted mentions of PERMA themes and relevant quotations was captured. Transcripts were also separately coded for resiliency, which is the ultimate goal of PERMA.ResultsPositive psychology concepts were mentioned by 100% (20/20) of children and 95% (19/20) of parents. Engagement and relationships, both negative and positive aspects, were the most common unprompted PERMA themes mentioned by children (14/20, 70%) and parents (13/20, 65%). Emotion elicited the most negative comments from children (19/20, 95%) and parents (17/20, 85%). When analyzed for resiliency, 8 participants were identified with at least one resiliency code. On average, participants with a resiliency code mentioned PERMA concepts 9.1 (SD 4.7) times compared to those who mentioned none (mean 5.9, SD 4.6) (P=.14). When participants were stratified by disease severity, on average, more positive psychology concepts were mentioned by patients with mild atopic dermatitis (mean 13, SD 3.0) than those with moderate symptoms (mean 6.2, SD 4.9) or severe symptoms (mean 6.1, SD 4.0) (P=.03).ConclusionsAmong PERMA themes, engagement and relationships are the two most commonly mentioned categories for children with atopic dermatitis. Strategies targeting PERMA such as affirmations and positive reframing may improve psychosocial well-being and resiliency in pediatric atopic dermatitis. Future directions will look at incorporating “positive medicine” into atopic dermatitis treatment to not only relieve symptoms but also strengthen positive aspects of life.