Interpretative Reading Research Articles

Las TIC: estrategia para mejorar la competencia lectora-interpretativa en el área de lenguaje

El objetivo de esta investigación se centró en optimizar los procesos de lectura interpretativa (área de lenguaje), en los estudiantes del grado Undécimo D de la Institución Educativa Gilberto Alzate Avendaño, de la ciudad de Medellín, con el uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC). El estudio se enmarcó en una metodología cuantitativa, específicamente el método cuasi-experimental y descriptivo (Valenzuela y Flores, 2012). Además, se complementó con una aproximación de enfoque cualitativo (Suárez, 2001). Los resultados permitieron demostrar que la implementación de las TIC en el universo escolar apoyan los procesos pedagógicos y el acceso al campo del conocimiento; igualmente, dinamizan las relaciones entre el docente, el estudiante y los núcleos temáticos de enseñanza, por cuanto generan un aprendizaje con sentido desde una motivación constante (Ferro, Martínez y Otero, 2009).

Activity of ceftazidime/avibactam against problem Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the UK, 2015-16.

Ceftazidime/avibactam combines an established oxyimino-cephalosporin with the first diazabicyclooctane β-lactamase inhibitor to enter clinical use. We reviewed its activity against Gram-negative isolates, predominantly from the UK, referred for resistance investigation in the first year of routine testing, beginning in July 2015. Isolates were as received from referring laboratories; there is a bias to submit those with suspected carbapenem resistance. Identification was by MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy, and susceptibility testing by BSAC agar dilution. Carbapenemase genes were sought by PCR; other resistance mechanisms were inferred using genetic data and interpretive reading. Susceptibility rates to ceftazidime/avibactam exceeded 95% for: (i) Enterobacteriaceae with KPC, GES or other Class A carbapenemases; (ii) Enterobacteriaceae with OXA-48-like enzymes; and (iii) for ESBL or AmpC producers, even when these had impermeability-mediated ertapenem resistance. Almost all isolates with metallo-carbapenemases were resistant. Potentiation of ceftazidime by avibactam was seen for 87% of ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae with 'unassigned' ceftazidime resistance mechanisms, including two widely referred groups of Klebsiella pneumoniae where no synergy was seen between cephalosporins and established β-lactamase inhibitors. Potentiation here may be a diazabicyclooctane/cephalosporin enhancer effect. Activity was seen against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with derepressed AmpC, but not for those with efflux-mediated resistance. Of the available β-lactams or inhibitor combinations, ceftazidime/avibactam has the widest activity spectrum against problem Enterobacteriaceae, covering all major types except metallo-carbapenemase producers; against P. aeruginosa it has a slightly narrower spectrum than ceftolozane/tazobactam, which also covers efflux-type resistance.

The Swahili Noun Phrase in its Sentential Aspect

This paper articulates the syntactic properties of nouns in Swahili in relation to functional projections which are associated with both concord in determiner phrases and agreement in inflectional phrases. With regards to realisation of syntactic properties in Bantu noun phrases, three claims had been suggested based on different approaches, vis-à-vis the use of pre-prefix to denote discourse-based information about (in)definiteness, indication of phi-features in minimalist syntax by using the nominal prefix, and determination by demonstratives and possessives as supported by head proximity principle. Findings from Swahili texts point towards the fact that bare nouns receive either definite interpretation or indefinite reading depending on the context of communication. Therefore, the definite–indefinite distinction is not provided by physical linguistic materials, but by discourse-based contexts. Even when a demonstrative and/or possessive is used, it is the context of communication which situates the specific referent rather than the lexical entities. Findings indicate that the choice between demonstratives and possessives in determinations of Swahili NPs is also context bound.

Engagement with research, teacher learning and educational leadership: towards an interpretive-ecological approach

This article is concerned with teachers’ engagement with educational research. It presents a subset of data from a larger study, which explored teachers’ responses to educational research published in a peer-reviewed journal. In this article, I discuss four ways of reading that the participants employed while addressing the validity and usability of research findings. Collectively, these ways of reading challenge the dominant applied science model of research use. Based on insights gleaned from the participants’ ways of reading, I propose an interpretive-ecological approach to educational leadership. This approach would ask educational leaders to facilitate the creation of spaces where teachers may be able to actively interpret the meanings of research-based evidence. It is hoped that such interpretive readings will help teachers gain contextually relevant knowledge and practical wisdom in the contemporary culture of evidence-based practice, which leaves little room for personal judgement and interpretive practice.

Optimal detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from rectal samples: a role for enrichment?

Successful laboratory detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in patient surveillance samples is a diagnostic challenge. In the absence of a reference standard for screening rectal swabs for CPE, many phenotypic, genotypic, culture- and non-culture-based assays have been proposed for identifying these bacteria. To develop and optimize a CPE screening protocol capable of identifying all frequently encountered CPE, including those producing OXA-48-like carbapenemases. Faropenem susceptibility testing was performed on 507 presumptive CPE isolated from diagnostic samples and CPE rectal screens between March and August 2016. Results from this CPE screening method were compared to those from direct culture on mSuperCARBA™, temocillin enrichment culture, and use of an antibiotic resistance algorithm, to determine the optimal method to employ in the detection of CPE. Faropenem was a poor predictor of carbapenemase production (58% true positives). The combination of a temocillin enrichment stage and interpretive reading of antibiotic resistance phenotypes improved the recovery and identification of CPE significantly (91% true positives), especially for OXA-48 producers (P=0.03). The combination of temocillin enrichment, a selective chromogenic medium, and an antibiotic resistance-based algorithm significantly improved the detection of all CPE recovered from routine and targeted surveillance samples.

Contextualizing the 1990 campus security act and campus sexual assault in intersectional and historical terms

PurposeResidential college campuses remain dangerous – especially for women students who face a persistent threat of sexual violence, despite passage of the 1990 Campus Security Act and its multiple amendments. Campuses have developed new programming, yet recent research confirms one in five women will experience some form of sexual assault before graduating. Research on campus crime legislation does not describe in detail the context in which it developed. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the effects of early rhetorical frames on the ineffective policy.Design/methodology/approachThe authors discuss the rhetorical construction of “campus crime,” and related “criminals” and “victims,” through content analysis and a close interpretive reading of related newspaper articles.FindingsThe 1986 violent rape and murder of Jeanne Clery at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania became iconic in media descriptions of campus crime. Media drew attention to the racial and classed dimensions of the attack on Clery, but elided the misogyny central to all sexual assaults. This reinforced a stereotype that “insiders” on campuses, primarily white and middle class, were most vulnerable to “outsider” attacks by persons of color. Colleges and universities adopted rhetoric of “endangerment” and “unreason” and focused on what potential victims could do to protect themselves, ignoring the role of students in perpetrating crime.Research limitations/implicationsThis analysis does not link rhetoric in newspapers to legislative discussion. Further analysis is necessary to confirm the impact of particular claims and to understand why some claims may have superseded others.Originality/valueThis analysis focuses critical attention on how campus crime policy is shaped by cultural frames.

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of double reading in digital mammography screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PurposeDouble reading is the strategy of choice for mammogram interpretation in screening programmes. It remains, however, unknown whether double reading is still the strategy of choice in the context of digital mammography. Our aim was to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of double reading versus single reading of digital mammograms in screening programmes. MethodsWe performed a systematic review by searching the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to April 2017. We used the QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) tool and CHEERS (Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards) checklist to assess the methodological quality of the diagnostic studies and economic evaluations, respectively. A proportion’s meta-analysis approach, 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) and test of heterogeneity (P values) were used for pooled results. Costs are expressed US$ PPP (United States Dollar purchasing power parities). The PROSPERO ID of this Systematic Review’s protocol is CRD42014013804. ResultsOf 1473 potentially relevant hits, four high-quality studies were included. The pooled cancer detection rate of double reading was 6.01 per 1000 screens (CI: 4.47‰–7.77‰), and it was 5.65 per 1000 screens (CI: 3.95‰–7.65‰) for single reading (P=0.76). The pooled proportion of false-positives of double reading was 47.03 per 1000 screens (CI: 39.13‰–55.62‰) and it was 40.60 per 1000 screens (CI: 38.58‰–42.67‰) for single reading (P=0.12). One study reported, for double reading, an ICER (Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio) of 16,684 Euros (24,717 US$ PPP; 2015 value) per detected cancer. Single reading+CAD (computer-aided-detection) was cost-effective in Japan. ConclusionThe evidence of benefit for double reading compared to single reading for digital mammography interpretation is scarce. Double reading seems to increase operational costs, have a not significantly higher false-positive rate, and a similar cancer detection rate.

Lefort as a reader of Machiavelli and Marx

This essay begins with the contention that phenomenology has taken a “hermeneutic turn,” “the things themselves” are always already interpreted. Philosophers often elaborate their own positions through a “reading” of the works of other philosophers. This is the case for Claude Lefort. Through his interpretive reading of the works of Machiavelli one sees the origin of Lefort’s idea of the autonomy and the anonymity of the political and thus his notion of political modernity. In tracing the evolution of Lefort’s relationship to Marx, we witness the process by which he disengages himself from his early “enchantment” with the works of Marx and the idea of the proletariat as a class bearing universal interest. Ultimately he criticizes Marx for his attempt to derive the political from the dimension of the social. This issues in his theory of totalitarianism as the attempt of a regime to close in on itself, thus denying any gesture to the dimension of the other.

The Heart of the Declaration: The Founders' Case for an Activist Government

This book can be read as an extended appendix to its author's major revisionist work 1688: The First Modern Revolution (2009). That massively researched study portrayed the Glorious Revolution not as a moderate and sensibly English response to a dynastic crisis, but as a profound struggle between rival coalitions committed to two strikingly different conceptions of a modern imperial state. The Heart of the Declaration is a more modest venture. Two of its chapters analyze mid-eighteenth-century British imperial policy, and a final chapter extends this analysis to an interpretive reading of the Declaration of Independence. But despite its brevity, this is also an ambitious book in the way it invites American historians to rethink the origins of the Revolution. That enterprise is one that few revolutionary-era historians now pursue. Questions of origins and causation matter less than efforts to deal with the consequences of the Revolution or its impact on individuals, social groups, and localities. The one area in which interest in problems of causation is flourishing is in studies of British imperial policy, a concern that American-oriented historians rarely tackle.

On Text Interpretation, Summary Production, and Pragmatic Fatigue in EAP Written Discourse

The intent of this interdiscursive endeavor is to argue that EAP text interpretation (reading) and production (writing) can be effectively integrated through the task of summary writing (SW), which academically-oriented students must be able to perform. A discourse-level error analysis enabled us to focus on various features of the summaries which, taken together, indicate how well the (SW) class students had mastered both the goals of text interpretation and the conventions of summary writing, the identification of superordinate and subordinate points, the inclusion of an opening statement of the gist of the primary text, explicit reference to the primary author and text, and successful paraphrasing and representation of substantial claims without pragmatic failure or cross-cultural fatigue. It is a pragmatic feasibility to teach EAP students to be discourse analysts to the extent required by this discourse relevant task, and by learning to do such analysis, they can, in psycholinguistic coinage, integrate formative techniques of comprehension by production and summative techniques of production by comprehension.

A prosa gastronômica de Pellegrino Artusi: cultura, gosto e alteridade em um receituário oitocentista

A presente reflexão é uma leitura interpretativa dos enunciados de três receitas do livro A Ciência na cozinha e a Arte de comer bem – Manual prático para as famílias, compilado por Pellegrino Artusi (1891), considerado o cânone histórico da culinária moderna italiana. Discorrendo sobre os conceitos de cultura, gosto e interculturalidade, o foco se encontra na relação entre a inovativa forma escrita da obra e a sua recepção por parte do público. A intenção é de evidenciar que a inclusão do outro nas narrativas das receitas - alternando-se como sujeito e objeto - foi um diferencial na escrita de Artusi, e seus aspectos interculturais.

Accuracy and reading time for six strategies using digital breast tomosynthesis in women with mammographically negative dense breasts.

To compare six strategies using digital breast tomosynthesis in women with mammographically negative dense breasts. This is a substudy of the 'ASTOUND' trial. 163 women who underwent tomosynthesis with synthetically reconstructed projection images (S-2D) inclusive of 13 (7.9%) cases diagnosed with breast cancer at histopathology after surgery were evaluated. Accuracy measures and screen-reading time of six reading strategies were assessed: (A) Single reading of S-2D alone, (B) single reading of tomosynthesis alone, (C) single reading of joint interpretation of tomosynthesis + S-2D, (D) double-reading of S-2D alone, (E) double reading of tomosynthesis alone, (F) double reading of joint interpretation of tomosynthesis + S-2D. The median age of the patients was 53 years (range, 36-88 years). The highest global accuracy was obtained with double reading of tomosynthesis + S2D (F) with an AUC of 0.979 (p<0.001) and a mean reading time of 154 s versus 34 s for the fastest strategy (single reading of S-2D alone). The AUCs for the other five strategies did not differ from each other. Double reading of tomosynthesis+ S2D had the best accuracy of six screen-reading strategies although it had the longest reading time. • Tomosynthesis acquisitions are progressively implemented with reconstructed synthesized 2D images • Double reading using S-2D plus tomosynthesis had the highest global accuracy (p<0.001). • Double reading of S-2D plus tomosynthesis increased reading time.

Putting People on the Page: Material Culture as a Way in to Everyday Life behind the Facades of Tallis’s London Street Views

AbstractTallis’s Street Views describe London as a commercial and professional centre but the visual representation of the street elevations gives an impression of quiet emptiness; it is hard to get a sense of the activity in and around the businesses portrayed. The household inventory of one of Tallis’s advertisers, a dentist who died in 1850, suggests a way of redressing this. An interpretive reading of the list of the dentist’s belongings, disposed around the different spaces of the premises, which housed his residence, his business and other households, gives some sense of the complexity and struggle at a daily level behind Tallis’s apparently orderly professional and commercial facades. This indicates that we can look more generally to material culture – whether in textual and visual representations or as actual artefacts – to provide a deeper understanding of people’s everyday life in a developing city.

Internship terrains: Psychogeographically mapping place

Abstract Art teacher candidates, recently beginning their internships/student teaching experiences, engaged in a form of arts-based educational research (ABER) to examine their larger teaching contexts – the communities surrounding their placement schools – through a performance-based, map-based approach. Much like the Situationists’ psychogeographies of the 1950s and 1960s, where artist geographers wandered the urban landscapes in attempts to construct interpretive readings of well-known European cities, interns began by playfully ‘drifting’ through the geographic environments of their school zones. Through the act of drifting, interns conducted enquiries into their own sense of place. ‘Maps’ of place embodied these explorations and discoveries. Such explorations of place are vital as educators seek to construct rich understandings of their students’ lived worlds and to provide appropriate, relevant learning experiences. This visual essay explores the value and possibilities of one ABER approach for teacher education.

Oral capnography is more effective than nasal capnography during sedative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

The role of capnography in esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is controversial. Simultaneous supplemental oxygen, position of patient, open mouth breathing pattern, and anatomy of the oral and nasal cavity can influence capnography accuracy. This study first measured capnographic data via the nasal or oral cavity during sedated EGD. Secondly, we investigated the influence of supplementary oxygen through the oral cavity on the capnographic reading. Patients with ASA class I or II status admitted for routine EGD exams were enrolled. End-tidal carbon dioxide measurements were performed simultaneously via nasal catheter and oral catheter with standard oral bite and nasal cannula supplementary oxygen when the patient is awake, during sedation and during sedation with endoscopy. The influence of oral supplementary oxygen, oral capnography were recorded using a mandibular advancement bite block. One hundred and four patients were enrolled. Breathing in the conscious patient is conducted primarily via the nostrils (95%). When sedated with endoscope placement, the percentage of nasal breathing decreased significantly to 47% and oral capnography sufficiently captured data in 100% of patients. Supplementary oral oxygen decreased oral capnographic measurement significantly (38.89 ± 7.148 vs. 30.73 ± 7.84, p < 0.001). However, the measurements using the MA bite block did not differ from oral cavity catheter (28.86 ± 8.51 vs. 30.73 ± 7.839, p = 0.321). The conscious patient breathes mostly nasally while the sedated patient breathes mostly orally during EGD when an oral bite is in place. Capnography measurement via oral cannula increases the measurement accuracy and efficacy. Oral supplementary oxygen may decrease capnographic measurement but still provide sufficient reading for interpretation.

An English Classroom Activity Based on Interpretive Reading

An English Classroom Activity Based on Interpretive Reading

The Pragmatics of Arabic Religious Posts on Facebook: A Relevance-theoretic Account

Despite growing interest in the impact of computer-mediated communication on our lives, linguistic studies on such communication conducted in the Arabic language are scarce. Grounded in Relevance Theory, this paper seeks to fill this void by analysing the linguistic structure of Arabic religious posts on Facebook. First, I discuss communication on Facebook, treating it as a relevance-seeking process of writing or sharing posts, with the functions of ‘Like’ and ‘Share’ seen as cues for communicating propositional attitude. Second, I analyse a corpus of around 80 posts, revealing an interesting use of imperatives, interrogatives and conditionals which manipulate the interpretation of such posts between descriptive and interpretive readings. I also argue that a rigorous system of incentives is employed in such posts in order to boost their relevance. Positive, negative and challenging incentives link the textual to the visual message in an attempt to raise more cognitive effects for the readers.

Experts and Novices Reading Literature: An Analysis of Disciplinary Literacy in English Language Arts

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this pilot study is to examine how experts and novices in the study of literary texts read those texts, and to make suggestions for an English Language Arts (ELA) disciplinary literacy based on those findings. A small sample of experts and novices, four professors of literature and four college freshmen, participated in read-alouds of two texts. Their comments were transcribed and analyzed. This article provides a broad theory to justify the study of disciplinary literacy, as well as an explanation of the findings from this expert–novice study, especially regarding the major differences between how the experts and novices read. Specifically, three guiding traits of ELA disciplinary literacy were found and discussed: interpretive purpose-driven reading, recursive and constant hypothesizing, and literary dialoging.

An Alternative to the “Indigenous” in Early Twenty-First-Century China: Guizhou’s Branding of Yuanshengtai

This article analyzes the contemporary salience of yuanshengtai, a Chinese concept that valorizes core features similar to those of “indigeneity,” including cultural distinctiveness and environmental stewardship of ethnic, rural peoples. Yuanshengtai deflects attention away from historically and politically contentious issues and transnational claims for rights that would call for official recognition of “indigenous peoples” by the Chinese state. Such a romanticized rhetoric instead helps reassert the polyethnic nation’s worthiness, mostly through cultural industries since the early 2000s. This article, based on interpretive readings and ethnographic observation, zeroes in on the example of Guizhou to explore how yuanshengtai has been widely constructed as an emergent eco-cultural brand through a combination of academic forums, media events, and cultural industry promotions. It argues that the construction and promulgation of yuanshengtai allows regional elites to reiterate local uniqueness and provincial identity while embracing the state’s agenda and global aspirations, precisely because yuanshengtai hinges upon the state-market mechanism in contemporary China.

Itinerant Figures: Textual Mobilities in Fiction’s Diasporic Turn

Diasporas are dynamic and volatile in today’s globalizing realities and imaginaries because the sense of place and location by which diasporic experiences are understood has become fluid, ambiguous, even contested, and no longer a fixed and static space. In the process of globalization fractured at the very site of identification of the postcolonial self, it becomes that liminal space in-between, constituting, at once, demand and desire. In the fictional texts analyzed in this special forum written either during or after direct colonial rule, an access is given to fleeting transnational images of the fugitive and ephemeral displacement, dispersal and migrancy of intellectuals and ordinary people that underscore cultural difference in their diasporic experience. However complex that access might be in view of the diverse and multi-layered methodological protocols of interpretive reading, we find diasporic subjects that are present but invisible in a foreign land, mobile but constrained, located but displaced, connected yet isolated, real but illusory. In other words, we see shadows of metaphorically liminal sites of possession and loss, participation and alienation, subjectivity and subjection.