Interpretation Of Data Research Articles

Modeling regional occupancy of fishes using acoustic telemetry: a model comparison framework applied to lake trout

Acoustic telemetry is a common tool used in fisheries management to estimate fish space use (i.e., occupancy) from a local habitat scale to entire systems. Numerous analytical models have been developed to estimate different aspects of fish movement from telemetry datasets, yet evaluations of model performance and comparisons among models are limited. Here, we develop a framework to evaluate model estimates of regional occupancy in large and fragmented systems using an acoustic receiver array in Lake Champlain. We simulated the tracks of 100 acoustically tagged fish using a random walk function and created detection events based on receiver positions and distance-based detection probability. Regional occupancy for the simulated data was estimated by six movement models that ranged in analytical complexity, and results were compared to the true distributions for each simulated track to evaluate model error. The six movement models included: (1) a basic residency index using detections alone; (2) a residency index using last-observation-carried-forward; (3) a centers of activity model; (4) linear and non-linear interpolations (i.e., least-cost paths); and (5 and 6) two dynamic Brownian bridge movement models generated using separate packages in R. We developed a model selection process to compare model performance and select the optimal analysis based on simulation error. This process showed significant differences in model performance among the six movement models based on model error. Overall, the model generating least-cost paths using linear and non-linear interpolations consistently provided the most accurate regional occupancy estimates. Based on these simulation results, we applied this model to a case study that evaluated patterns in the regional distribution of stocked lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Champlain, which demonstrated distinct regional occupancy of two stocked lake trout groups. These results demonstrate potential for large variability in interpretation of acoustic telemetry data for describing regional fish distribution dependent on the analytical method used.

Performance Appraisal Practices and Teacher Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya: A Case of Busia County

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between performance appraisal practices and teacher performance in Busia County, Kenya. The Systems theory and the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) theory informed this study. Methodology: The study was anchored on a pragmatic paradigm and adopted a mixed methods approach. The study targeted 185 public secondary schools in Busia County. The study categorized respondents into 3 strata: Principals, Mathematics Head of Department (HODs) and County Director of Education (CDE). Simple random sampling was then utilized to select samples from each stratum. Schools were clustered based on 7 Sub- Counties in Busia County. The sample size of the study was 126 HODs, 19 Principals and 1 CDE. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data. Piloting was conducted in 37 schools to refine instruments. Thematic analysis was applied in the analysis of qualitative data. Data analysis and interpretation was based on descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as correlation and regressions. Findings: The findings of the study was that there is a statistically significant relationship between performance appraisal and teacher performance (r = 0.440, p<0.05), hence the study rejected the null hypothesis. The study concluded that a unit improvement in performance appraisal is likely to result to an improvement in the teacher performance by 44% (b = 0.440, t= 0.855, p<0.05). The study holds substantial academic and policy implications. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The findings contribute to the understanding of the complex relationships between performance appraisal practices and teacher performance. The study provides actionable insights for education managers, empowering them to take strategic measures to address performance gaps and improve teaching standards in the unique setting of public secondary schools in Kenya. By understanding the dynamics between performance appraisal practices and teacher performance, educational institutions can tailor strategies to optimize the effectiveness of their teaching staff in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics STEM subjects.

Movie Titles’ Translation Strategies from English into Thai in Monomax Application

The objective of this study is to analyze the strategies employed in translating English movie titles into Thai within the Monomax Application. A total of 501 English movie titles spanning the decade of 2011 and 2020 were examined because a decade provides clear guidelines for data collection, analysis, and interpretation. The strategies for translating film titles into Thai conducted by Thongwan (2012) served as a framework for this study. The findings revealed that all 10 translation strategies were employed as follows respectively: 1) naming a new name regardless of the old name, 2) naming a new name based on the original name, 3) partial translation and adding Thai language, 4) partial transliteration and adding Thai language, 5) all translation and adding Thai language, 6) all transliteration and adding Thai language, 7) all transliteration without adding Thai, and 8) all translation without adding Thai language. Meanwhile, the last two which are 9) partial transliteration without adding the Thai language and partial translation without adding the Thai language were found used only once per each. Notably, the translated movie titles in Thai often featured distinctive and attractive elements, such as rhyme and alliteration. These findings corresponded to Nida & Taber (1974) translation theory that translation process is related to purpose and cultural linguistic norms. Future studies could explore the reception and perception of these translated titles among Thai audiences, shedding light on which strategies resonate most effectively and why.

Intercultural Communication in Adaptation Process to Minimize Culture Shock

Malang City has evolved into a prominent hub for students. Embracing this new role, it has become a sought-after destination for learners from outside Java who wish to pursue their education at local universities. The influx of international students brings a vibrant intercultural dynamic to the city, affecting both the local community and the students themselves. As these students undergo the adaptation process to integrate and thrive in their new environment, they often face challenges such as culture shock, which arises from insufficient preparation and knowledge about their new surroundings. Culture shock can be minimized in the process of student adaptation by the application of intercultural communication, which can bridge the constraints of understanding in society. This research aims to examine the impact of intercultural communication on the adaptation process of Hindu students in Malang City, focusing on how it can reduce the incidence of culture shock. Employing a qualitative-interpretative approach, the research gathers data through comprehensive and interactive interviews based on the informants' personal experiences. Informants are selected using purposive sampling, and data is analyzed using the Miles and Huberman framework, which involves data collection, reduction, and interpretation. The outcomes highlight that culture shock among Hindu students in Malang City is influenced by internal factors, including personal abilities, insufficient factual information, and experiences in intercultural social interactions. While external factors include language, food, customs, and climate. The phases of culture shock development in the adaptation process include the optimistic phase, cultural phase, recovery phase, and adjustment phase. The duration for students to transition from experiencing culture shock to achieving adaptation ranges from one month to a year. Effective intercultural communication plays a crucial role in this adaptation process, helping to reduce the impact of culture shock by facilitating stages of convergence, divergence, and maintenance.

NCI's Proteomic Data Commons: A Cloud-Based Proteomics Repository Empowering Comprehensive Cancer Analysis Through Cross-Referencing with Genomic and Imaging Data.

Proteomics has emerged as a powerful tool for studying cancer biology, developing diagnostics, and therapies. With the continuous improvement and widespread availability of high-throughput proteomic technologies, the generation of large-scale proteomic data has become more common in cancer research, and there is a growing need for resources that support the sharing and integration of multi-omics datasets. Such datasets require extensive metadata including clinical, biospecimen and experimental and workflow annotations that are crucial for data interpretation and reanalysis. The need to integrate, analyze, and share these data has led to the development of National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Proteomic Data Commons (PDC), accessible at https://pdc.cancer.gov. As a specialized repository within the NCI Cancer Research Data Commons (CRDC), PDC enables researchers to locate and analyze proteomic data from various cancer types and connect with genomic and imaging data available for the same samples in other CRDC nodes. Presently, PDC houses annotated data from nearly 140 datasets across 19 cancer types, generated by several large-scale cancer research programs with cohort sizes exceeding 100 samples (tumor and associated normal when available). In this paper, we review the current state of PDC in cancer research, discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with data sharing in proteomics, and propose future directions for the resource.

Single-cell analysis via manifold fitting: A framework for RNA clustering and beyond

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, susceptible to noise arising from biological variability and technical errors, can distort gene expression analysis and impact cell similarity assessments, particularly in heterogeneous populations. Current methods, including deep learning approaches, often struggle to accurately characterize cell relationships due to this inherent noise. To address these challenges, we introduce scAMF (Single-cell Analysis via Manifold Fitting), a framework designed to enhance clustering accuracy and data visualization in scRNA-seq studies. At the heart of scAMF lies the manifold fitting module, which effectively denoises scRNA-seq data by unfolding their distribution in the ambient space. This unfolding aligns the gene expression vector of each cell more closely with its underlying structure, bringing it spatially closer to other cells of the same cell type. To comprehensively assess the impact of scAMF, we compile a collection of 25 publicly available scRNA-seq datasets spanning various sequencing platforms, species, and organ types, forming an extensive RNA data bank. In our comparative studies, benchmarking scAMF against existing scRNA-seq analysis algorithms in this data bank, we consistently observe that scAMF outperforms in terms of clustering efficiency and data visualization clarity. Further experimental analysis reveals that this enhanced performance stems from scAMF's ability to improve the spatial distribution of the data and capture class-consistent neighborhoods. These findings underscore the promising application potential of manifold fitting as a tool in scRNA-seq analysis, signaling a significant enhancement in the precision and reliability of data interpretation in this critical field of study.

Survey of General Practitioner Perspectives on Endometriosis Diagnosis, Referrals, Management and Guidelines in New Zealand.

There is a growing body of literature concerning endometriosis patients' perspectives on the healthcare system and endometriosis care in New Zealand. However, there is little research available on the perspectives of general practitioners (GPs) internationally, and none currently in New Zealand. The purpose of this study is to address New Zealand GPs' understanding of and approach to endometriosis diagnosis, referrals, management and guidelines. An online, anonymous survey was shared with 869 GP clinics and completed by 185 New Zealand-based GPs regarding their awareness and application of the inaugural 2020 'Diagnosis and Management of Endometriosis in New Zealand' guidelines, their perception of their endometriosis knowledge, the diagnostic value they assign to symptoms, the treatments they recommend and the reasons they refer patients to specialist gynaecologists. Differences between groups were conducted using Chi-squared tests, and text answers were assessed thematically using inductive, semantic coding. All 185 GPs had gynaecology consults, and 73% had gynaecology consults every week. Despite 65% being aware of the 2020 guidelines, only 35% overall had read them. Only 52% of GPs considered themselves to know enough about endometriosis for their routine practice. The most common treatment to be considered first line was intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs; 96%), whereas the most common alternative treatment recommended was exercise (69%). The most common reason for referral to specialist care was the failure of all attempted treatments (84%). Many of the study's results align with current New Zealand and international endometriosis guidelines, particularly the prioritisation of progestin-only therapies, the reduced emphasis on surgical treatment as the first line and the low rates of alternative treatment recommendations. This study also highlights the need to improve awareness of inappropriate GP recommendations, including long-term treatment with prescription-only pain relief such as codeine and pregnancy for symptomatic relief. Two of the authors involved in the design and conduct of the study, data interpretation and manuscript preparation have sought care for endometriosis. NA.

Hyperspectral Image Denoising and Compression Using Optimized Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit

The availability of a higher resolution fine spectral bandwidth in hyperspectral images (HSI) makes it easier to identify objects of interest in them. The inclusion of noise into the resulting collection of images is a limitation of HSI and has an adverse effect on post-processing and data interpretation. Denoising HSI data is thus necessary for the effective execution of post-processing activities like image categorization and spectral unmixing. Most of the existing models cannot handle many forms of noise simultaneously. When it comes to compression, available compression models face the problems of increased processing time and lower accuracy. To overcome the existing limitations, an image denoising model using an adaptive fusion network is proposed. The denoised output is then processed through a compression model which uses an optimized deep learning technique called "chaotic Chebyshev artificial hummingbird optimization algorithm-based bidirectional gated recurrent unit" (CCAO-BiGRU). All the proposed models were tested in Python and evaluated using the Indian Pines, Washington DC Mall and CAVE datasets. The proposed model underwent qualitative and quantitative analysis and showed a PSNR value of 82 in the case of Indian Pines and 78.4 for the Washington DC Mall dataset at a compression rate of 10. The study proved that the proposed model provides the knowledge about complex nonlinear mapping between noise-free and noisy HSI for obtaining the denoised images and also results in high-quality compressed output.

No Switching Cooperativity between Coordinated Azo Ligands on Complexes Having {MII(phosphane-κ2P)}2+ (M = Pd, Pt) Scaffolds.

A series of square-planar palladium and platinum compounds with cis-blocking phosphanes and terminal azobenzene ligands [M(dppp)(azo)2](OTf)2 (azo = CN(C6H4)-N═N-(C6H4)CN (iso-cyano), CN(C6H4)-N═N-(C6H5) (iso-Ph)) and [{M2(tpbz)}(azo)4](OTf)4 (azo = CN(C6H4)-N═N-(C6H5) (iso-Ph)) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Similarly to the uncoordinated ligands, the new coordination compounds have shown to be photochemically active with respect to their trans-to-cis isomerization process. Their cis-to-trans back spontaneous reaction have been studied as a function of solvent, temperature and pressure and the corresponding activation parameters determined in order to investigate the mechanism of these transformations. The results obtained are indicative of the operation of a rotational mechanism with no cooperativity between the azo ligands attached to the same metal. Density functional theory calculations have been carried out in order to estimate the relative energies of the different photoisomers for the theoretical interpretation of the experimental data.

Maqashid Syariah: Perbandingan Antara Pemikiran Al - Ghazali dan Najmuddin At - Thufi

This article aims to compare the two concepts of Maqashid al-Syari'ah from al-Ghazali and at-Thufi with a focus on finding similarities and differences between their views. Maqashid al-Syari'ah refers to the principles or goals that are the basis of Islamic law, which aim to maintain human welfare and justice in society. Social changes arising from developments over time and the dynamics of society encourage scholars to deepen their studies of Maqashid al-Syari'ah seriously to find legal innovations that are needed to deal with existing social changes. The research method applied is qualitative in nature by utilizing library research, which involves the collection, analysis and thorough narrative interpretation of visual data to understand thoroughly and comprehensively the concept of maqashid al-Syari'ah from the perspective of al-Ghazali and at -Thufi. The results and discussion of this article confirm that the main aim of all Islamic religious teachings, including the Qur'an and hadith, is benefit. Al-Ghazali groups benefits into three parts, namely maslahah dharuriyah (urgent interests), hajiyah (necessary interests), and tahsiniyah (interests that improve the quality of life). On the other hand, At-Thufi does not divide benefits into these categories; for him, benefit is benefit, without needing to be shared. However, both agree that the essence of this benefit concept is to protect human welfare itself.

Impact of adult cochlear implantation on the partner relationship: a conceptual framework informed by cochlear implant recipient and partner perceptions

Purpose (1) To understand the impact of adult cochlear implantation on the partner relationship, as perceived by adult cochlear implant (CI) recipients and their intimate partners. (2) To generate a conceptual framework for guiding future research and clinical adult cochlear implantation interventions. Method Concept mapping, a participatory, mixed-method approach, was used for data collection, analysis and interpretation. Participants attended sessions to generate, sort and rate statements describing the changes in their relationship due to cochlear implantation. Participants included 15 CI recipients (mean age: 51.6 years; SD: 8.2) and 12 partners (mean age: 50.9 years; SD: 8.2). Results Five concepts emerged from the data, describing changes in the partner relationship following cochlear implantation: (1) Social Interactions, (2) Partner Involvement, (3) Communication, (4) Emotional Adjustment, and (5) Relationship Intimacy. The concept Relationship Intimacy was rated the highest in positivity and importance. Findings also underscored improved social interactions, communication dynamics, and emotional adjustment. Conclusions The Relationship Intimacy cluster emerged as pivotal, highlighting its essential role in improving post-implantation relationships. CI recipients experienced enhanced autonomy, while partners’ roles evolved regarding assistance and support. The diverse effects of implantation on partner relationships highlight the importance of adopting a patient- and family-centered approach to audiological intervention.

On the glow of cremated remains: long-lived green photo-luminescence of heat-treated human bones.

The long-lived green luminescence of human bone (that has been heated to 600°C for a short duration) is attributed to a carbon quantum dot material (derived from collagen) encapsulated and protected by an inorganic matrix (derived from bone apatite) and is more intense in dense rigid and crystalline parts of (healthy) human bones. The strong collagen-apatite interaction results (upon decomposition) in a protective inorganic environment of the luminescent centers allowing long-lived triplet-based emission of a carbon (quantum) dot-like material at room temperature, as well as resilience against oxidation between 550 and 650°C. The graphitic black phase (obtained upon heating around 400°C) is a precursor to the luminescent carbon-based material, that is strongly interacting with the crystalline inorganic matrix. Human bone samples that have been heated to 600°C were subjected to steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) luminescence spectroscopy revealed a broad range of excitation and emission wavelengths, indicating a heterogeneous system with a broad density of emissive states. The effect of low temperature on the heat-treated bone was studied with Cryogenic Steady State Luminescence Spectroscopy. Cooling the bone to 80K leads to a slight increase in total emission intensity as well as an intensity increase towards to red part of the spectrum, incompatible with a defect state model displaying luminescent charge recombination in the inorganic matrix. Time-resolved spectroscopy with an Optical Multichannel Analyzer (OMA) and Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) of these samples showed that the decay could be fitted with a multi-exponential decay model as well as with second-order decay kinetics. Confocal Microscopy revealed distinct (plywood type) structures in the bone and high intensity-fast decay areas as well as a spatially heterogeneous distribution of green and (fewer) red emissive species. The use of the ATTO 565 dye aided in bone-structure visualization by chemical adsorption. Conceptually our data interpretation corresponds to previous reports from the material science field on luminescent powders.

“Multi-layer” encryption of medical data in DNA for highly-secure storage

The exponential increasement and the attributes of medical data drive the requirement for secure medical data archiving. DNA data storage shows promise for storing sensitive and important data like medical records due to its high density and endurance. Nevertheless, current DNA data storage working scheme generally does not fully consider the data encryption, posing a risk of data corruption by routine DNA sequencing. Here, we designed a “multi-layer” encryption pipeline for medical data archiving. Initially, digital information was encrypted using Blowfish algorithm at information technology (IT) layer, followed by two-layer data encryption at the biotechnology (BT) layer. The first BT layer exploited the molecular weight of synthetic DNA or nucleoside to encrypt the key, while the second BT layer encrypted digital information within DNA sequences. Consequently, decryption involved layer-by-layer interpretation of data, including mass spectroscopy, sequencing, and Blowfish decryption, significantly enhancing data security. Utilizing mass spectroscopy to retrieve information allows for employment of both natural and unnatural nucleosides, as well as their synthetic oligonucleotides, for data storage, thereby considerably boosting scalability. Our work implies expanded flexibility of DNA-based data storage, highlighting the potential for leveraging various physical and chemical characteristics of DNA molecules to encode and access digital information.

Sufficiency of near-surface water ice as a driver of dust activity on comets

Context. Nearly all contemporary theoretical research on cometary dust activity relies on models depicting heat transfer and sublimation products within the near-surface porous layer. Gas flow exerts a pressure drag to the crust agglomerates, counteracting weak gravity and the tensile strength of that layer. Our interpretation of data from the Rosetta mission, and our broader comprehension of cometary activity, hinges significantly on the study of this process. Aims. We investigate the role played by the structure of the near-surface porous layer and its associated resistance to gas flow, tensile strength, pressure distribution, and other characteristics in the scenario of the potential release of dust agglomerates and the resulting dust activity. Methods. We employ a thermophysical model that factors in the microstructure of this layer and radiative heat conductivity. We consider gas flow in both the Knudsen and transition regimes. To accomplish this, we use methods such as test-particles Monte Carlo, direct-simulation Monte Carlo, and transmission probability. Our study encompasses a broad spectrum of dust-particle sizes. Results. We evaluated the permeability of a dust layer composed of porous aggregates in the submillimetre and millimetre ranges. We carried out comparisons among various models that describe gas diffusion in a porous dust layer. For both the transition and Knudsen regimes, we obtained pressure profiles within a non-isothermal layer. We discuss how the gaps in our understanding of the structure and composition could impact tensile strength estimates. We demonstrate that for particles in the millimetre range, the lifting force of the sublimation products of water ice is adequate to remove the layer. This scenario remains feasible even for particles on the scale of hundreds of microns. This finding is crucial as the sublimation of water ice continues to be the most probable mechanism for dust removal. Conclusions. This study partially overturns the previously held, pessimistic view regarding the possibility of dust removal via water sublimation. We demonstrate that a more precise consideration of various physical processes allows elevation of the matter of dust activity to a practical plane, necessitating a fresh quantitative analysis.

Efficient MOSH/MOAH Determination and Data Interpretation using a fully automated sample preparation and software solution

Efficient MOSH/MOAH Determination and Data Interpretation using a fully automated sample preparation and software solution

Primary care quality and provider disparities in China: a standardized-patient-based study

BackgroundPrimary health care is the foundation of high-performing health systems. Achieving an improved primary care system requires a thorough understanding of the current quality of care among various providers within the system. As the world’s largest developing country, China has made significant investments in primary care over the past decade. This study evaluates the quality of primary care across different provider types in China, offering in- sights for enhancing China’s primary care system. MethodsWe merged data from four standardized patient (SP) research projects to compare the quality of five major primary care providers in China: rural clinics, county hospitals, migrant clinics, urban community health cen- ters (CHCs), and online platforms. We evaluated quality of care across process quality (e.g., checklist completion), diagnosis quality (e.g., diagnostic accuracy), and case management (e.g., correct medication), employing multiple regression analyses to explore quality differences by provider type, and their associations with physician characteristics. FindingsWe document a poor quality of primary care in China, with no- table disparities across different providers. CHCs emerge as relatively reliable primary care providers in terms of process quality, diagnostic accuracy, and cor- rect medication prescriptions. Online platforms outpace rural clinics, county hospitals, and migrant clinics in many areas, showcasing their potential to en- hance access to quality healthcare resources in under-resourced rural regions. We observe a positive association between the qualifications of physicians and the quality of primary care, underscoring the necessity for a greater presence of more highly qualified practitioners. InterpretationPrimary care quality in China varies greatly among providers, reflecting inequalities in healthcare access. While online platforms indicate po- tential for improving care in under-resourced areas, their high referral rates suggest they cannot completely substitute traditional care. The findings em- phasize the need for more qualified practitioners and stringent regulation to enhance care quality and reduce unnecessary treatments. FundingNo founders had a role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. We have acknowledged this in the revised manuscript.

Sampling fish gut microbiota - A genome-resolved metagenomic approach.

Despite a surge in microbiota-focused studies in teleosts, few have reported functional data on whole metagenomes as it has proven difficult to extract high biomass microbial DNA from fish intestinal samples. The zebrafish is a promising model organism in functional microbiota research, yet studies on the functional landscape of the zebrafish gut microbiota through shotgun based metagenomics remain scarce. Thus, a consensus on an appropriate sampling method accurately representing the zebrafish gut microbiota, or any fish species is lacking. Addressing this, we systematically tested four methods of sampling the zebrafish gut microbiota: collection of faeces from the tank, the whole gut, intestinal content, and the application of ventral pressure to facilitate extrusion of gut material. Additionally, we included water samples as an environmental control to address the potential influence of the environmental microbiota on each sample type. To compare these sampling methods, we employed a combination of genome-resolved metagenomics and 16S metabarcoding techniques. We observed differences among sample types on all levels including sampling, bioinformatic processing, metagenome co-assemblies, generation of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), functional potential, MAG coverage, and population level microdiversity. Comparison to the environmental control highlighted the potential impact of the environmental contamination on data interpretation. While all sample types tested are informative about the zebrafish gut microbiota, the results show that optimal sample type for studying fish microbiomes depends on the specific objectives of the study, and here we provide a guide on what factors to consider for designing functional metagenome-based studies on teleost microbiomes.

Considerations and perspectives on the practice of incurred sample reanalysis assessment for chiral drugs.

Given the inherent complexities of bioanalysis, the role of incurred sample reanalysis (ISR) is increasingly appreciated in regulatory bioanalysis. Incurred sample reanalysis has evolved as an integral part of an assay to ensure method reproducibility. The current regulatory ISR guidelines do not provide clarity regarding ISR assessment for chiral drugs comprising enantiomers. Because chiral assays evaluate two enantiomers, there are additional complexities associated with the ISR data generation and interpretation. Based on the current literature, the practices for conducting ISR in chiral methods were reviewed and assessed. While ISR was conducted in chiral methods for both enantiomers using the acceptance criteria prescribed for non-chiral methods, there may be a need to streamline the nuances of ISR data interpretation and define the ISR requirements for chiral methods. The article provides perspectives on the ISR of enantiomeric drugs, including strategy development, by providing various hypothetical scenarios and possible considerations for defining ISR evaluation for chiral assays.

The Spectra of IceCube Neutrino (SIN) candidate sources

Context. A correlation has been reported between the arrival directions of high-energy IceCube events and γ-ray blazars classified as intermediate- and high-synchrotron-peaked BL Lacs. Subsequent studies have investigated the optical properties of these sources, compiled and analyzed public multiwavelength data, and constrained their individual neutrino emission based on public IceCube point-source data. Aims. We provide a theoretical interpretation of public multiwavelength and neutrino point source data for the 32 BL Lac objects in the sample previously associated with an IceCube alert event. We combined the individual source results to draw conclusions regarding the multimesssenger properties of the sample and the required power in relativistic protons. Methods. We performed particle interaction modeling using open-source numerical simulation software. We constrained the model parameters using a novel and unique approach that simultaneously describes the host galaxy contribution, the observed synchrotron peak properties, the average multiwavelength fluxes, and, where possible, the IceCube point source constraints. Results. We show that a single-zone leptohadronic model can describe the multiwavelength broadband fluxes from all 32 IceCube candidates. In some cases, the model suggests that hadronic emission may contribute a considerable fraction of the γ-ray flux. The required power in relativistic protons ranges from a few percent to a factor of ten of the Eddington luminosity, which is energetically less demanding compared to other leptohadronic blazar models in recent literature. The model can describe the 68% confidence level IceCube flux for a large fraction of the masquerading BL Lacs in the sample, including TXS 0506+056; whereas, for true BL Lacs, the model predicts a low neutrino flux in the IceCube sensitivity range. Physically, this distinction is due to the presence of photons from broad line emission in masquerading BL Lacs, which increase the efficiency of hadronic interactions. The predicted neutrino flux peaks between a few petaelectronvolt and 100 PeV and scales positively with the flux in the gigaelectronvolt, megaelectronvolt, X-ray, and optical bands. Based on these results, we provide a list of the brightest neutrino emitters, which can be used for future searches targeting the 10–100 PeV regime.

A unique human cord blood CD8+CD45RA+CD27+CD161+ T-cell subset identified by flow cytometric data analysis using Seurat.

Advances in single-cell level analytical techniques, especially cytometric approaches, have led to profound innovation in biomedical research, particularly in the field of clinical immunology. This has resulted in an expansion of high-dimensional data, posing great challenges for comprehensive and unbiased analysis. Conventional manual analysis is thus becoming untenable to handle these challenges. Furthermore, most newly developed computational methods lack flexibility and interoperability, hampering their accessibility and usability. Here, we adapted Seurat, an R package originally developed for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis, for high-dimensional flow cytometric data analysis. Based on a 20-marker antibody panel and analyses of T-cell profiles in both adult blood and cord blood (CB), we showcased the robust capacity of Seurat in flow cytometric data analysis, which was further validated by Spectre, another high-dimensional cytometric data analysis package, and conventional manual analysis. Importantly, we identified a unique CD8+ T-cell population defined as CD8+CD45RA+CD27+CD161+ T cell that was predominantly present in CB. We characterised its IFN-γ-producing and potential cytotoxic properties using flow cytometry experiments and scRNA-seq analysis from a published dataset. Collectively, we identified a unique human CB CD8+CD45RA+CD27+CD161+ T-cell subset and demonstrated that Seurat, a widely used package for scRNA-seq analysis, possesses great potential to be repurposed for cytometric data analysis. This facilitates an unbiased and thorough interpretation of complicated high-dimensional data using a single analytical pipeline and opens a novel avenue for data-driven investigation in clinical immunology.