Interpersonal Rewards Research Articles

Unlocking the Wanderlust: Exploring Motivations and Barriers in International Student Travel among India’s Youth

This research examines the travel motivation and constraints experienced by international students enrolled in higher education programs in India, employing the Push-Pull Framework. Further investigates the potential factors influencing student travel and gains initial insights into their motivations, including pursuing personal rewards, escaping from personal and interpersonal environments, and the desire for interpersonal rewards, using motivation theory as a guiding framework. A sample of 300 international students studying in India was selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data was collected through a self-administered survey comprising 20 items measuring motivational factors on a five-point Likert scale, adapted from existing literature. The study provides empirical evidence of distinct patterns in international student travel, encompassing various profiles, travel motivations, and obstacles encountered by international students in India. Furthermore, the findings indicate that international students constitute a heterogeneous group of travellers engaged in travel for diverse reasons. The preference for affordable and budget-friendly modes of transportation was observed among international students. At the same time, their willingness to allocate additional funds towards a wide range of tourism offerings at their destination was evident. The implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed, emphasising their significance for academic and tourism stakeholders.

Unconventional entrepreneurs: the non-economic motives of souvenir sellers

Diseño/metodología/enfoqueSe utilizó una metodología cualitativa. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 20 minoristas de recuerdos (souvenirs) de la ciudad rumana de Timişoara. Las entrevistas se analizaron mediante un análisis temático que permitió identificar cuatro motivos no económicos para la comercialización de recuerdos.ObjetivoEste artículo examina a los comerciantes de souvenirs como micro emprendedores no convencionales, centrándose en los motivos no económicos para su venta.ConclusionesLa venta de souvenirs era una cuestión de elección más que de necesidad económica. Aunque estos vendedores eran emprendedores que buscaban generar ingresos, los motivos no económicos también eran importantes. Entre ellos, la pasión, la afición y las interacciones interpersonales con los clientes. Algunos vendedores se consideraban intermediarios culturales que representaban el lugar y la tradición ante sus clientes.Limitaciones/implicaciones de la investigaciónEn un contexto europeo, la venta de recuerdos puede ser una cuestión de elección de estilo de vida más que de necesidad económica. Los micro emprendedores suelen estar motivados por la pasión, la afición y las recompensas interpersonales tanto como por el beneficio económico. Esto representa una forma particular de espíritu empresarial no convencional o de estilo de vida.Implicaciones prácticasEl fomento de los vendedores ambulantes de souvenirs por parte de los gestores urbanos puede aportar dinamismo a una ciudad, mejorando las experiencias de las comunidades locales y de los visitantes. Esto también puede fomentar el desarrollo de una clase artesanal para mejorar la reputación de una ciudad como lugar creativo.Originalidad/valorLos comerciantes de souvenirs están poco investigados, y éste es uno de los pocos estudios que ha investigado este grupo fuera de los contextos del mundo en desarrollo. Destaca la importancia del espíritu empresarial no convencional y de los motivos no económicos para la venta de recuerdos en un contexto europeo.

More about being fun: Making friends to maximize social status.

Children perceived by peers as someone who is fun reap interpersonal rewards, but little is known about what makes someone fun or how being fun leads to social success. The present study is designed to identify what qualities makes someone fun and how being fun leads to social success. Two studies of children in primary and middle school are reported. Participants in the present investigation attended a public-school representative of Florida school children in terms of ethnicity and income. In the first study, 351 (179 girls, 172 boys) students (8-11 years old) completed surveys twice (M = 8.5 weeks apart) during an academic year, describing the qualities of "someone who is fun." At both time points, kindness and humor were rated as more important than buffoonery. In the second study, 394 (210 girls, 184 boys) students (8-13 years old) completed peer nomination surveys thrice (M = 8.5 weeks apart) during an academic year. Replicating previous findings, being fun predicted increases in social status (i.e., likeability and popularity). Unique to this study, full longitudinal mediation analyses indicated that being perceived as fun early in the school year predicted friend gain from the beginning to the middle of the school year, which, in turn, predicted increases in perceived likeability and popularity from the middle to the end of the school year. The findings were unique to being fun. Kindness and humor did not predict friend gain.

Extraverts Reap Greater Social Rewards From Passion Because They Express Passion More Frequently and More Diversely.

Passion is stereotypically expressed through animated facial expressions, energetic body movements, varied tone, and pitch-and met with interpersonal benefits. However, these capture only a subset of passion expressions that are more common for extraverts. Indeed, in an initial dyadic study of supervisors and their subordinates (N = 330), extraverts expressed their passion more strongly through these stereotypical expressions of passion, and observers perceived extraverts as more passionate than introverts. Across three studies (Ntotal = 1,373), we subsequently developed a more comprehensive passion expressions and behaviors scale (PEBS). Using this measure in a daily diary study (N = 206, k = 1,862), we found that extraverts not only expressed their passion in more stereotypical ways, but through a broader variety of expressions in general. Extraverts are perceived as more passionate because they have a broader behavioral repertoire, express their passion more frequently and diversely, and thereby attain greater interpersonal rewards.

National wealth, individualism, generalised trust, and religiosity as moderators of the relationship between helping strangers and life satisfaction in 137 societies.

We predicted that the relationship between helping strangers and life satisfaction would depend partially on the wealth of the country in which one lives. We argue that wealthy societies provide a wide range of welfare provisions for assisting their citizens. By contrast, people living in poorer countries with associated lower individualism, lower generalised trust, and higher religiosity have fewer financial and institutional supports for their daily welfare. They thus receive greater personal and interpersonal rewards for helping strangers in their societies and experience greater life satisfaction. Using a 137-country sample, we found that the relationship between helping strangers and life satisfaction was weaker in wealthier nations and in nations with more individualistic, more trusting, but less religious citizens. When all four moderators were used, only trust and religiosity remained significant moderators. In a supplementary mediated moderation model, we also found that trust and religiosity mediated the effect of national wealth on the relationship between kindness and life satisfaction. We conclude that the relationship between kindness and life satisfaction depends on various aspects of national culture that may reduce or increase people's dependence in their daily lives on the help of others as opposed to dependence on welfare institutions.

A QUALITATIVE EVALUATION OF A POSITIVE REAPPRAISAL INTERVENTION FOR HOSPICE CAREGIVERS

Abstract For older adults who receive hospice services in the United States, family members often become their primary caregivers playing an essential role in delivering care. Nearly 25% of hospice patients and families report the need for improved communication and additional emotional support. However, there are few interventions targeting specifically caregivers. Whereas the term caregiving implies a unidirectional flow of benefits from the caregiver to the care recipient, caregivers also experience emotional, cognitive, behavioral, or interpersonal rewards from caring for a loved one. Research has demonstrated that positive gains are common among caregivers, often manifested with negative experiences. Positive reappraisal, a form of emotion-focused coping, is especially relevant when dealing with intractable stressors. Positive reappraisal is supplemental to problem-solving therapy interventions, yet this component has never been tested in a hospice setting. In this study, we wanted to understand hospice caregivers’ impressions of a problem-solving therapy intervention enhanced with positive reappraisal modules (called PISCESplus). We conducted a qualitative study examining hospice caregivers’ perceptions of positive reappraisal. Participants received the intervention (as part of a larger clinical trial). Caregivers’ exit interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Thirty hospice caregivers’ interviews were analyzed. Many participants reported a paradigm shift in their thought processes. Positive reappraisal helped them reframe negative emotions to positive ones, declutter their minds, and acknowledge that caregiving required work and effort. Study findings demonstrate the potential of this intervention to improve the coping skills of caregivers in the hospice setting.

The contribution of monetary rewards, social rewards and promotions on worker performance(small-business of textile and its products)

This study aims to analyze the effect of financial rewards, interpersonal rewards and promotions on employee performance. The population in this study were employees in the textile industry company. The sample used was 30 respondents. Respondent sampling method used in this research is saturated sampling. Methods of data collection using survey methods, with the research instrument is a questionnaire. The data analysis method uses statistical analysis in the form of multiple linear regression tests. The analysis tool uses the SPSS version 26 application. The results of this study indicate that the variable financial rewards, interpersonal rewards and promotions have a positive and significant effect on employee performance variables.

Wellbeing Conceptualizations in Family Medicine Trainees: A Hermeneutic Review

Phenomenon High levels of burnout have been widely reported among postgraduate medical trainees, however relatively little literature has examined what ‘wellbeing’ means for this group. Moreover, the literature that does exist has generally overlooked the potential role of specialty factors in influencing such conceptualizations. This is particularly true for family medicine and general practice trainees – a specialty considered to be unique due, in part, to its focus on community-based care. The present review sought to explore conceptualizations of wellbeing specifically within the context of family medicine and general practice training. Approach The Embase, Ovid Medline, and PsycINFO databases were searched from inception to November 2019 for literature examining wellbeing in family medicine and general practice trainees. Literature was iteratively thematically analyzed through the process of a hermeneutic cycle. In total, 36 articles were reviewed over seven rounds, at which point saturation was reached. Findings The findings confirm the complex and multifaceted nature of wellbeing as experienced by family medicine and general practice trainees. An emphasis on psychological factors – including emotional intelligence, positive mental health, self-confidence and resilience – alongside positive interpersonal relationships, rewards, and balanced interactions between trainees’ personal and professional demands were deemed critical elements. Insights A model of wellbeing that emphasizes rich connections between trainees’ personal and professional life domains is proposed. Further qualitative research will help to extend current understanding of wellbeing among medical trainees, including the individuality of each specialty’s experiences, with the potential to enhance interventional efforts.

Organisational commitment and culture: evidence of commitment in an independent sales force

This article analyses the relationship between organisational culture and commitment demonstrated by independent sales professionals of a firm in the electrical cables and conductors industry. This study is based on both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Participants comprised all 42 professionals working in the company's commercial division. Data were collected using interviews and documentary research. Two base scales were used to determine organisational commitment and organisational culture: IBACO and EBACO. Results indicate that a sales force, even when independent, might express commitment through the values of collaborative professionalism, and employee satisfaction and well-being, as well as the practices of fostering interpersonal relationships, external integration, rewards and training. The values and practices mentioned in this study may serve as insights for managers who wish to improve sales force commitment and consequently increase sales performance.

Care to Share? The Interpersonal Risks and Rewards of Sharing Personal Information with Colleagues

With a growing cultural emphasis on authenticity and bringing your “full self” to work, as well as the pervasiveness of social media engagement, exchanging personal information with colleagues has ...

Empirical investigation of the relationship between serious leisure and meaning in life among Japanese and Euro-Canadians

ABSTRACTSerious leisure (SL) is a specific leisure experience characterised by perseverance, leisure career, personal effort, durable benefits, unique ethos, and identification with the activity. As it results in self-actualisation and self-expression, Robert Stebbins has proposed that SL does not only increase participants’ hedonic well-being (e.g. pleasant feelings), but also enhance their eudaimonic well-being [e.g. meaning in life (MIL), self-expressiveness, virtue]. Although this argument makes logical sense, it has not been empirically tested. The purpose of this research is to empirically examine the relationship between SL and eudaimonic well-being focusing on MIL. We used data from 207 Japanese and 202 Euro-Canadian middle-aged and older adults collected through a cross-sectional online survey. After multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, multiple mediation analyses were conducted to test whether SL core characteristics impacted MIL or its sub-dimensions (i.e. purpose, coherence, and significance) both directly and indirectly via personal and interpersonal rewards of SL. Results suggested that among Japanese, SL was positively related to MIL both directly and indirectly via SL’s personal rewards. Among Euro-Canadians, the direct link was limited to only a few MIL sub-dimensions, and indirect effects were not significant. These mixed results were discussed in relation to SL, eudaimonic well-being, and culture.

Relational Distance and Epistemic Generosity: The Power of Detachment in Skeptical Ethnography

Much contemporary ethnography hopes to engage with a community to justify social critique. Whether from problem selection, interpersonal rewards, or a desire for exchange, researchers often take the “side” of informants. Such an approach, linked to “public ethnography,” marginalizes a once-traditional approach to fieldwork, that of the ethnographic stranger. I present a model of scholarly detachment and questioning of group interests. Drawing on my own experiences and those of members of the Second Chicago School, I argue for an approach in which an unaffiliated observer questions community interests, arguing that skepticism of local explanations can discover processes shared by other scenes and can develop transsituational concepts. While the ethnographer can be seduced into sharing a group’s perspective, observational distancing can mitigate this. In an approach I label skeptical ethnography, the ethnographic stranger avoids partisan allegiance in the field and at the desk. Skepticism of local interests must be combined with an epistemic generosity that recognizes that all action, whether seemingly righteous or repellent, responds to an interaction order.

PROFESSIONALISM AND COMPENSATION IN IMPROVING JOB SATISFACTION

The act number 14 year 2005 on Teachers and Lecturers, is a new era for the teaching profession; because the teacher is a professional job that requires different competencies that must be mastered. These competencies are include pedagogical competence, personality, social, and professional; then called variables professionalism of teachers, which will determine the job satisfaction of teachers. Related with job satisfaction of teachers, compensation is also a variable that is important in determining the level of job satisfaction, and compensation will be measured by indicators of intrinsic and extrinsic translated into several indicators of compensation financial reward, interpersonal rewards and a sense of completion, recognition and autonomy, and the promotion, achievement and growth. The level of job satisfaction related to characteristics of the job, a job that requires the completion of the high level of complexity, of the work requires concentration, skill and expertise that will provide satisfaction are different compared to a job that does not require the mind, high craftsmanship. This study aimed to analyze the influence of teacher professionalism and compensation to job satisfaction partially, as well as to test the research hypothesis. In this research a population of 132 teachers of economic subjects /Accounting High School in Malang City, samples taken 66 (50%) with incidental sampling technique.The analysis technique used is multiple regression techniques, which is preceded by the classical assumption. The analysis showed that the variables of professionalism and teacher compensation partially significant effect on job satisfaction of teachers; and the dominant influence on job satisfaction variables are variables professionalism which means that also the hypothesis that this study received a hypothesis that has been formulated.

Misery rarely gets company: The influence of emotional bandwidth on supportive communication on Facebook

This study introduces the concept of emotional bandwidth to describe a communicator’s ability to use technological features to disclose personal affect online. Strategic use of emotional bandwidth was expected to correspond with interpersonal rewards, specifically the willingness of others to provide social support. Participants (N=84) viewed hypothetical Facebook profiles that contained manipulated levels of emotional bandwidth and were asked how much support they would provide to the person in the profile. Participants who viewed profiles portraying high emotional bandwidth were less willing to provide social support; however, this finding was qualified by personal qualities. Females, people who perceived a sense of community, and people who had a preference for online social interaction indicated a greater willingness to provide support in the high emotional bandwidth condition. Implications for designing affective affordances in technologies and their psychological effects are discussed.

The Consequences of Interpersonal Rewards

AbstractMany interpersonal processes impact social inequality, with social status and rewards playing a key role in its creation and form. In everyday interaction, people are defined not only by their categorical and/or achieved statuses, such as their gender and educational backgrounds, but also by their awards and possessions. These distinctions work together to create an understanding of who people are, what kinds of behaviors can be expected of them, how valuable their contributions should be, and the like. These expectations undergird individuals' shared and accepted social reality, with many using status and reward distinctions as shorthand for assessments of competence and worth. Questions therefore arise as to how individuals are affected by the configuration of valuable resources in their environment, namely how rewards are normatively distributed between and within social groups. Can rewards create new status groups? Can the perpetuation of inequalities based on status distinctions be impeded through the use of reward‐based interventions? I discuss the extant literature related to these topics and call for future research to more fully explore how rewards are implicated in processes of social inequality.

Fans or friends?: seeing social media audiences as musicians do

In the last decade, engaging audiences through social media has become an important element of life as a musician. Tis paper analyses interviews with thirty-six musicians to understand how they perceive their interactions and relationships with audiences online. It highlights the blurred boundaries between fans and friends, identifying how online interactions can bring interpersonal rewards for musicians, as well as how they can raise interpersonal challenges. Musicians balance these tensions through a range of strategies that depend on their need to protect themselves, their loved ones, and the integrity of their fans’ experiences. Rather than approaching online audiences as ‘fans’ who are necessarily less powerful, many of the musicians engaged them as equals.

The personal and interpersonal rewards of communal orientation

People high in communal orientation care for the welfare of others based on others’ needs and desire similar care for themselves. The current study investigates the personal and interpersonal rewards associated with individual differences in communal orientation. We hypothesized that communally oriented people experience rewards from the positive emotion they feel from caring for others. Results from a 4-week daily experience study ( N = 232) indicated that communally oriented people experienced greater self-esteem, greater satisfaction and love in their relationships, and greater love for humanity in daily life. These associations were mediated by greater daily positive emotion and the results were unique to tendencies to give care rather than the desire to receive it. We discuss implications for prosociality and well-being in close relationships and beyond.

Traits related to social anxiety in the eating disorders

To determine the extent to which ED psychopathology and underlying personality traits account for social anxiety in EDs while controlling for potential confounding factors such as age, ED duration, inpatient status, body mass index, ED subtype and overall level of self-reported psychopathology.Methods:927 ED women completed standardized measures of social anxiety (SADS), eating behaviors (EAT-40, EDI-II, BITE), personality (TCI-R)and general psychopathology (SCL-90-R).Results:Regression analyses showed that EAT-40, EDI-Social insecurity and interpersonal distrust, TCI-Harm avoidance (HA) and low Reward Dependence (RD) highly explained (57%) social anxiety in this population.Conclusions:This is the first and largest study to date examining the specific association of social anxiety with different eating and personality characteristics in ED controlling for confounds. The importance of temperament traits such as high HA and low RD to explain the co-occurrence of both social anxiety and ED is highlighted.

Hostile and benevolent reactions toward pregnant women: Complementary interpersonal punishments and rewards that maintain traditional roles.

A naturalistic field study investigated behavior toward pregnant (vs. nonpregnant) women in nontraditional (job applicant) and traditional (store customer) roles. Female confederates, who sometimes wore a pregnancy prosthesis, posed as job applicants or customers at retail stores. Store employees exhibited more hostile behavior (e.g., rudeness) toward pregnant (vs. nonpregnant) applicants and more benevolent behavior (e.g., touching, overfriendliness) toward pregnant (vs. nonpregnant) customers. A second experiment revealed that pregnant women are especially likely to encounter hostility (from both men and women) when applying for masculine as compared with feminine jobs. The combination of benevolence toward pregnant women in traditional roles and hostility toward those who seek nontraditional roles suggests a system of complementary interpersonal rewards and punishments that may discourage pregnant women from pursuing work that violates gender norms.

Australian enrolled nurses have their say – Part 1: Teamwork and recognition

Nurses are a cornerstone to the Australian health care workforce and are under increasing pressure to respond to changes in health care demands, the redistribution of health care funding and shortages in nursing workforce availability and skill mix. It is in this context that the role and function of the enrolled nurse has come under recent scrutiny. This paper reports on the qualitative semi-structured interviews conducted as one aspect of an Australia wide multi-phased investigation of enrolled nursing practice and competency standards for this practice. In the reported phase, enrolled nurses from a variety of settings and from all states and territories participated in telephone interviews exploring their experiences of practice and the role of the enrolled nurse. Findings indicated various enabling and limiting influences on enrolled nurse role and function. In this paper two core themes of teamwork and recognition are described as they illustrate the rich interpersonal rewards of enrolled nursing and the significance of recognition by others of the enrolled nurse contribution to health care delivery. These themes are presented as an introduction to part two of this paper which reports more broadly on the dimensions of the enrolled nurse scope of practice.