Interpersonal Relationship Styles Research Articles

In the eye of the beholder: Social traits predict motor simulation during naturalistic action perception

Previous research has robustly demonstrated that eye contact between actor and observer promotes the simulation of perceived actions into the observer's own motor system, which in turn facilitates social perception and communication. The socially relevant connotation embedded in eye contact may however be different for individuals with differing social traits. Here, we examined how “normal” (i.e. non-clinical) variability in self-reported social responsiveness/autistic traits, social anxiety and interpersonal relationship style (secure, avoidant or anxious attachment) influences neural motor simulation during action observation in different gaze conditions. To do so, we analyzed an existing dataset involving 124 adult participants (age range: 18–35 years) who underwent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) while observing an actor performing simple hand actions and simultaneously engaging in eye contact or gazing away from the observer. Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes were adopted as an index of motor resonance. Regression-based analyses highlighted the role of social responsiveness and secure attachment in shaping motor resonance, indicating that socially responsive motor resonance during dyadic gaze (i.e., MEPdirect > MEPaverted) was only observed in participants displaying high levels of these traits. Furthermore, a clustering analysis identified two to three distinct subgroups of participants with unique social trait profiles, showing a clear differentiation in motor resonant patterns upon different gaze cues that is in accordance with a recent neurobiological framework of attachment. Together, results demonstrate that motor resonance within a given social interaction may serve as a sensitive tracker of socio-interactive engagement, which allows to capture subclinical inter-individual variation in relevant social traits.

The effects of online art therapy on ego functions, emotion regulation, and interpersonal relationship styles in neurotic personality organization

Art therapy, as an effective therapeutic intervention, is used to improve positive self-image and self-awareness, promote insight, and enhance therapeutic communication. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of art psychotherapy on ego functions, emotion regulation, and interpersonal relationship styles of individuals with neurotic personality organization. Using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design, 60 participants were assigned to intervention and control groups, each further divided into three subgroups (n = 10 per subgroup). The intervention group engaged in online art therapy sessions twice weekly over nine weeks, while the control group received no intervention. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, paired samples t-tests, and independent t-tests. There was a significant decrease in the intervention group's judgmental subdimensions of the Ego Function Assessment Scale. A significant decrease was found in the intervention group in “awareness” (p < 0.01), “clarity” (p < 0.05), and “impulse” (p < 0.001) subdimensions and total scores of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. There was no statistical difference between the intervention and control groups' mean pretests and posttests and comparing those groups with each other concerning IRSQ scores. The online group art therapy led to successful improvements in participants' ego functions and emotion regulations.

Attachment Anxiety and Interpersonal Relationship Styles: The Mediating Role of Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions

Attachment Anxiety and Interpersonal Relationship Styles: The Mediating Role of Interpersonal Cognitive Distortions

The Mediating Role of Forgiveness in the Context of Interpersonal Relationship Styles and Conflict Resolution Tendencies

The aim of this research is to examine the mediating role of university students’ forgiveness themselves, others and the situation in the relationship between interpersonal relationship styles and tendency to resolve conflicts of university students. The study group of this research consists of 409 students who are studying at various undergraduate departments in Gaziantep University. "Conflict Resolution Tendency Scale","Heartland Forgiveness Scale", "Interpersonal Relationship Style Scale" and "Personal Information Form" prepared by the researcher were used as data collection tools in the research. In the analysis of the data, structural equation modeling was applied by using AMOS program. Analyzes in the research have shown that the relationship between nourishing relationship style and conflict resolution tendency is significant in the positive direction. According to the results of the research, in the model in which the intermediary role of forgiveness is examined between interpersonal relationship styles and conflict resolution tendency, self-forgiveness and the forgiveness of others in relation to the nourishing relationship and the tendency to resolve conflict; the relationship between the toxic relationship style and the tendency to resolve conflict was found to be the partial mediator effect of self-forgiveness.

Development of Mindful Driving Attitudes Scale (MDAS): Validity and Reliability Study

Traffic etiquette can be conceptualized as following the rules without fear of traffic control and punishment, acquiring unwritten behaviors that require mutual understanding in traffic, and making these behaviors a habit. It can be said that education, which is one of the elements that make up traffic safety, is one of the most important tools to shape "traffic etiquette". In this context, the General Directorate of Private Education Institutions of the Ministry of National Education added the "traffic etiquette" course to the Private Driving Courses Education Curriculum in 2015. There is no measurement tool for traffic etiquette in the related literature. The aim of the study is to develop a measurement tool that will enable us to obtain more detailed information about traffic etiquette, and to examine its validity and reliability values. For this purpose, a total of 55 statements that could be scale items were determined, taking into account the main topics covered in the book titled “Traffic Etiquette” and the relevant literature, previously written by Hatipoğlu and Yasak (2016), and these were adapted to Likert type scale format and sample was applied. As a result of the analysis, a four-factor scale (Basic Values, Empathy and Interpersonal Communication, Violations of Rights, and To Warn Each Other) consisting of 33 items was obtained. Cronbach's alpha values of the factors ranged between .60 and .89. In the study, Driver Anger Scale, Driver Behaviors Scale and Interpersonal Relationship Styles Scale were used as concurrent validity criteria. As a result of the correlation analysis, significant and expected relations were found between MDAS and these scales. When the analyzes are evaluated, it can be said that MDAS is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used in the fields of traffic psychology and training of driver candidates.

An Investigation on Turkish Specialist and Practitioner Doctors’ Empathy and Cognitive Flexibility Levels and Interpersonal Relationship Styles

The aim of this research was to compare general practitioners and specialist doctors’ empathy and cognitive flexibility levels along with their interpersonal relationship styles. Research participants involved 30 general practitioners working in family health centers and 30 specialists serving in state hospitals. Data were obtained via sociodemographic information form, Jefferson Scale of Empathy, Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, and Interpersonal Relationship Scale. Although empathy levels did not differ between specialists and practitioners, findings revealed specialists embraced more open, respectful, and less condescending interpersonal relations styles than practitioners. Relatedly, specialists’ cognitive flexibility-alternatives subscale scores were significantly higher than practitioners. While practitioners’ cognitive flexibility-alternatives subscales were positively correlated with respectful styles and negatively correlated with condescending ones, their cognitive flexibility-control subscales were positively associated with respectful styles. Similarly, in this group, empathy was positively related to both cognitive flexibility subscales and negatively related to condescending styles. For specialists, empathy was not correlated with cognitive flexibility or interpersonal relations style. Demonstrating the importance and implications of communicational and relational interactions between patients and physicians seems to be an urgent issue for research. As a cost-effective measure, empathy and cognitive flexibility can be both learned and improved.

Consideration on Factors Related to Athletes’ Mental Toughness

It is essential for athletes to achieve a strong mental attitude in order to perform to their potential in matches and other contexts. Previous studies that have looked at the nature of a strong mental attitude have raised the issue of mental toughness, and it is thought that improving this is extremely important. However, few research studies as yet have made clear what type of psychological structures athletes with a strong mentality possess. Therefore, in this study, we conducted an interview style survey about mental toughness of 20 university student athletes who were competitively active either during or before their school years, in order to uncover the psychological structures behind athletes whose strong mental attitude enables them to perform to their potential in matches and practice. We conducted a qualitative examination about the psychological mechanisms of athletes with a strong mental attitude from the ensuing linguistic data. As a result, we found that the qualities of “willpower” and “control” enabled athletes to overcome immediate and frequent issues, while “recovery from difficulties and subsequent growth” meant that they were able to recover from events considered to be difficult to overcome, and that these factors are largely what constitute mental toughness. In addition to “willpower” and “control,” a lot of respondents mentioned factors in the interviews that have rarely been dealt with in our conception of mental toughness up until now, such as interpersonal relationships and the presence of others, suggesting the ability to trust oneself and others (or “sociability”) is also a key factor that constitutes mental toughness. It is also hypothesized that the factor of positivity, the ability to view one’s way of life up until now and the future in a positive light, as well as an optimistic approach to life, are also important factors in mental toughness. Furthermore, it has been shown that possessing a strong mental attitude is also related to an athlete’s psychological traits, as well as past and present interpersonal relationship styles.

The role of interpersonal relationship styles in the emergence and overcoming of mental burnout in the aspect of the subject genesis of teachers working with children with special educational needs

The specifics of the activities of teachers working with children with special educational needs determines the nature of interpersonal relationships that develop between all subjects of the educational process. Experiencing teachers of the crisis of interpersonal relations contributes to the emergence of mental burnout as a special state of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion of the individual. There is a rather limited number of scientific works devoted to the study of the relationship between the styles of interpersonal relations of teachers working with children with special educational needs, and mental burnout. Teachers of the Regional state educational institution "Kursk boarding school for children with disabilities" took part in the study (50 people). Observation and conversation, as well as standardized methods for diagnosing teachers' burnout and styles of interpersonal relationships, were used to collect data. Methods of mathematical-statistical analysis were used to process the results. Teachers who work with children with special educational needs are adapted to the stressful effects of the traumatic circumstances of professional activity by limiting emotional return in interpersonal communication and selective response, lack of due attention to their wards, facilitation or reduction of job duties (the severity of the "Resistance" phase: Xm. ± σx = 56.80 ± 22.30; “Inadequate emotional selective response”: Xm. ± σx = 15.38 ± 6.94; “Emotional and moral disorientation”: Xm. ± σx = 11.66 ± 6, 32; "Expansion of the sphere of economy of emotions": Xav. ± σx = 15.48 ± 13.62; "Reduction of professional duties": Xav. ± σx = 14.28 ± 8.51). It has been empirically proven that straightforward-aggressive (β = 0.353 at p = 0.015) and dependent-obedient (β = 0.379 at p = 0.005) styles of interpersonal relations can act as factors in the emergence of manifestations of mental burnout of teachers, and the imperious-leading style (β = - 0.320 at p = 0.016) – a resource for overcoming it (F = 4.37; CMD = 0.57; df = 5.44).

Internet addiction in high school and university students: an evaluation in terms of various psychological, social and personal variables

AbstractThe purpose of this research was to examine internet addiction among high school and university students in terms of interpersonal relationships, automatic thoughts and problem-solving skills. The sample of the study comprised a total of 480 participants: 195 (40.6%) high school and 285 (59.4%) university students. Females constituted 53.3% (256) of the participants and males 46.7% (224). In addition to a Personal Information Form, the Interpersonal Relationship Styles Scale, Automatic Thoughts Scale, Problem Solving Inventory and Internet Addiction Scale, for which validity, reliability and adaptation studies were performed, were used for data collection. A significant difference was determined between the groups with no or limited symptoms of internet addiction in terms of inhibitory interpersonal relationship styles, automatic thoughts and problem-solving skills. Inhibitory interpersonal relationships, automatic thoughts and problem-solving skills were identified as predictive of internet addiction.

Cerrahi süreçteki sağlık profesyonellerinin kişilerarası iletişim tarzları ve ekip çalışması tutumları

Amaç: Araştırmanın amacı, cerrahi girişim sürecinde yer alan sağlık profesyonellerinin kişilerarası ilişki tarzları ve ekip çalışmasına yönelik tutumlarının değerlendirilmesidir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma tanımlayıcı tiptedir. Örnekleme gönüllü 126 cerrahi ekip üyesi alındı. Veriler “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, “Kişilerarası İletişim Tarzları Ölçeği (KİTÖ)” ve “Ekip Çalışması Tutumları Ölçeği (EÇTÖ)” ile toplandı. Bulgular: Çalışmada EÇTÖ’den en düşük puanı hemşirelerin, EÇTÖ ve KİTÖ’den en yüksek puanı ise diğer sağlık profesyonellerinin aldığı saptandı. Yine EÇTÖ’nün iletişim alt boyutundan en düşük puanı alan hekimlerdi. Diğer sağlık profesyonellerinin, KİTÖ’nün kaçıngan tarz alt boyutundan aldıkları puan ortalamasının hemşirelere göre anlamlı derecede yüksek, EÇTÖ’nün iletişim alt boyutundan aldıkları puan ortalamalarının hemşire ve hekimlere göre anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Çalışmada 21 yıl ve üzeri çalışan cerrahi ekip üyelerinin KİTÖ’nün baskın tarz alt boyutundan aldıkları puan ortalamasının daha az süre çalışan ekip üyelerine göre anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu bulundu. Sonuç: Bu doğrultuda cerrahi ekip üyelerine yönelik kişilerarası iletişim becerilerini ve ekip çalışması tutumlarını geliştirmeye yönelik eğitimlerin planlanması, var olan sorunların saptanması, giderilmesine yönelik bireysel ve kurumsal girişimlerin yapılması önerilmektedir.

MARITAL AND FAMILY SATISFACTION ACCORDING TO THE COUPLE`S TYPE OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

The presented research was intended to explore the connection between the levels of marriage and family satisfaction with different interpersonal communication styles. The objective here was to find out whether the experienced level of marriage and family satisfaction will differentiate according to partner`s interpersonal relationship style (authoritarian, egoistic, aggressive, suspicious, submissive, dependent, friendly and altruistic styles). A pilot study was conducted with one hundred participants comprised of males (N = 23; 23%) and females (N = 77; 77%) that completed three questionnaires made up of Leary`s (1957) scale that measured Interpersonal Relationships, Family Satisfaction by Adjectives Scale and Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. Participants were within the age of 26 to 64 years (M = 43.6; SD = 9). The obtained results pointed out that there were significant differences between examined persons with different interpersonal relationships upon their levels of family and marital satisfaction. Keywords: intrapersonal relationships, family satisfaction, marital satisfaction.

Examination of Eating Attitudes in Terms of Interpersonal Relationships and Life Satisfaction in Late Adolescence

The aim of the study was to analyze the relationship between eating attitudes and interpersonal relationship and life satisfaction by late adolescents. A total of 511 students, 362 females and 149 males, studying in different departments of Faculty of Educations, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, On Dokuz MayA½s University, Karadeniz Technical University and Ahi Evran University, participated. Sociodemgraphic Form, Eating Attitude Test, Interpersonal Relations Scale and Life Satisfaction Scale and were used as instruments. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 23.00 software. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, Multilinear Regression analysis and the independent groups t-test were used. Findings revelaled that a significant positive correlation was determined between eating attitudes and nourishing and inhibitory relationship styles. No statistically significant correlation was determined between eating attitudes and life satisfaction. Besides, interpersonal relationship account for 3% of total variance. Eating attitudes not differed according to gender is among the study results. The research reached the conclusion that interpersonal relationship styles contributed to the explanation of eating attitudes, while life satisfaction had no contribution to the explanation of eating attitude. Additionally another result of the research is that there was no difference between eating attitudes of males and females.

The Effect of Interpersonal Relationship Styles on Marital Satisfaction and The Mediating Role of Marital Self Efficacy

The Effect of Interpersonal Relationship Styles on Marital Satisfaction and The Mediating Role of Marital Self Efficacy

Emotional Availability of Parents and Psychological Health: What Does Mediate This Relationship?

The relationship and interaction between a parent and child is of an ever-changing nature. In the first years of the child, parents are more supportive of the child’s development and guide the changes that take place. When adolescence ends and child becomes an adult, parent–child relationship takes on a different pattern in which the relation is more egalitarian. Despite this changing nature, research findings demonstrate that children who continue to receive emotional support from their parents, feel attached to them and care about their contributions and support. Thus, it becomes important to evaluate how certain parental properties affect psychological health within this changing relationship structure. From this point of view, this study examines the mediator role of emotion regulation skills, interpersonal relationship styles, and perceived social support on the relationship between parental emotional availability and general psychological health of individuals aged 16–25 who still live with their parents. It has been found that difficulty in emotion regulation, interpersonal relationship style, and social support has complete mediation effect on the relationship between both maternal and paternal emotional availability and psychological health.

The Association Between Adult Attachment Style and Delusional-Like Experiences in a Community Sample of Women

Community-based surveys have found that many otherwise well individuals endorse delusional-like experiences (DLEs). There is extensive literature that describes the demographic and psychosocial correlates of DLE; however, we know little about the association between DLE and attachment style. The association between DLEs (assessed by the Peters Delusional Inventory [PDI]) and interpersonal relationship style (as assessed by the Adult Attachment Questionnaire and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale) was examined in 3360 women. When adjusted for the presence of depressive and anxiety symptoms, high scores on the PDI (lowest versus highest quartiles) were associated with a) difficulties in adult attachment style particularly in the discomfort with closeness and preoccupation with relationships subscales and b) conflictual dyadic adjustment (adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, 2.43 and 1.94-3.04, 2.50 and 1.99-3.14, and 2.90 and 1.38-6.06, respectively). The association between adult attachment style and DLE provides new clues into the causal pathway underpinning these common experiences.

Investigation of the interpersonal relationship styles and family functions in 16-20 years old adolescents: a university sample

AMAC: Bu calismanin amaci ergenlerin aile islevleri ile kisilerarasi iliski tarzlari arasindaki iliskileri incelemek ve sosyodemografik ozelliklerinin etkisini degerlendirmektir. YONTEMLER: Tanimlayici ve iliski arayici olan bu calisma bir kamu universitesinin saglik bilimleri fakultesi birinci sinifinda ogrenim goren 296 ergen ile gerceklestirildi. Veriler Bilgi Formu, Aile Degerlendirme Olcegi (ADO) ve Kisilerarasi Iliskiler Olcegi (KIO) kullanilarak toplandi. Veriler tanimlayici istatistiksel analizler, pearson korelasyon ve coklu dogrusal regresyon analizi, Mann-Whitney U testi ve Kruskall Wallis testi ile degerlendirildi. BULGULAR: Ergenler ADO’nin alt boyutlarindan en dusuk puani problem cozme (2.03±0.59); en yuksek puani davranis kontrolu (3.08±0.32) ve gereken ilgiyi gosterme (3.17±0.47)’den almistir. KIO’den aldiklari besleyici iliski tarzi puan ortalamasi 33.08±6.27 ve ketleyici iliski tarzi puan ortalamasi 10.07±5.14’tur. Cinsiyet, ebeveyn egitim durumu ve ailenin gelir duzeyinin aile islevselligi algisini ve iliski tarzini etkiledigi saptandi. Aile islevleri olceginin tum alt boyutlari ile besleyen iliski tarzi arasinda istatistiksel olarak anlamli negatif (r degerleri -0.29 ile -0.62 arasinda), ketleyen iliski tarzi arasinda anlamli pozitif iliskiler (r degerleri 0.24 ile 0.55 arasinda) saptandi. Arastirma sonuclari aile islevselliginin ergenlerin kisilerarasi iliski tarzlarini anlamli duzeyde acikladigini gosterdi. SONUC: Aile islevselliginin arttirilmasi ergenlerin kisilerarasi iliskilerini guclendirmesine, acik ve saygili iliskiler kurmasina katki saglayabilecektir.

Latent Profile Analyses of Offense and Personality Characteristics in a Sample of Incarcerated Female Sexual Offenders

This study examines characteristics of 90 female sexual offenders based on offense and personality traits. The study uses latent profile analysis to identify groups of female sex offenders who are similar to one another and different from participants in other groups. Results using the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) indicate that there were three classes of offenders that differed with respect to the severity of their psychopathology. Upon analysis of predictors such as demographic information, offense characteristics, selected Trauma Symptom Inventory scores, Static-99 scores, abuse history, and PAI supplemental scales, several factors predicted group membership. These included marital status, sexual abuse in adulthood, and interpersonal relationship styles. Implications for assessment and treatment of female sex offenders are discussed.

Attachment theory in health care: the influence of relationship style on medical students' specialty choice.

Converging sources suggest that patient-provider relationships in primary care are generally of greater intensity and duration than those in non-primary care specialties. In this study, we hypothesised that Year 2 medical students whose close relationships were characterised by security and flexibility would be more likely than students who were less comfortable in close relationships to plan to pursue primary over non-primary care postgraduate training. We determined the relationship styles and demographic characteristics of 144 Year 2 medical students. We also gathered information regarding their predicted choices of postgraduate training, which were clustered into primary or non-primary care categories. We compared student choices with respect to their interpersonal relationship styles based on attachment theory. Prevalences of attachment styles were similar to those found in the general population, with 56% of students rating themselves as having a secure relationship style. Students with a secure style were more likely to choose primary care (61%) over non-primary care compared to those whose styles were characterised by self-reliance, support-seeking or caution (41% chose primary care). Compared to those with a secure relationship style, students with a cautious style [OR = 5.9 (1.9, 18.7)] and students with a self-reliant style [OR = 2.4 (0.96, 5.9)] were more likely to choose non-primary over primary care, after controlling for gender. Assessing relationship styles using attachment theory is a potentially useful way to understand and counsel medical students about specialty choice.