Interpersonal Physical Violence Research Articles

Concussions and Interpersonal Physical Violence Perpetration Among U.S. College Students

Concussions and Interpersonal Physical Violence Perpetration Among U.S. College Students

Trends of maxillofacial injuries resulting from physical violence in Brazil.

A large proportion of interpersonal violence results in maxillofacial injuries. The monitoring of maxillofacial injuries in the context of gender violence has been little explored. The aim of this study was to analyze trends in cases of maxillofacial injuries resulting from interpersonal physical violence considering the gender of the victim and perpetrator. A time-series study was conducted. Data regarding maxillofacial injury cases due to interpersonal physical violence were collected from reports at a forensic institute of a city in northeastern Brazil, between 2008 and 2014 (84months). Rates of interpersonal physical violence per 100000 inhabitants were determined for each gender. A negative binomial regression model was used to evaluate trends. The cycle plot was used to investigate the occurrence of seasonality, considering subseries for each month. A total of 3561 reports were analyzed, revealing higher rates of female victims and male perpetrators throughout the series. There was no indication of seasonality. The annual percentage of injuries involving male victims reduced significantly by 6.8% (P<.001), while injuries involving female victims increased significantly by 4.5% (P=.002). Regarding perpetrators, rates remained constant over time, following the same pattern for both genders. The data demonstrate greater victimization involving maxillofacial injuries against women perpetrated more often by men, with a trend toward an increase in female victims and a reduction in male victims.

An Experimental Assessment of Third Parties as Potential Guardians: Victim Gender, Conflict, and Individual Perceptions of Social Situations.

The guardianship component of routine activity theory (RAT) remains underexamined. Recent research has emphasized "guardianship-in-action," or the processes by which individuals evaluate potentially problematic situations. Research has also begun to identify conditions conducive to bystander intervention in troublesome situations, but has not been incorporated into the emerging literature on guardianship-in-action. The current study integrates these literatures to understand how individuals perceive problematic social situations by examining how victims' gender influences guardians' perceptions of social situations and willingness to intervene across conflicts. Using an experimental vignette design, and a sample of 370 American adults, respondents were randomly assigned to vignettes involving verbal and physical conflicts between two men or a man and a woman. A series of t tests, chi-square tests, and McNemar's tests assessed mean differences in respondent perceptions. Situations in which victims are female were perceived as being more serious and requiring intervention. Situations involving interpersonal physical violence similarly elicit stronger concerns, and a greater willingness to intervene, from potential guardians. Theory and policy implications are discussed.

SEMANTICS OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE IN NOVEL “PĪTERS VYLĀNS” BY ČENČU JEZUPS

Physical violence is a social phenomenon, which is mostly connected with human psychology. There are two main instincts typical of human beings: instinct of life and instinct of death. Violence is one of death instincts. Čenču Jezups (real name Jezups Kindzuļs, 1888–1941?) was a Latgalian public figure, agronomist, publicist and writer. His novel “Pīters Vylāns” is written about 1905 Russian Revolution, which also occurred in the territory of Latvia and Latgale and was one of the most forcible periods in the history of Latvia during the 20th century. Bearing in mind that language is always linked with thinking and language usage reflects author’s view of the world, the aim of this research is to analyse semantics of lexis connected with physical violence. The author of this research has selected the methods of semantic field theory, linguacultural approach, and analysis of semantic components. There is much discussion about meaning in linguistics and semantics, which shows that semantic analysis is often a subjective process depending on researcher’s interpretation. To obtain reliable results, this research is based on the theory about semantic roles and how they display physical violence. Major or core semantic roles are Aggressor, Victim and Cause. The author of this research is interested in interpersonal physical violence, which appears in novel “Pīters Vylāns” as Subjects or Objects of physical violence. There are several functional levels of physical violence lexis: 1) it is actualized in context with 1905 Russian Revolution; 2) it is a way, how to give a masculine voice in novel; 3) subjects and objects of psychical violence are interacting; 4) it demonstrates some features of patriarchal thinking. A number of verbs are used to describe violence, which means that violence is very active and it includes lot of persons as aggressors or victims, or both. In some cases subjects of physical violence are anonymous. Usage of pronouns is also important, because they help to describe violence. For example, “I” as storyteller , “you” in dialogue function, “he” or “she” as the third person or somebody and “we” as group of aggressors or victims. Domestic violence is directed to husband or wife and mostly it is described as men’s power over women, but in some cases also women are aggressors.

Aggression Using a Knife or Other Sharp Instruments and Oral-Maxillofacial Trauma: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Epidemiologic Trends

The aim of the present study was to characterize the profile of victims of interpersonal physical violence (IPV) caused by a knife or other sharp instrument, identify the factors associated with maxillofacial trauma, and examine the incidence of maxillofacial trauma over time. In a retrospective cohort study, we evaluated 569 medicolegal and social records of IPV victims by knife or other sharp instruments treated at a forensic medicine and dentistry center in Brazil during a 4-year consecutive period. The variables investigated were related to the sociodemographic characteristics of the victims, circumstances of the aggression, and trauma patterns. Descriptive and multivariate statistics through Poisson regression and trend analysis with the creation of polynomial regression models were used. The cumulative incidence of oral-maxillofacial trauma was 19.3%. The mean age of the victims was 31.29±13.82years. Cases of trauma affecting more than one region of the face prevailed (45.5%). Based on the final Poisson regression model, unemployed people were more likely to exhibit maxillofacial trauma (relative risk [RR] 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-3.35; P=.039). In addition, individuals were more likely to experience maxillofacial trauma on Wednesdays (RR 1.85; 95% CI 1.01-3.37; P=.045). The trend analysis revealed a significant increase in oral-maxillofacial injuries over time (P<.05). The incidence of oral-maxillofacial trauma was high, and the main factors associated with trauma were the victim's employment status and day of occurrence. Future studies will focus on assessing the effect of maxillofacial trauma on the quality of life and well-being of violence victims.

Hazardous drinking and exposure to interpersonal and community violence on both sides of the U.S. -Mexico border.

Different patterns of heavy drinking occur by country and proximity to the U.S. Mexico border. Few studies describe the impact of violence on drinking between countries and along the border. Survey data is from U.S. Mexican origin adults living in Texas and Mexican border and non-border cities, N=4,796. Participants were asked about alcohol consumption, interpersonal physical violence (IPV) and exposure to community violence. Monthly hazardous drinking (5+/4+ for men/women) was the primary outcome. Multivariate logistic regression model comparisons identified best predictors. In the U.S. hazardous drinking was associated with past year IPV (ORadj=2.5; 1.8-3.5) and community violence (ORadj=1.4; 1.1-1.8). In Mexico, IPV (ORadj=3.9; 2.0-7.4) and border proximity (ORadj=0.5; 0.4-0.8) were associated with hazardous drinking but not community violence. Hazardous drinking is associated with IPV in both countries, but violence did not explain border hazardous drinking differences where they existed in Mexico.

Profile of Men Who Are Victims of Physical Violence by an Intimate Partner

The objective of this study was to characterize the profile of men who are victims of interpersonal physical violence (IPV) by an intimate partner. This study is a retrospective analysis of suspected cases of male victims of IPV by an intimate partner, aged 18 years or older, treated at a Forensic Medicine and Dentistry Center in Brazil. Sociodemographic variables of the victims, the types of violence and the patterns of injuries were evaluated. Over this period, 1520 suspected victims of IPV by an intimate partner were examined; 14.6 % (n = 222) of them were men. Based on Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) two dimensions were formed: the first dimension (internal reliability = 0613) was primarily formed by the relationship between aggressor and victim, the marital status and the type of IPV, and the second dimension (reliability = 0509) by the day of week, the period of day and the marital status.

Pattern of oral–maxillofacial trauma stemming from interpersonal physical violence and determinant factors

Facial trauma is among the most common types of injury. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence and pattern of oral-maxillofacial trauma stemming from interpersonal physical violence (IPV) and determine whether IPV is factor associated with oral-maxillofacial trauma. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 790 complete patient charts for data on the type of IPV for the gender, area of residence (urban or rural), age and type of trauma. Statistical analysis involved the chi-squared test (P<0.05), univariate/multivariate Poisson, and logistic regression (P<0.20). Type of oral-maxillofacial trauma was the dependent variable. Socio-demographic status and type of IPV were the independent variables. One hundred forty (17.7%) individuals had oral-maxillofacial injuries stemming from IPV [80 (10.1%) due to urban violence (UV) and 42 (5.3%) due to domestic violence (DV)]. DV was more prevalent among females (69%), and UV was more prevalent among males (67.5%). The most common types of trauma were facial contusion and laceration, dental concussion, and mandibular fracture. Age and UV were explanatory factors for mandibular fracture. Females from rural areas and who suffered DV were more likely to exhibit facial contusion and dental concussion. Interpersonal physical violence was identified as a factor associated with oral-maxillofacial trauma, specifically mandibular fracture, facial contusion, and dental concussion.

Civilized Mayhem: Origins and Early Development of American Football

Over a period of approximately 30 years, from the 1880s to the 1910s, American ‘gridiron’ football evolved from the British sport of rugby football. In the course of this evolution, American football became increasingly rationalized, largely as the result of innovations suggested by Walter Camp. Most of the innovations reduced the game's extremely high level of expressive interpersonal physical violence. In this sense, the game has been another instance of Norbert Elias's ‘civilizing process’. In recent years, however, partly as a result of licit and illicit drugs, the level of violence has risen. In all likelihood, it will continue to rise.

Le cycle de la violence physique : trajectoire sociale et cheminement personnel de la violence individuelle et de groupe

This article is about interpersonal physical violence. The description of the course of violent crimes in Quebec, based on official statistics and surveys, shows an increase in these crimes and in gang fighting, but the level is equivalent to that we had already known. There are a number of factors responsible for this situation — recent immigration, the reappearance of adolescent gangs and certain social changes. An analysis of interpersonal violence by means of a longitudinal study of individuals shows that it is an activity of the youth, not often repeated and of short duration, which is preceded by other criminal activities. It has been established that there is a strong continuity between agressive acts in early childhood, fighting during adolescence and violent crimes during adulthood. It has also been shown that the appearance of this type of conduct can be predicted under certain conditions. The results call for several preventive measures: the integration of young immigrants, the development of mechanisms for adolescent conviviality, support during the transition from school to the workplace and energetic control of adolescent gangs. Concerning action with regard to individuals, we discuss early discovery of persons at risk and specific types of intervention.

Issues in the measurement of violent incidents and the introduction of a new scale: the 'attacks' (attempted and actual assault scale).

To review the strengths and weaknesses of existing violent incident measures, and introduce a new scale, the 'attacks'. The new scale provides an objective measure of incident severity and focuses on interpersonal physical violence in isolation from other behaviours. The new scale was piloted on six psychiatric wards in the East End of London over a period of 16 weeks. Descriptive data were obtained and validated against official violent incident records. There were 40 incidents by 21 aggressive patients, most of which occurred on the psychiatric intensive care unit. Striking assaults predominated. Continuous holding of the patient by nurses occurred after 17% of incidents. Special observation was also used as a subsequent management method in more than half of the incidents. The scale is acceptable to nurses and valid. Interesting questions are raised about the content of training for staff in the prevention and management of violent incidents.

Victimization from physical violence in Pennsylvania: prevalence and health care use.

To determine the prevalence of interpersonal physical violence (IPV) among Pennsylvania adults, to identify the personal characteristics of the victims, and to determine their health care use for resulting injuries. Population-based data describing physical violence were obtained through a statewide telephone survey of 3,620 Pennsylvania adults selected from households by random-digit dialing in 1994. The prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of victimization from IPV along with ED or other medical care facility use for IPV-related injuries were computed by several personal characteristics. Logistic regression was used to compare victims of IPV and their levels of health care use. The prevalence of reported victimization from IPV was 5.6% (95% CI = 4.9, 6.3). Significantly more victimization was reported by males, persons aged 18-29 years, those employed, and unmarried persons. The proportion of victims who reported to have gone to an ED or other medical care facility for IPV-related injury treatment was 12.9%. Significantly more persons with annual household incomes < $20,000 reported health care use for injuries resulting from IPV than did those with incomes of > or = $20,000 (OR = 3.98; 95% CI = 1.27, 12.48). Health care use for injuries was not found to be related to gender, age, race, employment, or marital status. This population-based study of health care use for IPV-related injuries found that victims of physical violence in Pennsylvania were not only young and unmarried men, but also employed. Health care use for resulting injuries was greater among persons with lower incomes.

Test of an argumentative skill deficiency model of interspousal violence

A model of interpersonal physical violence is derived from the aggression literature and then is utilized to investigate interspousal violence. The model posits that verbal aggression is a catalyst to violence when societal, personal, and situational factors are strong enough to produce a hostile predisposition. Unless aroused by verbal aggression, a hostile disposition remains latent in the form of unexpressed anger. The framework suggests that persons in violent, marriages are more verbally aggressive than other people, and also produces the counterintuitive prediction that violent spouses are less argumentative than people in nonviolent marriages. A study is reported which compared clinical cases of abused wives and abusive husbands to a nonclinical population of husbands and wives. Strong support for the hypothesis was observed. Implications of the results are discussed in terms of understanding communication in violent marriages.