Abstract
Over a period of approximately 30 years, from the 1880s to the 1910s, American ‘gridiron’ football evolved from the British sport of rugby football. In the course of this evolution, American football became increasingly rationalized, largely as the result of innovations suggested by Walter Camp. Most of the innovations reduced the game's extremely high level of expressive interpersonal physical violence. In this sense, the game has been another instance of Norbert Elias's ‘civilizing process’. In recent years, however, partly as a result of licit and illicit drugs, the level of violence has risen. In all likelihood, it will continue to rise.
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