Interpersonal Metadiscourse Markers Research Articles

Function of Self-mention Markers in an Accountancy Conference

This study analyzed presentations made by professionals as part of the development programs to enhance the skills and competencies of Accountants. The presentations at the ASEAN Federation of Accountants (AFA) conference were selected and audio-recorded. The data were then transcribed and documented in a 29 800-word file. Wordsmith tools (Scott, 2020) were used to analyze data. This study focused on using interpersonal metadiscourse markers (Hyland, 2005), particularly Self-- mention as a presentation strategy. The findings showed that ‘I’ and ‘we’ were the dominant Self-mentions in the presentations. They are used as referents for inclusivity and to highlight the presenter's perspectives.

Textual and interpersonal metadiscourse markers in political discourse: A case study

This study explores the use of textual and interpersonal metadiscourse markers in political discourse and their role in persuasion. To this end, the study examines four political speeches delivered by Hillary Clinton, an American politician. The speeches were retrieved from YouTube, transcribed and analysed following Dafouz-Milne’s (2008) model of metadiscourse markers. In addition, Mai’s (2016) taxonomy—which draws on Aristotle’s model of persuasion—was used to identify the persuasive functions of metadiscourse markers. The data were analysed qualitatively. The findings show that Hillary Clinton used a variety of metadiscourse markers; in particular, the interpersonal markers were found more frequently used than the textual markers. Within the interpersonal markers, commentaries with the inclusive “we” was the most frequently used, and within the textual markers, the logical markers with the additive “and” were dominant in her speeches. In terms of persuasion, the study found that Clinton used metadiscourse markers to achieve logical appeal (i.e., logos) more often than affective appeals (i.e., pathos). The results are discussed in light of theories of metadiscourse and political discourse.

Meta-discourse Aspects in Joe Biden’s Inauguration Speech

The aim of this study is to find the types and to explain meta-discourse strategies used in Joe Biden’s selected speech. The study also tries to analyze the selected data by using the Hyland (2005) method or model in which meta-discourse is sorted in to two main kinds Textual and Interpersonal. The study has reached a number of conclusions; the most significant one is that interpersonal meta-discourse is frequently used by Biden for the purpose of affecting and directing American people. The study tries to have the answers to the following Questions:- 1-What type of meta-discourse markers used in Joe Biden’s selected speech? 2-What are the frequencies of the interactional and interpersonal meta-discourse markers in the selected speech? 3-What are the most important functions of meta-discourse in Biden’s speech?

Metadiscourse Markers in Dr. Zakir Naik's Persuasive Discourse

The International speaker Dr Zakir Naik has been the target of many studies for his influential speeches. Analysing persuasive speeches can be tackled from different angles, amongst which is the functional markers of persuasion represented by the Metadiscourse markers. Dr Zakir Naik's persuasive speeches have never been analyzed from a metadiscourse perspective. This paper aims to investigate the types and functions of metadiscourse markers in Zakir Naik's speeches. After transcribing Zakir Naik's videos manually, the coding process was accomplished via NVivo software and Microsoft Excel. Applying Dafouz-Milne's (2008) categories in the codification process, the interpersonal and textual metadiscourse markers are revealed. In terms of interpersonal metadiscourse markers, commentaries have been chiefly employed, contributing to Naik's relation to the audience. In terms of the textual metadiscourse markers, logical markers showed the highest usage. Such markers help in connecting his various persuasion strategies and multi-argument to make them smoothly connected. This paper has found that, generally, Zakir Naik has effectively developed and promoted his arguments via the extensive use of various metadiscourse tools while establishing an excellent relationship with the audience to attain a continuous relationship. This paper also argues that a fruitful approach to explore the interpersonal and textual definitions of language is Dafouz-Milne's categorization of metadiscourse markers as a powerful methodological tool in discourse analysis.

Metadiscourse as a Way of Achieving Persuasion in Literary Criticism Texts

This study aims at examining the use of metadiscourse markers in literary criticism texts to identify the role of the reader and how these markers are used to produce more persuasive essays. The data of 72,727 words from 17 texts were written by three well-known authors, namely, T.S. Eliot, Virginia Woolf and Stanley Fish. Hyland’s (2005) model of interpersonal metadiscourse markers was used to analyze the data. The analysis revealed that metadiscourse markers are used by literary critics to create coherent and persuasive texts. It was found out that the theory of criticism adopted by the literary critics does not affect the use of metadiscourse markers only maybe in terms of relying more on logos, ethos or pathos. The results of this study comply with those of previous research showing that metadiscourse markers are frequently used in literary criticism texts. This study will contribute to both the literary genre and the genre of critical essays by identifying the linguistic features to be used to produce more effective and convincing literary criticism texts. It will also help future critics to write more persuasive texts by highlighting the means that enable them to influence their readers and to produce more coherent and convincing texts. Keywords metadiscourse; persuasion; literary criticism; essays; critical theory

Interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers in research articles of Indonesian expert writers

Academic writing articles serve as the medium of communication among scholars to share knowledge and new inquiries and are made in such a way that the idea they deliver is both understandable and accepted. One essential action to accomplish this is by employing metadiscourse markers. Metadiscourse is viewed as an essential element of credible written texts created by students of ESL and native speakers, by which the intelligibility of communication in research articles can be accomplished through suitable discipline conscience, norms, and belief to track the writers’ pathway to academic promotions. Therefore, employing descriptive qualitative approach, this study aims at investigating the utilization of interpersonal metadiscourse markers and their functions in academic writing. Analysing discussion section of research articles written by Indonesian expert writers, the results show that the metadiscourse markers in the articles are found to be similar to the commonly used markers among academic community, including interactive and interactional markers. Moreover, the employment of markers in the articles reveal the functions of them to indicate relation between sentences, involvement of readers, existence of example, limitation of commitment to propositions, emphasis on general practice and certainty, and reference to the writer.
 HIGHLGHTS:
 
 The appropriate utilization of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers in research articles indicates the international norm of academic writing. 
 The Indonesian expert writer articles fulfill the intelligibility of communication in international research articles. 
 The writing course in the universities needs to emphasize the essential functions of metadiscourse markers.

INTERPERSONAL METADISCOURSE MARKERS IN JACINDA ARDERN SPEECH AT CHRISTCHURCH MEMORIAL

The research aims to find the types of interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers in Jacinda Ardern’s speech at Christchurch memorial, and the function of each metadiscourse markers found in the speech. In doing the analysis, the writers applied Hyland’s (2005) framework of interpersonal metadiscourse. This research applied descriptive qualitative method in analyzing and presenting the results. The findings show that Jacinda Ardern used both interactive and interactional resources of interpersonal metadiscourse. She used the interpersonal metadiscourse markers based on its functions. By the use of metadiscourse markers in the speech, Jacainda Ardern has successfully delivered a well-organized and persuasive speech, and built a good relationship with her audience.

Ethos, Logos and Pathos: Metadiscourse Markers and the Construction of Persuasion in Some Selected Speeches of UNICEF’s Goodwill Ambassadors

This paper aims at investigating the linguistic devices used to carry out the persuasive functions of metadiscourse markers employed in David Beckham and Millie Bobby Brown’s speeches at UNICEF, New York, November 20, 2019. It also aims at identifying the similarities and the differences between the various persuasive appeals and strategies employed in the speeches of those two celebrities. In order to carry out these goals, the research follows Conner and Lauer’s (1985) model of persuasion and Dafouz-Milne’s (2008) theory of metadiscourse markers. Results suggest that many subcategories of both textual and interpersonal metadiscourse markers are found in the speeches of both goodwill ambassadors except for reminders, topicalisers and probability adverbs, but there are some variations in using them. Findings also prove that logical markers are the most used textual metadiscourse markers in both discourses and that the dominant interpersonal linguistic features in both speeches are those which belong to the category of commentaries. According to the use of different persuasive appeals, rational appeal is mostly used by Beckham and Millie.

An Intra-cultural Analysis of Interpersonal Metadiscourse Markers Used in Obama and Trump’s Speeches on the Iran Nuclear Deal

In an attempt to investigate the impact of interpersonal and contextual differences on the use of metadiscourse in political rhetoric, the present corpus-based study sought to examine the similarities and differences between Barack Obama and Donald Trump, the two most recent presidents of the United States of America (USA), in terms of interpersonal metadiscourse markers used in their speeches on the Iran nuclear deal. To this end, Dafouz’s (J Pragmat 40:95–113, 2008) classification of interpersonal metadiscourse was used to compare the two presidents’ general and specific preferences for interpersonal metadiscourse markers. Based on the results drawn from quantitative analysis of the data, no significant difference was found between the two presidents in the use of macro-categories of interpersonal metadiscourse markers. Nonetheless, the results revealed a statistically significant difference between the two presidents in terms of their specific preferences for interpersonal metadiscourse use. The findings implied a significant association between interpersonal and contextual differences and the use of interpersonal metadiscourse on a micro level. The study results may profit those interested in rhetorical analysis of the leading politicians’ discourse to either replicate the success or avoid the failure of their discourse.

Interpersonal Metadiscourse Markers as Persuasive Strategies in Oral Business Presentation

This research was conducted to examine the use of interpersonal metadiscourse markers (IMDMs) in Steve Jobs’ oral business presentation using Hyland’s model. It further aimed to investigate the interpersonal metadiscourse categories and subcategories applied and most predominantly occurring in the type of oral business presentation. A descriptive qualitative method was employed in this research. One and a half-hour of Steve Jobs’ keynotes at annual Macworld tradeshow on January 9th, 2007 were collected and analyzed. The results reveal that interactional subcategory; engagement markers are mostly used by Steve Jobs. Meanwhile, in interactive subcategory transition markers are dominantly used. It indicates that by using interpersonal metadiscourse markers, Steve Jobs expresses his idea, supports his argument, and convinces the audiences by establishing a relationship with them. This research also argues that metadiscourse theory facilitates an involvement between the speaker and the listener and provides a way for mutual comprehension. Thus, the findings have a pivotal implication on how IMDMs might improve the field related to communication skills in professional life or business.

Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Use of Hedges in European and Pakistani English Newspaper: A Corpus-Based Study

Language, discourse and communication reveal social and cultural inclinations of human civilization (Van Dijk, 1997). Language behavior is exhibited through communication which is extracted from three main categories of language; “ideational, interpersonal and textual” (Halliday, 1978, 1985). Hedges are interpersonal metadiscourse markers (Hs), lexical devices that authors employ to arrange their discourse and communicate their standpoint about the substance for the reader. Cultural and linguistic background of the author may affect the employment of hedges in the discourse. The present study investigated the interpersonal metadiscourse marker-hedges- in the Culture section of European English Newspaper (CEEN) and Pakistani English Newspaper articles (CPEN) based on Hyland’s classification (2004). The quantitative corpora-based study contained 32 articles from culture section of Pakistani English newspaper: Dawn News (DN) and 32 articles from culture section of European English Newspaper: BBC. The articles from each newspaper were extracted from online resources. Two corpora have equal representation of words, 40000 each. Data analysis was done using SPSS 22 to see the frequency of hedges used in the data. Moreover, an independent sample t-test was applied. It was found that there is a meaningful difference between the European and Pakistani English newspapers’ usage of hedges. This research would help not only ELT practitioners to teach how hedges change the genre of discourse, but would also shed light on cultural discourse. It would depict how the same hedges are used in two different cultural discourses revealing distinct culture and identity.

Online hate propaganda during election period: The case of Macedonia

Abstract The paper offers a critical discursive and pragmatic analysis of a corpus of hateful Facebook and Twitters status updates of politicians, political activists and voters in the 2016 pre-and-post election period, in Macedonia. Aiming to determine how power is exerted on social media, the paper focuses on identifying the stance social media users take when posting messages with political content. The analysis first attempted to unveil what speech acts the hateful posts are predominantly composed of (e.g. assertive, directives, expressives), what roles the authors of the posts normally assume, who the hateful political discourse in the given socio-political context is directed to, as well as what are some of the predominant linguistic strategies underlying the analysed hateful comments. The results show that, by using mostly assertive and expressive speech acts, social media users assume mainly the roles of analysts and judges and only subsequently the one of activists, they mostly address politicians directly and they use a lot of negative lexis, rhetorical figures and boosters as interpersonal metadiscourse markers to express their negative stance and exert power and dominance.

CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL METADISCOURSE MARKERS IN PERSUASIVE LOCAL NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

This paper aims to explore the role interpersonal metadiscourse markers play in the construction and achievement of persuasion in local British and Iranian newspapers. To this end, a corpus of 120 persuasive opinion articles published in two local Iranian newspapers, namely Isfahan Ziba and Isfahan (Emrooz) Today, and two local British newspapers, namely Liverpool Echo and Chronicle Live, from July 2015 to June 2016, were randomly selected and analyzed based on Dafouz-Milne’s (2008) taxonomy of interpersonal metadiscourse markers. The overal findings disclose that interpersonal metadiscourse is present in the two corpora; however, there are variations in the distribution and frequency of interpersonal markers.

Expert-Like Use of Hedges and Boosters in Research Articles Written by Polish and English Native-Speaker Writers

The present study compares the use of main interpersonal metadiscourse markers - hedges and boosters - in a corpus of 40 research articles from the area of applied linguistics, written in English by native speakers and Polish writers. Used as communicative strategies, these words and expressions increase (boosters) or reduce (hedges) the force of arguments. In order to gain an in-depth insight and to achieve greater precision, in the analysis the author utilizes a concordance tool WordSmith 6.0 (Scott 2012). The results point to important discrepancies in the usage of these text features by authors representing different native languages and cultures. The study has important implications for developing competence in writing for publication in English as a Foreign Language.

Interpersonal Metadiscourse Markers in the “Monash Life” Magazine

Metadiscourse is a new concept of analyzing the discourse related to the relationship between the writer and reader. This can be the way of communicating used by writer to reader. Interpersonal metadiscourse markers are divided into two broad terms; they are interactive and interactional metadiscourse markers. The aims of this research are to identify and explain the interpersonal metadiscourse markers used in the “Monash Life” magazine. This magazine was chosen because it contains many articles in which the writers convey their opinions. The study used twenty two articles in the magazine. The note taking technique was used as the method of collecting the data. First, the articles were read intensively; second, the phrases or words categorized as the type of interpersonal metadiscourse markers were selected. The qualitative method was used to analyze the data. Every sentence or paragraph which contains the types of interpersonal metadiscourse markers were analyzed and classified. The theory of metadiscourse proposed by Hyland (2005) was used in this study. The result of the analysis shows that there were sixty one data that contain the interpersonal metadiscourse markers in the magazine. There were thirty four data found in the category of interactive metadiscourse markers, and twenty seven data in the category of interactional metadiscourse markers. It could be concluded that the use of interactive metadiscourse markers was more dominant than interactional metadiscourse markers in the Monash Life Magazine.

Dimension of Experience: Metadiscourse in the Texts of Novice Non-Native, Novice Native and Expert Native Speaker

Metadiscourse is essential in establishing pragmatically effective academic written communication. However, little is known about how metadiscourse is used in written texts produced by tertiary level second language learners. This corpus-based linguistic research study aims to explore the frequencies and usages of metadiscourse markers in student essays written by Turkish learners of English and investigate the divergences from native speaker norms. As reference corpora, British Academic Written English (BAWE) and British National Corpus (BNC) were used. We found that in academic discourse, regardless of experience in writing (novice or expert) and L1 language background, interpersonal metadiscourse markers are used more frequently than textual metadiscourse markers. The commonalities between novice non-native and expert native writers together with differences between two native speaker groups suggest that pragmatic competence, particularly metadiscourse use, develops by experience regardless of L1 background.

INTERPERSONAL METADISCOURSE MARKERS AS PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES IN BARACK OBAMA’S 2012 CAMPAIGN SPEECHES

One of language features which can be applied to reach the persuasive goal is interpersonal metadiscourse. Although it has been frequently investigated in written texts, research on interpersonal metadiscourse in campaign speeches is still relatively hard to find, whereas a lot of features of interpersonal metadiscourse in campaign speeches are used as persuasive strategies. This study aims to explain the meaning of interpersonal metadiscourse markers applied in Barack Obama’s campaign speeches related to his persuasive strategy. The data are analyzed by using Dafouz’s (2008) theory of interpersonal metadiscourse markers categorization. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. The results reveal that all interpersonal metadiscourse markers categories, namely hedges, certainty markers, attributors, attitude markers, and commentaries, are used in Barack Obama’s campaign speeches. High frequency of use of attitude markers and commentaries shows that Obama in his campaign speeches tries to build emotional ties with his audience as his persuasive strategy.

A Comparative Study of Boosters in the Discussion Section of Medical and Applied Linguistics Articles

This study tried to investigate the role of interpersonal meta-discourse markers such as boosters. In order to illuminate this relation, 15 medical and 15 applied linguistics articles were selected randomly from around 50 articles. Therefore, quantitative and qualitative methods were applied to answer the research questions to identify the frequency and percentage of booster employment in their discussion sections. Moreover, to determine the supposedly meaningful differences between booster applications in the corpus, the chi-square test was used. The findings showed that there was not any significant difference between applied and medical articles in using boosters in their discussion section. Moreover, it was found that boosters such as it is clear that, definitely, certainly, really, totally, always were the most frequent ones which were used in two groups of articles namely applied and medical articles. Since meta-discourse markers, i.e., boosters play crucial roles in mediating the relationship between what writers intend to argue and their discourse communities, the results of the present study have obvious importance in increasing students’ awareness of the way they organize their writings.

Interpersonal Metadiscourse Markers in Turkish Election Rally Speeches Delivered by Pro-Turkish and Pro- Kurdish Leaders

Interpersonal Metadiscourse Markers in Turkish Election Rally Speeches Delivered by Pro-Turkish and Pro- Kurdish Leaders

Metadiscourse Markers Misuses; A Study of EFL Learners’ Argumentative Essays

The present study was conducted to investigate the misuses of two main categories of metadiscourse markers used by a group of university students. To this end, 50 EFL learners of intermediate language proficiency level were chosen by means of administering a TOEFL proficiency test. The participants were female junior students majoring in English literature at Kerman Azad University.These learners were regarded as intermediate ones scoring 400-550 in the proficiency test. Then, the learners were provided with an argumentative topic to write a 250-word essay in 45 minutes. The number of misuses of metadiscourse markers were counted with regard to their use of textual and interpersonal markers of this kind, and the subcategories of textual (logical connectives, frame markers, endophoric markers, evidentials, and code glosses), and the subcategories of interpersonal metadiscourse markers (hedges, emphatics, attitude markers, relational markers, and person markers). Moreover, different classifications of misuses were explored. The results of Chi-square analysis indicated that misuses of metadiscourse makers can be due to overuse of these markers (e.g. logical connective and person markers), punctuation,interlingua, and intralinguaerrors. Finally, using a Pearson correlation to investigate the correlation between the participants’ TOEFL score and essay score, it was concluded that language proficiency has a positive relationship with the uses of metadiscourse markers and essays quality.