Interpersonal Level Research Articles

Interrelationship between dental clinicians and laboratory technicians: a qualitative study

BackgroundEffective communication among members of the dental team is essential for the delivery of high-quality dental care. However, an in-depth understanding of issues concerning the interrelationship between dental clinicians and laboratory technicians has not been previously undertaken. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore factors influencing the interrelationship between dental clinicians and laboratory technicians.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with dental clinicians and laboratory technicians using purposeful snowball sampling. Two trained researchers conducted the interviews based on a pre-piloted topic guide. The interviews were conducted via video conferencing platform, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Field notes were taken during the interviews. Framework Methodology was used to analyze the data.ResultsA total of 20 dental clinicians and laboratory technicians were interviewed. The average interview duration was 37 min. Participants mainly reported negative encounters and highlighted the importance of training and exposure, collaborative learning, and alignment of expectations of both parties in terms of cost of laboratory work, turnaround time, and patient preferences. The relationship between dental clinicians and laboratory technicians depends largely on effective teamwork dynamics and open communication channels. Increased workload, workforce shortage, availability of digital systems, management policies, and financial challenges were emphasized as organizational factors affecting the interrelationship between both groups. Participants highlighted the importance of shadowing, mentorship, education courses, joint discussions, patient-technician rapport, and adoption of digital technology for fostering collaborative practices between the professions.ConclusionsA multitude of factors influencing the dental clinician-laboratory interrelationship at individual, interpersonal and organizational levels were identified. This study highlights the need to build a transformative relationship underpinned by mutual trust and respect. Such a collaborative relationship will facilitate optimal patient care and successful treatment outcomes. The outcome of this study can help stakeholders identify solutions for enhancing the interrelationship among the dental team, to ultimately improve patient care and efficiency of dental services.

Multi-Level Determinants of Food Insecurity among Racially and Ethnically Diverse College Students.

Compared with the general population, the prevalence of food insecurity (FI) is higher among college students. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated FI disparities and highlighted the need for further research to better understand and address FI in this population. Although race and ethnicity are two of the strongest predictors of FI among college students, little research is available on the determinants of FI among racial/ethnic minority college students. A cross-sectional study (n = 588) based on the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities research framework was examined to identify population-specific determinants of FI among racially/ethnically diverse college students through the assessment of multiple domains (behavioral, environmental, socio-cultural) and levels of influence (individual, interpersonal, and community levels). Discrimination was the sole predictor of FI for non-Hispanic Black students. Coping mechanisms for FI (savings, reduced intake) and body mass index (BMI) were predictors of FI for Hispanic and non-Hispanic White students. Additionally, decreased holistic support from faculty and staff was also observed as a predictor of FI in Hispanic students. Implications include the need for further research and the development of multi-level, tailored interventions to address FI among college students with the goal of decreasing disparities.

All-Around: Elite Gymnasts’ Perspectives on Creating a Healthy Culture

The need to create healthy cultures within Gymnastics has been demonstrated by a rseies of high profile cases which are illustrative of unhealthy cultures. The present study interviewed 6 international level gymnasts to explore their perceptions as to what constitutes a healthy culture. Inductive thematic analysis highlighted the need to adopt a socio-ecological approach which recognizes the influences of factors at the individual (i.e., developing ability and achieving personal goals), interpersonal (i.e., supportive peer relationships and effective coach-athlete relationship)and institutional (i.e., sense of community and a focus on developing psychosocial skills) levels. The findings from the present study can be used to inform coaches and national governing bodies on the importance of these factors, especially when considering the prioritisation of gymnasts ’psychological wellbeing in the context of elite sport.

Насилие как политико-правовая категория: анализ понятия

The article presents an analysis of the concept of "violence" as a political and legal category in the context of social relations, examines the semantics of the term and the levels of its content. The essence of violence as a sign of the state is revealed, its role and nature are determined in the context of theories of the origin of the state. On the basis of the formation of the norms of international law, the authors studied the dynamics of the legal regulation of violence from the regulation of the conditions of its use in the context of military operations to the refusal of states from the use of force and the threat of force. The modern approaches of the international community and the domestic legislator to the regulation of the phenomenon of violence at the interpersonal and intergroup levels are noted.

The Social Ecological Model: A Framework for Understanding COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among Healthcare Workers-A Scoping Review.

Vaccination plays a crucial role in combating the global COVID-19 pandemic. Immunizing all healthcare workers (HCWs) is essential for increasing vaccine confidence and acceptance within the general population. Understanding the factors that hinder or facilitate vaccine uptake among HCWs is of utmost importance, considering they are among the first to be vaccinated. This review follows Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage methodological framework. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, WorldCat Discovery, and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed articles published from 2020 to 2023. A descriptive analysis and narrative synthesis approach were employed to collect and synthesize data. Using the social-ecological model as a framework, the literature was categorized into themes at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels. We reviewed a total of fifty-three published academic articles, with the majority of studies conducted in Ethiopia and Nigeria. The intention for vaccine uptake resulted in an unsatisfactory (52%) overall uptake rate among HCWs. Individual-level determinants associated with vaccine uptake included being male, middle-aged, being a physician, having a higher level of education, and having a chronic illness. This review identified significant barriers at each level, such as safety concerns, perceived scientific uncertainty, vaccine ineffectiveness, lack of trust in stakeholders, and religious beliefs. Additionally, we identified facilitators at each level, with the most common factors promoting intention to uptake being the desire to protect oneself and others and a high perceived susceptibility to contracting COVID-19. This review highlights the existence of significant barriers to vaccine uptake on the African continent. Given that HCWs play a crucial role in guiding the public's vaccination decisions, it is imperative to prioritize education and training efforts about the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines.

Research on the Evaluation Mechanisms of the Design Form and Connotation of Digital Games from a Multimodal Interaction AnalyticalPerspective

This research endeavor primarily focuses on computer, or electronic transport games. Electronic games are based on a computer's ability to utilize a proportional calculation pattern that simulates imagined human behavior. While the game industry has grown substantially in recent years, methods for evaluating such games remain underdeveloped. Existing evaluation systems also tend to overlook gender bias, overt violence, and a lack of sexual imagination. To construct a more appropriate evaluation system in terms of both form and function, and operating from the perspective of linguistic multimodal interaction analysis, this study analyses the form design of video games with regard to game action levels and modal configuration, as well as the multiple functional meanings in game design at the ideational, interpersonal, and textual, and expressive levels. In addition, the principles of multimodal discourse analysis are applied to popular games, such as Harry Potter: Magic Awakened and It Takes Two, to enrich discussions of this theoretical framework and provide systematic suggestions for game design's diversified and innovative development. The goal of this article is for scholars in various fields to use the analytical paradigm offered herein to examine multimodal expressions in more evaluation mechanisms of game design in the future.

A socioecological description of the influencing factors to midwives' management of preeclampsia in a Ghanaian tertiary hospital.

In low-resource settings, midwives are the first contact for women with preeclampsia and lead the coordination of care. Unfavourable preeclampsia outcomes create a burden for women, families, and the health system. It is therefore important to understand the unique context of midwives' practice and the complex factors that influence the delivery of maternal healthcare. This qualitative study explored the perspectives of key stakeholders in a tertiary hospital in Ghana regarding the facilitators and barriers influencing midwives' provision of preeclampsia care using a socioecological model. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 42 participants comprising senior managers (n = 7) and hospital midwives (n = 35) in 2021. Thematic analysis used Braun and Clarke's six-step method, and the findings were organised within four levels of the socioecological model: individual, interpersonal, organisational, and public policy. Two main themes were identified: 1) Facilitators of preeclampsia management, and 2) Barriers to preeclampsia management. Facilitators were identified at three levels (individual, interpersonal, and organisational) and included midwives' knowledge of preeclampsia; midwives' self-efficacy; midwives' skillset to enhance preeclampsia care; collaborative practice; and strategies for preeclampsia care quality improvement. At the individual level, the barriers were inadequate pre-service preparation, lack of evidence-based midwifery care, and colleagues' work attitudes. Hierarchical decision-making and staff views of women's risk perceptions were identified as barriers at the interpersonal level. At the organisational level, the barriers were: scarce resources and staff shortages, and a lack of midwifery-specific guidelines. Two barriers were identified within the public policy level: the high cost of preeclampsia care and issues with the referral system. Multi-faceted factors play a significant role in midwives' management of preeclampsia. Hence context-specific multi-level interventions have the potential to improve the quality-of-care women in Ghana receive.

Home away from home: international students' experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic and the role of US higher education.

This study focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international students' overall experiences. We interviewed 22 international students from 11 countries and 17 universities in the US who participated in a large longitudinal study that aims to understand the physical and emotional wellbeing of young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Guided by Bronfenbrenner's ecological model, the findings suggested that students were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic at interpersonal, institutional, political, and personal levels. The results showed that the pandemic exacerbated existing stressors such as the lack of social support from family, various visa regulations, competitive and limited job opportunities, discrimination and xenophobia, particularly toward students from Asia, and financial burdens. Additionally, the findings highlighted students' perceived loss of the "American dream" and the uneven return on investment due to the pandemic. This study reveals the importance of US higher education institutions in supporting international students during the pandemic, particularly in terms of their sense of belonging. Recommendations for institutions drawn from the findings are proposed to better support international students during times of COVID-19 and beyond.

Mediators of parental educational differences in the intake of carbonated sugar-sweetened soft drinks among adolescents, and the moderating role of neighbourhood income

BackgroundExisting evidence suggests that the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) among adolescents remains a public health concern and that socioeconomic differences in intake exist. Tackling these challenges requires identifying the factors associated with SSB intake and the mediators of socioeconomic differences in SSB intake among adolescents. Thus, this study aimed to explore (i) factors at different levels of the ecological model associated with the intake of carbonated soft drinks with added sugar (hereafter called soft drinks), (ii) mediators of the association between parental education and the intake of soft drinks(iii) whether neighbourhood income moderates the indirect effect of parental education on adolescents’ soft drink intake through potential mediators.MethodsData from 826 7th graders in Oslo, Norway, who participated in the TACKLE cross-sectional study conducted in 2020 were used. The association between factors at the individual, interpersonal and neighbourhood food environment levels and the intake of soft drinks among adolescents was assessed, as well as the mediating roles of these factors for the differences in intake by parental education, using multiple logistic regression and mediation analysis, respectively. Moderated mediation analyses were used to explore whether an indirect effect of parental education on adolescents' soft drink intake through potential mediators varies across neighbourhood income areas.ResultsHigher perceived accessibility of SSB at home, increased parental modelling for SSB intake, and increased frequency of food/drink purchased from the neighbourhood store were associated with a higher intake of soft drinks among adolescents and mediated the differences in intake by parental education. Neighbourhood food environment factors were neither statistically significantly associated with adolescents’ higher intake of soft drinks nor explained the differences in intake by parental education. Moderated mediation analysis showed that the mediating effect of perceived accessibility of SSB at home on the association between parental education and adolescent soft drink intake was stronger among those living in low neighbourhood income.ConclusionsOur study identified modifiable factors at the intrapersonal level (perceived accessibility of SSB at home and frequency of food/drink purchased from neighbourhood shops) and interpersonal levels (parental modelling for SSB intake) associated with a higher intake of soft drinks among adolescents and mediated the differences in the intake by parental education. The modifiable factors identified in this study could be targeted in public health initiatives among adolescents aimed at reducing the intake of soft drinks and the related differences by parental education.

O.5.2-10 Barriers to physical activity among parous women postpartum: a qualitative study in Denmark

Abstract Purpose Physical activity (PA) among parous women postpartum has multiple health benefits to mother and child. Knowledge of the barriers to PA among parous women postpartum is necessary to support future health-enhancing PA interventions. The purpose of this study was to explore the barriers to PA in parous women six to 10 months after giving birth. Methods In this qualitative study, we used a phenomenological–hermeneutic approach to explore barriers to PA among parous women six to 10 months postpartum. Semi-structured interviews were conducted including 16 parous women from Central Denmark Region. These women were physically active before pregnancy; had a mean age of 29 years; differed in level of education; and represented both vaginal birth and caesarian section. The women were recruited from two sources. 1) a video on Facebook, which had >10.000 views, and 2) the Department of Health Visitors at Aarhus Municipality. Nvivo was used for analysis. We used open and closed coding, and quotes from the interviews were used to support claims and illustrate the identified barriers. Results Three categories of barriers were identified. 1) The individual level: lack of motivation to engage in PA, insufficient self-efficacy in PA, limited economical resources, and bodily physical changes. 2) The interpersonal level: lack of a training partner, childcare, and missing community-based activities in sports clubs. 3) The structural level: lack of guidance and directions on PA from the healthcare system, lack of training facilities, the accessibility of training facilities, and the weather. Fourteen of the 16 included women felt “lack of guidance on PA from the healthcare system” as a barrier to PA postpartum. Conclusions 11 barriers to PA among parous women were identified. On a policy level, “lack of guidance and directions from the health care system” is a modifiable barrier, calling for intervention. Health-enhancing PA in parous women postpartum may be improved by addressing this barrier, when future maternity care programs are developed. Support/Funding No funding source was applied for this study.

O.1.3-6 Using a socio-ecological approach to explore healthy lifestyle in elite sport: perspectives of athletes, coaches and managers

Abstract Purpose Elite athletes are continually subjected to a range of constraints specific to high performance, and these can have a negative impact on their health. Although many studies have explored the individual factors related to risky behaviors and disorders in elite sport contexts, and have provided prevention programs, few have focused on health promotion. Consequently, the interpersonal, institutional, and policy factors of the health-related behaviors of elite athletes are still poorly explored. Based on the socioecological model of health, this study aimed to identify the factors involved in the health-related lifestyle of elite athletes. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 45 participants: athletes (N = 32; Mage=20.1, SD = 4.4), their coaches (N = 6; Mage=45.3, SD = 6.4) and managers of elite sport centers (N = 7; Mage=52.0, SD = 7.0). Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Both deductive and inductive thematic analyses were performed. This study was approved by the local Ethic Committee of the University. Results Our results highlight the different levels of factors related to the health-related lifestyle of elite athletes, using the socioecological model, as perceived by athletes themselves, coaches, and managers. Regarding intrapersonal factors, resilience qualities and health literacy appeared as key factors to influencing the health-related lifestyle of elite athletes. At the interpersonal level, parents and coaches were considered as the main sources of educational support. Regarding institutional factors, the health policies of the elite sport centers were key factors in supporting the athletes’ healthy lifestyle. Similarities and specificities of the views of the different actors have been identified. Conclusion These results show the interest of the application of the socioecological model in the elite sport domain. They encourage the development of health-promotion programs at different levels of intervention of the socioecological model, beyond traditional health prevention programs. In addition, this study suggests to consider the different perspectives of each actor to co-construct health promotion programs.

Designing an evidence-based working method for medical work disability prognosis evaluation-an intervention mapping approach.

Performing evidence-based work disability prognosis evaluation (WDPE) of clients on sick leave is a difficult task for physicians. The aim was to develop a working method to support physicians in performing evidence-based WDPE and to improve WDPE quality. Intervention Mapping (IM) supplemented with elements of the Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) guided project planning for developing the working method. This approach allowed combination with other frameworks and, e.g., behavior change theories. WDPE quality challenges were analyzed on various ecological levels, e.g., the individual (i.e., the physician), interpersonal (i.e., the client) and organizational level, culminating into a multilevel logic model of the problem. Determinants that contributed to this problem, e.g., lack of physicians' knowledge on performing evidence-based WDPE, were identified. Performance objectives were formulated that could contribute to a desired change in WDPE quality. From the performance objectives and determinants (e.g., knowledge), change objectives were derived. In order to achieve these change objectives, suitable intervention functions (e.g., education) and policy categories (e.g., service provision) were identified, allowing the formulation of intervention components. Behavior change techniques (e.g., feedback on outcomes of a behavior) were selected to serve the intervention functions to deliver the desired change. This led to the conceptualization of an intervention plan. The intervention "Prognosable" is presented. It consists of a stepwise working method (SWM) for evidence-based WDPE. The SWM offers an overview of important aspects (e.g., medical condition, clients' confidence in return-to-work) to consider in individual clients' WDPE. The SWM helps physicians to identify crucial functional limitations, find and appraise evidence-based information, weigh all relevant prognostic aspects and it supports physicians to conclude with an evidence-based WDPE, tailored to the individual client. The intervention "Prognosable" was designed, which also includes an educational program and a supportive software tool to enable implementation of the SWM. IM combined with BCW elements guided the development of a SWM for evidence-based WDPE. The SWM will be delivered through an educational program for physicians supported by a digital tool. The SWM, educational program and digital tool are ready to be implemented and evaluated in practice as the intervention "Prognosable."

A qualitative exploration of tuberculosis patients who were lost to follow-up in Malaysia.

Loss to follow-up (LTFU) is an unsuccessful treatment outcome for tuberculosis (TB) patients. In Malaysia, LTFU affects around 1 in 20 TB patients. Integration of qualitative research methods and evidence will provide a better understanding of LTFU and its underlying issues. In this study, we qualitatively explored TB patients' experiences in receiving treatment and their reasons for leaving TB care. In-depth interviews of 15 patients with a history of LTFU were conducted from January to September 2020. Interview guides were developed to explore TB patients' experiences while receiving treatment, including challenges faced and reasons for treatment interruption. Data were thematically analysed using the framework method. We identified 11 emerging themes that occurred at four levels of interaction with TB patients. First, at the patient personal level, TB beliefs referring to patients' perception of illness and wellness, patients' perceived role of traditional and complementary medicine, and substance abuse were important. Second, the healthcare system and treatment factors that were highlighted included the organisation of care and treatment, interaction with healthcare professionals, particularly in communication and counselling, and TB medications' side effects. Third, structural factors including financial burden, logistical and transportation issues and work-related factors were identified to be barriers to treatment continuation. Fourth, the interpersonal level interaction of patients should not be neglected; this includes family relationships and support as well as peer influence. Study findings put forth issues and challenges faced by TB patients while receiving treatment and underscore areas where actions can be taken. This will contribute to informing the development and implementation of future TB control strategies that are responsive to TB patients' needs and concerns, to effectively address LTFU and ensure better treatment completion rates among TB patients in Malaysia.

A Systematic Review of Interpersonal Interactions Related to Racism in Studies Assessing Breast and Gynecological Cancer Health Outcomes Among Black Women.

To identify how studies measure racism-related variables at the interpersonal level and identify associated breast and gynecological cancer disparities among Black women. A systematic literature review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Searches were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and Scopus using terms centered on racism and cancer. Inclusion criteria consisted of the study being conducted in the USA with Black or African American women and the study stating an outcome or focus identified as a breast or gynecological cancer health disparity. Two researchers independently screened titles and abstracts and full texts articles and completed quality assessments of included studies. Data were extracted into a matrix table, and common concepts were identified and synthesized using the matrix method. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tools. Thirteen studies that examined the effect of racism-related variables operating at the interpersonal level on breast, cervical, and ovarian cancer outcomes in Black women were identified for inclusion. Across studies, racism-related variables were measured as discrimination, trust, racism, and clinician-patient interactions. Additionally, across studies, disparities were identified in cancer screening, treatment received, survivorship quality of life, and incidence. This review highlights the need for valid, reliable, and consistent measurement of racism operating at the interpersonal level to first understand its impact on cancer health disparities and to also facilitate the development and evaluation of interventions aimed at mitigating interpersonal-level racism.

Using a socioecological approach to explore healthy lifestyle in elite sport: a qualitative study of French athletes’, coaches’, and managers’ perspectives

ABSTRACT Elite athletes are continually subjected to a range of constraints specific to high performance, and these can have a negative impact on their health. Although many studies have explored the individual factors related to risky behaviours and disorders in elite sport contexts, few have focused on health promotion. Consequently, the interpersonal, institutional, and policy factors of the health-related behaviours of elite athletes are still poorly explored. Based on the socioecological model, this study aimed to identify the factors involved in the health-related lifestyle of elite athletes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 45 participants: athletes (N = 32), their coaches (N = 6) and the managers of elite sport centres (N = 7). Both deductive and inductive thematic analyses were performed. Our results highlight the views of the actors. Regarding intrapersonal factors, resilience qualities and health literacy appeared as key factors in influencing the health-related lifestyle of elite athletes. At the interpersonal level, parents and coaches emerged as the main sources of educational support. Regarding institutional factors, the health policies of the elite sport centres were key factors in supporting the athletes’ healthy lifestyle. These results encourage the development of health promotion programs at different levels of intervention.

Bringing Emotions Back to Research on stem Teachers and Teaching

Abstract stem education is widely recognized as a means to equip students with generic competences to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Thus, researchers have explored the challenges to stem education implementation and recommended strategies to overcome these challenges to enhance the effectiveness and quality of stem education. However, stem teachers’ emotions are overlooked in the literature, although emotions have significant impacts on the quality of teaching and the implementation of stem education. This article aims to provide a conceptual analysis of stem teachers’ emotions by drawing on literature on teachers’ emotions. The analysis suggests that stem teachers’ emotions can be constructed at interpersonal, interactional, and institutional levels, with different mechanisms operating at each level. Since these levels are interrelated, researchers should be theoretically sensitive to the multilevel facets, although they may focus on one of these levels in their studies.

Incorporating macro-social contexts into emotion research: Longitudinal associations between structural stigma and emotion processes among gay and bisexual men.

Research into correlates and predictors of emotion regulation has focused almost exclusively on individual differences and the immediate situation. Here, we consider whether features of macro-social contexts may also shape emotion regulation. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a longitudinal study of 502 gay and bisexual men living in 269 U.S. counties that varied in the level of stigma surrounding sexual minorities. We find that gay and bisexual men living in higher- (vs. lower-) stigma counties consistently reported more suppression, which consequently explained longitudinal increases (vs. decreases) in their lack of emotional clarity over 24 months. Results were robust to demographic characteristics, stigma at the interpersonal level (i.e., sexual orientation-related discrimination), and another form of social inequality (i.e., county-level income inequality). These findings suggest that broadening the lens of emotion regulation research to include characteristics of the macro-social environment may yield new insights into determinants of emotion regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Family literacies as peacemaking: Representations in Children’s literature

This paper presents an analysis of the discursive contours of peacemaking within families as represented in children’s literature. We turned to the Jane Addams Children’s Book Award (JACBA), which recognizes literature that engages children in thinking about peace and social justice. We analyzed the 2015-2021 collection of twenty-six award winning books for younger children. We found at least ten pathways of peacemaking that families engage in through their multimodal literacy practices. Drawing on family-centric peacemaking episodes, we present analytically rich portraits of how peacemaking unfolds at textual, ideational, and interpersonal levels across time, space, and generations. We argue this analysis provides us insight into the historical, political, and social realities that inform students and families’ lives in early childhood literacy classrooms.

Association between neighbourhood cohesion and physical activity trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic using data from Understanding Society: The UK Household Longitudinal Study & COVID-19 sub-study

Neighbourhood cohesion is increasingly recognised as a key determinant of health and health-related behaviours. Positive association between social support and physical activity have been demonstrated on an interpersonal level, there is less evidence at group-level. This study aimed to examine the association between neighbourhood cohesion and physical activity trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hypothesizing that higher neighbourhood cohesion was a protective factor against reduced physical activity during the pandemic. Data from Understand Society (wave 9, Jan 2017–Dec 2019), and the COVID-19 sub-study (waves 1, 5, 7) was used. Participants (N = 14,475) had baseline data and at least one Covid physical activity measure. We used linear mixed models with a random intercept and slope at the individual level and an unstructured correlation matrix to examine the association between neighbourhoodcohesion and physical activity during the follow-up period.We found a significant reduction in physical activity (-441 MET-min/wk, (CI 374.51 – 507.65, p < 0.001) through the COVID-19 pandemic, and that higher neighbourhood cohesion was related to higher physical activity after control for covariates. There was a significant difference between neighbourhood cohesion categories and change seen in PA during the 39-month follow-up period (difference in change between lowest and highest neighbourhood cohesion categories = 373 MET-min/wk, p = 0.036), higher neighbourhood cohesion had a protective effect. Strong relationships between public health and urban planning sectors are needed to build communities with structures in place to support a sense of community, social interaction and attraction to the neighbourhood. This will help long-term neighbourhood cohesion and support increased physical activity.

Conflict and crime. Restorative justice in Italy.

The article presents a socio-legal analysis of the Legislative Decree (Lgs.D.) of 10 October 2022, n.150, implementing the law of 27 September 2021, n.134 (so-called "Cartabia reform"), which provides for the introduction in Italy of a comprehensive framework regulation of restorative justice. The central theme of this paper is precisely the conflict connected to a crime, the offender-victim relationship and restorative justice in the light of the aforementioned decree. As Luhmann observes, the omnipresence of conflicts in society is self-evident. Even the crime produces a conflict or, at times, is the extreme expression of a pre-existing and sometimes latent conflict. The problem that arises is, therefore, that of the control and management of conflicts. These are usually managed by the law, but, given its limitations, it is increasingly necessary to encourage the use of restorative justice programs. On an interpersonal level, conflict triggers a negative mechanism of hostility and disavowal of the other, which either wraps itself in an explosive vortex, or deviates, becoming the pretext for abandoning the only form of communication that conflict makes possible, as Luhmann observes, the one based on "no". The Italian regulatory intervention certainly appears relevant, albeit with some critical issues, and to be kept under observation for future application developments.