Internet Of Nano-Things Research Articles

Error Performance and Mutual Information for IoNT Interface System

Molecular communication and the Internet of Nanothings (IoNT) are emerging research hotspots recently, which show great potential in biomedical applications inside the human body. However, how to transmit information from inside body IoNTs to outside devices is seldomly studied. It is well known that the nervous system is responsible for perceiving the external environment and controlling the feedback signals. It exactly works like an interface between the external and internal environment. Inspired by this, this article proposes a novel concept that one can use the modified nervous system to communicate between IoNT devices and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in vitro</i> equipments. In our proposed system, nanomachines transmit signals via stimulating the nerve fiber by the electrode. Then, the signals transmit along nerve fibers and muscle fibers. Finally, they cause changes in surface electromyography (sEMG) signals, which can be decoded by the body surface receiver. This article presents the framework of this entire through-body communication system. Each part of the framework is also mathematically modeled. The error probability and mutual information of the system are derived from the communication theory perspective, which are evaluated and analyzed through numerical results. This study can pave the way for the connection of IoNT <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in vivo</i> to external networks.

Extending lifetime of Wireless Nano-Sensor Networks: An energy efficient distributed routing algorithm for Internet of Nano-Things

Recent improvements in nanotechnology and Internet of Things (IoT) have led to the emergence of the concept of Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT). This concept provided ease of access and communication facilities for the nano-devices in applications of different fields operating at the molecular level such as health, industry, agriculture, robotics and military. These distributed devices interconnect over the Wireless Nano-Sensor Networks (WNSNs) in nano-scale which have limited energy and capacity. Therefore, these devices need to use their energy efficiently when communicating with each other to ensure network continuity and maintain all processes of IoNT applications. In this paper, a novel energy-efficient distributed routing algorithm, namely DEEPNT, is proposed in order to extend the lifetime of WNSNs in IoNT applications. The communication backbone of WNSNs constructed by DEEPNT by selecting cluster head nodes can be used in all types of IoNT applications in nano-scale in order to provide continuous data flow in critical areas such as healthcare running in vivo. This novel energy-efficient distributed protocol is compared with the traditional flooding based method and with an energy aware routing algorithm. According to the results, DEEPNT prolongs the WNSNs average lifetime respectively up to 10.78 and 5.95 times compared to mentioned algorithms despite the larger network sizes in nano-scale.

Design of Energy-Efficient Protocol Stack for Nanocommunication Using Greedy Algorithms

With the passage of time, nanotechnology has become a mature discipline. It attracts attention of researchers toward nanocommunication and trying to give comprehensive set of tools to the engineering community. Nanonetwork contains nanosized communication devices that can be used in the field of military, bio medical, environment, ICT, and industry. Its communication abilities make this field powerful enough to make the devices interact with each other in the micro/macro world. The interconnection between nanonodes is not possible with the help of traditional networking techniques. In the upcoming years, nanotechnology is expecting to bring the integration of different nanodevices ranging from one to a few hundred of nanometers. This revolutionary transition is bringing Internet of Things (IoT) to Internet of Nanothings (IoNT). Due to its limited communication and computational capabilities, the energy availability in nanodevices is very scarce, which lead to various research challenges in the field of nanocommunication. The energy constraint narrows down the overall scope of nanocommunication. This research work will provide a step ahead and propose a design of energy-efficient routing protocol. The suggested solution will increase the effectiveness of nanocommunication techniques to achieve the maximum throughput by optimizing energy harvesting procedure. The comparison of devised solution and the state-of-the-art nanocommunication techniques will be established and evaluated through simulation. The results will be displayed and discussed to pave the way for future research in the domain of Internet of Nanothings (IoNT).

New Insights on Molecular Communication in Nano Communication Networks and their Applications

The advancement in nanotechnology has carved out a way to establish a powerful base to fall on for implementation of nanoscale machines having the capability to carry out significant yet trivial tasks. This impetus has led the researchers to continually bring up various solutions for implementing and executing nanoscale communications taking into consideration of biological as well as electromagnetic communication. The primary aims are expanding the abilities of nanoscale devices to integrated multiple composite tasks by reciprocated coordination, which can be carried out through this communication type. This paper describes the current research developments in nano communication networks, focusing on molecular communication (MC). MC makes use of molecules as an information transporter between nanoscale machines. Molecules help in enciphering messages to send between a sender and a receiver. MC has, thereby, become an inseparable part of the IoNT (Internet of Nano-Things) as a communication model among nanoscale machines. This paper also gives a description of the design of MC systems and various channelling models used to address the various challenges and opportunities in this new upcoming and developing field. In addition, this review article is also inclusive of an investigative survey on the recent developments in this field.

Hardware Constructions for Error Detection in Lightweight Authenticated Cipher ASCON Benchmarked on FPGA

Lightweight cryptography plays a vital role in securing resource-constrained embedded systems such as deeply-embedded systems, RFID tags, sensor networks, and the Internet of nano-Things. ASCON is one of the finalists for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) lightweight cryptography standardization competition advanced to the final round in April 2021. It is designed to provide authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) and hashing functionalities in hardware and software implementations. ASCON’s lightweight design utilizes a 320-bit permutation, bit-sliced into five 64-bit register words, providing 128-bit level security. This brief, for the first time, proposes error detection mechanisms for secure hardware implementations of ASCON. The proposed schemes, i.e., signature, interleaved signature, and cyclic redundancy check approaches are presented for both LUT and logic-based implementations of ASCON. The proposed error detection schemes are also benchmarked on two FPGA families (Spartan-7 and Kintex-7), achieving acceptable area, power, and delay overheads. The proposed mechanisms also provide a high error coverage (99.99%) shown via simulations performed for 640,000 injected faults. Hence, these approaches aim to make the respective ASCON architectures more reliable.

ERPPM IoNT: Event Recognition using Pulse Position Modulation in Internet of Nano Things

Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) is an expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) with the capacity to monitor extremely fine-grained events with sensors on a scale ranging from one to a hundred nanometers. One major challenge for this type of communication paradigm is to determine the identity of the transmitting nodes and the events. From previous works, we know that different amount of energy is discharged in the environment from different events. This motivates us to propose an energy-neutral event recognition framework using pulse position modulation in which the event information is transmitted by the sensors that use the energy harvested from the event. In this framework, we use pulse position to identify transmitting nodes communicating with a single receiver. However, using this approach, we can also encode the identity of multiple receivers when a single node communicates with them without employing an addressing scheme in IoNT networks. In both cases, the energy observation of the received pulse helps in identifying the event type. The feasibility of the proposed framework is demonstrated by a large number of numerical simulations which include terahertz channels. We find that the proposed framework achieves 99% accuracy for detecting ten different event types at a distance of 30 mm.

Internet of Nanothings (IoNT) and Machine Learning (ML) – Innovations in drug discovery and Healthcare system

The IoNT offers a medium to connect various nanodevices with the help of high speed networks. Using this technology nanodevices can be deployed along with other advanced technologies such as cloud computing, big data and ML. Many tedious tasks can be taken over by linked inanimate objects and better availability of information using IoNT-ML. This technology has shown great promise in improving efficiencies across numerous pharmaceutical and healthcare industries with high quality and vast datasets. It has the potential to foster innovation while simultaneously improving productivity and delivering better outcomes across the value chain. IoNT-ML can significantly improve the value proportion of pharmaceutical companies by driving innovation and the creation of new business models. This technology can be implemented in almost every aspect of the pharmaceutical industry, right from the drug discovery and development to manufacturing and marketing. This review discusses the principle of ML and its various applications in healthcare sector.

Performance Analysis of Time-Hopping Multiple Access Using Multilevel PPM for Terahertz Nanocommunications

Terahertz (THz)-band nanocommunication is envisioned to revolutionize the future of wireless communications by enabling applications in nanoscale domains such as the Internet of Nanothings, wireless on-chip communications, and advanced health monitoring. However, communication between nanodevices is hindered by the highly frequency-selective and distance-dependent nature of the THz channel, which ultimately restricts nanocommunication distances to a few millimeters. Moreover, attempts by multiple nanodevices to access the channel simultaneously increase the interference in the overall communication system. In this study, a new pulse-based modulation scheme for nanonetworks called <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">time-hopping multilevel pulse position modulation (TH ML-PPM)</i> is proposed and its performance in a multiuser nanocommunication scenario is analyzed. In ML-PPM, each nanomachine in the nanonetwork first transforms the transmitted bits into multilevels by using several orthogonal codes and then modulates each multilevel code into a pulse position. The generated ML-PPM signal is subsequently time-hopped to achieve multiple access. Employing orthogonal coding results in spreading gain at the nanoreceiver, which improves the performance of the proposed scheme. The bit error rate and link capacity of the time-hopped multilevel PPM scheme are evaluated for different THz propagation conditions and system design parameters. The results show that for a THz channel with 10% water vapor concentration, a link capacity of more than 100 gigabits per second is achieved across a transmission distance of 0.5 mm.

Systematic Review of Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) Technology: Taxonomy, Architecture, Open Challenges, Motivation and Recommendations

Internet of nano things (IoNT) is a new and modern part of the internet of things (IoT). Applications that operate in the field of nano scale show a new advantage in communication networks. IoNT opened the door to many applications in various fields with new features derived from the advantages of nanotechnology. In this work, a description of the IoNT during 2015-2021 was achieved, including taxonomy, architecture, motives, applications and challenges, in addition to recommendations. The architecture of the IoNT and the most important technologies used in Nano communication networks have been identified, with an indication of the advantages of each. This study, we hope, will make a contribution to this field of science, thus contributing to providing assistance to researchers in this emerging field and covering the challenges they face in this way. That would permit communication between nano-devices to be conventional, making these calibrations to be implemented in various IoNT applications. Until the IoNT system is designed without any problems in the near future, which if achieved, will provide great services, especially in medical applications and other applications.

INTERNET OF NANOTHINGS (IoNT) – A CONCISE REVIEW OF ITS HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE IN PANDEMICS

Technologies that could allow literally billions of everyday objects to communicate with each other over the internet have enormous potential to change all our lives. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a transformative development, these technologies are a way of boosting productivity, keeping us healthier, making transport more efficient, reducing energy needs and making our homes more comfortable. In recent years, Internet of Things (IoT) and Internet of Nanothings (IoNT) have drawn significant research attention in numerous fields such as Healthcare, Defence, Environmental monitoring, Food and water quality control etc., There are various transformations such as Smart cities, Smart homes, Smart factories, Smart transportation, due to IoT and IoNT. Health care delivery requires the support of new technologies like IoT, IoNT to fight and look against the new pandemic diseases. For the past two years COVID-19 spreaded over worldwide including India, are fighting with pandemic disease and still looking for a practical and cost-effective solution to face the problems arising in several ways. To minimize the person to person, contact and to maintain social distancing various technologies are utilized, among them IoT and IoNT play a major role in healthcare system and allied fields. This review mainly discuss about the IoT, IoNT, its components and various applications in healthcare and allied fields.

Fabrication and microfluidic analysis of graphene-based molecular communication receiver for Internet of Nano Things (IoNT)

Bio-inspired molecular communications (MC), where molecules are used to transfer information, is the most promising technique to realise the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), thanks to its inherent biocompatibility, energy-efficiency, and reliability in physiologically-relevant environments. Despite a substantial body of theoretical work concerning MC, the lack of practical micro/nanoscale MC devices and MC testbeds has led researchers to make overly simplifying assumptions about the implications of the channel conditions and the physical architectures of the practical transceivers in developing theoretical models and devising communication methods for MC. On the other hand, MC imposes unique challenges resulting from the highly complex, nonlinear, time-varying channel properties that cannot be always tackled by conventional information and communication tools and technologies (ICT). As a result, the reliability of the existing MC methods, which are mostly adopted from electromagnetic communications and not validated with practical testbeds, is highly questionable. As the first step to remove this discrepancy, in this study, we report on the fabrication of a nanoscale MC receiver based on graphene field-effect transistor biosensors. We perform its ICT characterisation in a custom-designed microfluidic MC system with the information encoded into the concentration of single-stranded DNA molecules. This experimental platform is the first practical implementation of a micro/nanoscale MC system with nanoscale MC receivers, and can serve as a testbed for developing realistic MC methods and IoNT applications.

Emerging IoT domains, current standings and open research challenges: a review.

Over the last decade, the Internet of Things (IoT) domain has grown dramatically, from ultra-low-power hardware design to cloud-based solutions, and now, with the rise of 5G technology, a new horizon for edge computing on IoT devices will be introduced. A wide range of communication technologies has steadily evolved in recent years, representing a diverse range of domain areas and communication specifications. Because of the heterogeneity of technology and interconnectivity, the true realisation of the IoT ecosystem is currently hampered by multiple dynamic integration challenges. In this context, several emerging IoT domains necessitate a complete re-modeling, design, and standardisation from the ground up in order to achieve seamless IoT ecosystem integration. The Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT), Internet of Space-Things (IoST), Internet of Underwater-Things (IoUT) and Social Internet of Things (SIoT) are investigated in this paper with a broad future scope based on their integration and ability to source other IoT domains by highlighting their application domains, state-of-the-art research, and open challenges. To the best of our knowledge, there is little or no information on the current state of these ecosystems, which is the motivating factor behind this article. Finally, the paper summarises the integration of these ecosystems with current IoT domains and suggests future directions for overcoming the challenges.

A State of Art Survey of Nano Technology: Implementation, Challenges, and Future Trends

Nanotechnology is a field of study that aims to make our lives easier, safer, and more environmentally friendly. With current upgrades and alterations to available networking and communication paradigms, incorporating Wireless Nano Sensor Networks (WNSN) with various products, sensors, and devices would introduce new network paradigms. The Internet of Nano Things is a term for this concept (IoNT), To achieve seamless interconnection between Nano networks and existing communication networks and the Internet, many topologies and communication paradigms must be developed while technological hurdles are addressed. The amount of data accessible limits how much research and decision-making can be done. This research visualizes a wide range of nanotechnology applications. The goal of this project was to show in more than way this research method may be used to information recommendation services. The routing protocol is critical in WNSN and IoNT because of the many nanoscale constraints. While ensuring the flow of data and information, this routing protocol must take into account the specific features of nanoscale communication.This research aims to provide insight into the WNSN (Wireless Nano Sensor Networks) and IoNT (The Internet of Nano Things) paradigms, as well as a detailed assessment of a large number of current routing protocols that are tailored to the characteristics and features of nano communication. Big data applications with their features and characteristics in general also use cloud computing. This paper explains different hands based on neural networks and implemented on FPGAs (which is Field-Programmable Gate Array) and other genetic algorithms and neural networks. Many more approaches and models compare.

A Single Magnetic Particle with Nearly Unlimited Encoding Options.

Communicating objects are demanded for product security and the concepts of a circular economy or the Internet of Nano Things. Smart additives in the form of particles can be the key to equip objects with the desired materials intelligence as their miniaturized size improves applicability and security. Beyond their proposed identification by optical signals, magnetic signals deriving from magnetic particles can hypothetically be used for identification but are to date only resolved roughly. Herein, a magnetic particle-based toolbox is reported, that provides more than 77 billion (77×109 ) different magnetic codes, adjustable in one single particle, that can be read out unambiguously, easily, and quickly. The key towards achieving the vast code variety is a hierarchical supraparticle design that is inspired by music: similarly to how the line-up variation of a musical ensemble yields distinguishable overtones, the variation of the supraparticle composition alters their magnetic overtones. By minimizing magnetic interactions, customizable signals are spectrally decoded by the simple method of magnetic particle spectroscopy. A large number of chemically adjustable magnetic codes and the possibility of their remote, contactless detection from within materials is a breakthrough for unexploited labeling applications and pave the way towards materials intelligence.

A survey on healthcare data security in wireless body area networks

Advances in remote interchanges, the internet of nano things have empowered the wireless body area networks (WBAN) to end up a promising systems of networking standard. It involves interconnected tiny sensors to gather ongoing biomedical data and transmit over the network for further analysis. Due to possibility of active and passive number of attacks, the healthcare data security is quite essential and challenging. This paper presents the systematic literature review (SLR) of the multiple security schemes for WBAN. We have identified a research question to analyses the possibility of several attacks while preserving the memory constraints. We have performed quality valuation to ensure the relevance of schemes with the research question. Moreover, the schemes are considered from 2016 to 2020 to focus on recent work. In literature, several existing schemes are explored to identify how the security is enhanced for exchanging patients' healthcare data. The data security schemes using AES, ECC, SHA-1 and hybrid encryption are analyzed based on influential traits. Several methodologies for data security in WBAN are considered and the most appropriate methodologies are appraised. We also analyses the security for different attack scenarios.

Addressing and flood-based communications for the software-defined metamaterial paradigm

The recently proposed Software-Defined Metamaterial (SDM) paradigm is envisioned to be one of the most beneficiaries of the Internet of NanoThings (IoNT). Given the unprecedented applications in the fields of smart materials and smart textiles supported by SDMs. However, the key-enabler of these applications is still in infancy, which is the design of efficient data communication schemes for dense and resource-constrained nanonetworks. To this end, the present study proposes three communication schemes that consider the three modes of communication in SDM applications (i.e., peer-to-peer, upward and downward communications). The proposed schemes efficiently exploit the well-defined pattern formed by the self-classified forwarders based on their packet reception statistics to route data in arc and line segment paths. To further enhance the energy efficiency, the proposed schemes jointly apply dynamic adjusted counter-based and probabilistic flooding techniques to achieve a reasonable degree of path multiplicity. The results of extensive simulations over various performance scenarios using nano-sim tool on NS-3 show the advantages of the proposed schemes over related works in terms of communication reliability, energy consumption and communication latency.

The internet of nano things (IoNT) existing state and future Prospects

The increase of intelligent environments suggests the interconnectivity of applications and the use of the Internet. For this reason, arise what is known as the Internet of Things (IoT). The expansion of the IoT concept gives access to the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). A new communication networks paradigm based on nano technology and IoT, in other words, a paradigm with the capacity to interconnect nano-scale devices through existing networks. From the interconnection of these nano machines with the Internet emerged the concept of Internet of Nano Things (IoNT). The Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT) is a system of nano connected devices, objects, or organisms that have unique identifiers to transfer data over a computer or cellular network wirelessly to the Cloud. The data delivery, caching, and energy consumption are among the most significant topics in the IoNT nowadays. The nano-networks paradigm can empower the consumers to make a difference to their well-being by connecting data to personalized analysis within timely insights. The real-time data can be used in a diversification of nano-applications in the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT), from preventive treatment to diagnostics and rehabilitation. In this paper intelligibly explains the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT), its architecture, challenges, explains the role of IoNT in global market, IoNT applications in various domains. Internet of things has provided countless new opportunity to create a powerful industrialized structure and many more. The key applications for IoNT communication including healthcare, transportation and logistics, defense and aerospace, media and entertainment, manufacturing, oil and gas, high speed data transfer &amp; cellular, multimedia, immune system support and others services. In the end, since security is considered to be one of the main issues of the IoNT system, we provide an in-depth discussion on security, communication network and Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) market trends.

The internet of nano things (IoNT) existing state and future Prospects

The internet of nano things (IoNT) existing state and future Prospects

A Comprehensive Survey on Hybrid Communication in Context of Molecular Communication and Terahertz Communication for Body-Centric Nanonetworks

With the huge advancement of nanotechnology over the past years, the devices are shrinking into micro-scale, even nano-scale. Additionally, the Internet of nano-things (IoNTs) are generally regarded as the ultimate formation of the current sensor networks and the development of nanonetworks would be of great help to its fulfilment, which would be ubiquitous with numerous applications in all domains of life. However, the communication between the devices in such nanonetworks is still an open problem. Body-centric nanonetworks are believed to play an essential role in the practical application of IoNTs. BCNNs are also considered as domain specific like wireless sensor networks and always deployed on purpose to support a particular application. In these networks, electromagnetic and molecular communications are widely considered as two main promising paradigms and both follow their own development process. In this survey, the recent developments of these two paradigms are first illustrated in the aspects of applications, network structures, modulation techniques, coding techniques and security to then investigate the potential of hybrid communication paradigms. Meanwhile, the enabling technologies have been presented to apprehend the state-of-art with the discussion on the possibility of the hybrid technologies. Additionally, the inter-connectivity of electromagnetic and molecular body-centric nanonetworks is discussed. Afterwards, the related security issues of the proposed networks are discussed. Finally, the challenges and open research directions are presented.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: A Nano-biosensors model with optimized bio-cyber communication system based on Internet of Bio-Nano Things for thrombosis prediction

Thrombosis is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Out of four, one person is dying of thrombosis; yet, the seriousness of this disease is underappreciated. Its early prediction and prevention continue to be a dilemma that confuses researchers. Nevertheless, a light can be seen at the end of the tunnel; thanks to nanoscience which has led to the development of new generations of nanostructure with different applications in bio-medicine and bio-engineering. The key paradigm for the Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) has allowed for new medical data to be collected which potentially helps achieve more accurate disease prediction. It has enabled real-time health services and turned the physical space of a patient into a smart space. While an enabler for several applications, the artificial nature of Internet of Nano Things devices can be harmful where the implementation of Nano Things may lead to unintended health effects. To overcome this issue, researchers have suggested the novel paradigm of the IoBNT that combines nanotechnology with tools from synthetic biology to provide reengineering of biological embedded computing devices. IoBNT promises many medical applications, such as intra-body sensing and actuation networks, based on biological cells and their characteristics in the biochemical field. In this paper, a novel IoBNT-based model with an optimized Bio-Cyber communication interface that helps predict and analyze blood vessel clots is introduced. The model utilizes a bio-interface to collect information on the blood vessels and convert it into an electrical equivalent format. Furthermore, the optical or thermal responsiveness excites the release of definite nano-carrier molecules such as liposomes which may be devised across the bloodstream and enter the targeted area passively to stimulate suitable nano-devices to predict the clots. The Bio-Cyber interface is used for linking the traditional electromagnetic wave to the Bio-Signaling Network based on the bioluminescence concept. Lab-scale simulation analysis shows prominent outcomes in the prediction of blood vessel clots with 97.66% accuracy and 12.22% tolerance level in error rate.