Internet Corporation For Assigned Names And Numbers Research Articles

Institutional sources of legitimacy in multistakeholder global governance at ICANN

AbstractThis article provides a novel systematic exploration of ways and extents that institutional characteristics shape legitimacy beliefs toward multistakeholder global governance. Multistakeholderism is often argued to offer institutional advantages over intergovernmental multilateralism in handling global problems. This study examines whether, in practice, perceptions of institutional purpose, procedure, and performance affect legitimacy assessments regarding this form of global governance. The analysis focuses on the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), one of the largest and most institutionally developed global multistakeholder arrangements. Evidence comes from a mixed‐methods survey of 467 participants in ICANN. We find that this representative sample accords high importance in principle to many institutional features, and also rates the actual institutional operations of ICANN quite highly on various counts. Moreover, many institutional characteristics associate significantly with participants' legitimacy beliefs toward ICANN. However, not all institutional qualities have this significance, and the relevance of individual‐ and societal‐level circumstances indicates that institutional sources do not provide a full explanation of legitimacy. The article contributes refinements to theory of legitimacy in global governance; demonstrates the value of mixed‐methods survey work in this field; supplies unique original data and analysis; and identifies implications for the politics of (de)legitimation around multistakeholderism.

Beyond the numbers on women’s representation: Recognition of women’s leadership in global governance

AbstractTo what extent has the glass ceiling in global governance been shattered? To answer this question, we need to look beyond the numbers on women’s representation and study how far women are perceived as inspiring and visionary leaders in global governance. This article offers an analysis of perceptions of inspiring and visionary leadership in global multistakeholder initiatives from a gender perspective. Based on 467 interviews with participants in a leading multistakeholder initiative, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), it presents four findings: (1) respondents identify more men than women as inspiring and visionary leaders, with the difference roughly corresponding to the share of women in leadership roles; (2) respondents tend to ascribe more leadership attributes to women than to men when explaining why they find them inspiring and visionary; (3) both feminine and masculine leadership traits are appreciated in relation to both men and women leaders at ICANN; (4) female respondents identify more women as inspiring and visionary leaders than male respondents. These findings contribute novel insights into gendered perceptions around leadership and the importance of role models in global governance. They also shed much-needed light on the demands and expectations from leadership in global multistakeholder arrangements.

Restraining ICANN: An analysis of OFAC sanctions and their impact on the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has long played a crucial role in coordinating some aspects of the domain name system (DNS) and managing domain names and Internet Protocol Addresses. In 2016, ICANN underwent a significant transformation when completing the IANA Transition, aimed at securing the corporation's independence from U.S. government oversight. However, while the transition marked a pivotal moment in ICANN's history, the corporation still operates within U.S. jurisdiction. This situation makes ICANN subject to compliance with the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions programs, impeding the corporation from contracting and accrediting gTLD registries and registrars from countries currently targeted by OFAC, as well as individuals or entities included in OFAC's «Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons» (SDN) list. This article explores the implications of the IANA Transition, the constraints that OFAC exerts on ICANN operations, and the complexities surrounding potential solutions to the OFAC sanctions quandary.

Dictatorial Psychopathological Commination in Server-Side Public Mental & Psychological Menace

Background: Communist formation introduced Marxist’s non-falsifiable anthropocentric theory for ideology and discourse. The form of communication sustaining torture has been noticed in the Chinese indoctrination both in education and mass communication. The research adopted scientific methods in observation to the Marxist structuralism with psychoanalysis of dominance in power-incentivized structuralism. Aim: With the global authoritarian drawbacks and emergence of dictatorship in the structural realist powers, the psychopathology of modern & contemporary cyber-based informatics penetrations with nuclear threat semantics is impacting global mental & psychological health, and especially for the LGBTQIA+ individuals. The research aims to mitigate the harms that transgress the Geneva Conventions and against the spirit of Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Methods: The research adopted a media analysis approach to the sexological elements in anthropological and sociological developments. It focuses on the derivatives of Oedipus Complex with relation to death wish that impact the LGBTQIA+ suicidal ideations in the structured cybercrimes, with a Gestalt psychoanalysis in informatics. The research conceived a somatic method in media psychology counteracting the media-based extension of gender & sexuality castes. Results: The Bell curve of memory were retrieved on the fundamental hypothesis of LGBTQIA+ stigmatization with new combinations in power structure, cosmological, and anthropological consciousness re-combinations. The multilateral dictatorial semantic spread in the cyber-information domains through the monopolization of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was conceptualized as a structural source of dictatorial psychopathology epidemiology with artificial intelligence (AI). Military cyber psychological warfare spillover in the civil economy is recognized to be the source of global mental & psychological disparities, possibly the contributing factor for LGBTQIA+ suicidal ideation, and derogation of human security

THE GEOGRAPHY OF 1990S INTERNET GOVERNANCE

In April 2014, after Edward Snowden revealed a widespread, global spying program carried out by the U.S. government against citizens and world leaders, Brazil hosted a meeting of NETmundial, the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance, to discuss moving away from a U.S.-centric oversight of internet governance structures and towards a global multistakeholder model. In 2016, the contract between the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the U.S. Department of Commerce expired, nearly 20 years after it was first established. While the end of that contract did meaningfully address some of the concerns raised by NETmundial, there are many ways in which the U.S.’s powerful position in developing the early commercial internet is still visible. This research seeks to address the question: In what ways were early decisions about the governance of the commercial web shaped by cultural imperialist logics and how was that reflected in policy developed in the mid to late 1990s? I address this question using archival analysis focusing on the Ira Magaziner Electronic Commerce papers at the Clinton Presidential Library in Little Rock, Arkansas, arguing that the U.S. incorporated little to no input from many countries, a move that stood in contradiction with narratives coming from that administration that highlighted the internet’s potential for open, equitable, global participation.

IMPLEMENTASI METODE PROMETHEE PADA PEMILIHAN REGISTRAR DOMAIN DI INDONESIA

A domain registrar is a commercial company whose job is to register domain names that have been registered with ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) or maintain domain ccTLDs that involve certain country codes. Domain registration is the first step in website development as an effort to the existence of a business entering the digital economy era. To ensure the continuity of a business in the internet world, the selection of a domain registration service is very important. Because the domain is the identity as well as the address of a business on the internet. Domain registration service organizations must meet various important criteria needed as a professional domain registration service. These criteria must be able to answer the crucial characteristics of a domain registrar. This study uses PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation). The PROMETHEE method is used to rank among all alternatives based on predetermined criteria. The stages of problem solving in this study are determining alternatives, determining criteria, to ranking alternatives, so that will produce the best alternative output. In this study the PROMETHEE calculation results obtained with the best alternative output being the Domainesia registrar with a net flow value of 0.592.

Protecting wine names online: Securing first rights over .vin and .wine domain extensions

The Internet (along with the mobile apps and social media it has fostered) has greatly benefited the wine sector, changing the way winemakers sell their products and how wine drinkers decipher which bottles to enjoy. In 2021, the global online wine market estimated value was USD 417.9 billion, and it is expected to grow 43% by 2028.1 But, the governance of the Internet has been a major issue over the years for the wine industry. This was particularly apparent back in 2014 when the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was set to release the new domain extensions .wine and .vin.

Inequality and legitimacy in global governance: an empirical study

This article undertakes an empirical investigation of the relationship between structural inequalities and legitimacy beliefs in global governance. Normative theory often emphasises inequality as a major source of injustice in global politics, but we lack empirical research that examines the implications of inequality for legitimacy in concrete situations of global governance. This paper draws on large mixed-method survey evidence regarding inequality perceptions and legitimacy beliefs at the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), a key site of global Internet governance that has given particular priority to issues of diversity and inclusion. Our analysis arrives at four main findings. First, participants in ICANN do perceive substantial structural power asymmetries and often find them to be problematic. Second, persons on the perceived subordinate side of these power stratifications tend to observe larger inequalities and to find them more problematic than persons on the perceived dominant side. However, third, these perceptions and concerns about inequality almost never associate with legitimacy beliefs towards ICANN, even among people in structurally subordinated positions and among people who express the greatest worries regarding power inequalities. Fourth, in forming legitimacy perceptions, participants at ICANN generally prioritise other aspects of institutional purpose, procedure and performance, unconnected with inequality. This lack of a relationship between perceptions of inequality and legitimacy beliefs suggests that, however sympathetic policy elites at ICANN might be towards greater equality in principle, they are unlikely to give it precedence in practice.

Improving the governance of information technology: Insights from the history of Internet governance

Governance of the Internet is a matter of global importance and concern. The multi-stakeholder (MS) and multilateral (ML) forms have been presented as two competing and plausible models of Internet governance. Drawing on actor–network theory (ANT) and building on an interpretive case study of rich archival data, this paper examines how the focal actor’s (i.e. the U.S. government’s) beliefs influence the choice of Internet governance form. It further explores the strategies of the focal actor to translate the interests of the ML network’s supporters, with a view to enrolling them in the MS governance network. The analysis shows how the focal actor has established the MS governance form through the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) as an Obligatory Passage Point to keep the Internet successfully operational. The analysis also illuminates the combination of structural and collaborative strategies employed to allay the growing dissatisfaction with the MS governance form. The paper suggests that whilst the protocols and technical standards of the Internet are increasingly relegated to the background, the social and political network that Internet artefacts draw together in a meta-form has grown in prominence. It also argues that there may be a hierarchy of beliefs, which influence how actors enact their translation strategies. Finally, the paper discusses parallels between the MS/ML forms of Internet governance and IT governance in organizational contexts.

INTERDEPENDENCE AND NETWORK OVERSIGHT IN 1990S INTERNET GOVERNANCE

In October 2016, the contract between the United States Department of Commerce and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) officially expired. This contract represented a long-standing and close relationship between the United States government and ICANN, a relationship that positioned the U.S. as a kind of linchpin in determining the shape and coordination of the global, extraterritorial internet. This research seeks to address the question: what interests and values shaped ICANN at the time of its establishment and in what ways do debates about this system reflect broader concerns about the U.S.-centric nature of early internet governance policy? I address this question using archival analysis focusing on the Ira Magaziner Electronic Commerce papers at the Clinton Presidential Library in Little Rock, Arkansas. In examining this archive, there are repeated concerns about the U.S.-centric nature of early internet governance policy, concerns that were clear as early as the mid-1990s and which remained at issue with the oversight of ICANN until 2016. While espousing the values of competitive free-market, the internet governance policy promoted by the U.S. government during the Clinton Administration raised concerns about the concentration of power and potentially monopolistic control of the network by a single nation. Understanding the foundations of debates around oversight and multistakeholderism that took place as early as the 1990s helps us better understand more recent changes in internet governance and also help contextualize and ground discussions about how to best create a truly representative global internet in the future.

Legitimacy in Multistakeholder Global Governance at ICANN

Abstract This article examines levels and patterns of legitimacy beliefs toward one of today’s most developed global multistakeholder regimes, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Two complementary surveys find that levels of legitimacy perceptions toward ICANN often rank alongside, and sometimes ahead of, those for other sites of global governance, both multilateral and multistakeholder. Moreover, average legitimacy beliefs toward ICANN hold consistently across stakeholder sectors, geographical regions, and social groups. However, legitimacy beliefs decline as one moves away from the core of the regime, and many elites remain unaware of ICANN. Furthermore, many participants in Internet governance express only moderate (and sometimes low) confidence in ICANN. To this extent, the regime’s legitimacy is more fragile. Extrapolation from mixed evidence around ICANN suggests that, while multistakeholder global governance is not under existential threat, its legitimacy remains somewhat tenuous.

Externalising internal policies via conflict: the EU’s indirect influence on international institutions

ABSTRACT This paper identifies an innovative mechanism of how the EU’s internal policies could lead to policy adaptations within international institutions. Having authority over the single market, the EU regulates important market actors whose behaviour is oftentimes crucial for the effectiveness of global cooperation projects. By intentionally or unintentionally creating a vertical regulatory conflict with an international institution, the EU might influence the behaviour of European market actors in a way that it undermines the effectiveness of the international institution. To preserve its effectiveness, the external institution is forced to adapt towards European internal policies to dissolve conflict and to enable mutual compliance for European market actors. The potential of the mechanism is explored in two cases: The EU’s externalisation of data protection to the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the externalisation of European fundamental rights to the UN Security Council. The process tracing finds that the EU is able to carve out authority from international institutions under specific conditions.

Microsoft Corp. v. United States and the ‘Hot Pursuit’: A Case Study Against the Application of the Law of the Sea into the Cyberspace

In today's world, no treaty regulates the cyberspace or the Internet. To some extent, the multi-stakeholder model has successfully kept the Internet free of a unique point of control, yet some nation-states advocate for a government-based-model. Amid the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) transition debate, some governments favoured a cyberspace regulation in the hands of an inter-governmental organisation. Additionally, western democracies have advocated to declare the cyberspace a fifth domain. Reasons for these different perceptions are related to the different conceptions nation-states have what should be the governance model for a resource beyond their traditional borders. Considering this dichotomy, this paper analyses the negative implications of applying the law of the sea into cyberspace. For this purpose, this paper will explore the concept of the 'right of hot pursuit', one of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The research methodology includes as a case-study Microsoft Corp. v. United States also known as the 'Microsoft Ireland' case. This case was selected because it exemplified how government administrations attempt to use the principles of international law to protect their sovereignty over the Internet infrastructure located in their territory, even when the access to that infrastructure is 'virtual' and there is no need to access such infrastructure physically. Facing this scenario, where governments try to exercise their sovereignty beyond their territorial borders, this paper will: 1. Provide an overview of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) interpretations of the hot pursuit to determine the international legal conception over this principle. 2. Analyse the arguments of the parties involved in the Microsoft Ireland case about why one nation-state's sovereignty should be applied or not beyond the borders of its territory. 3. Analyse the negative repercussions of including the hot pursuit and the fictional fragmentation of the ocean into the cyberspace. Findings expect to enrich the discussion within the Internet governance debate and understand the consequences of (1) applying the international law over the Internet infrastructure and (2) clarify the traditional legal approach that spaces without nation-states' sovereignty should not exist.

Internet Governance: System Imbalances and Ways to Resolve Them

The spread of digital technologies has led to the global digitalization of all types of public activities. The digital economy emerging during this process has become a leading factor in world economic growth and one of the criteria of national development. The digital economy is based on the Internet, which ensures the functioning of new business models, forms of social interaction and public diplomacy. The Internet governance system differs from other modern international systems of public and political relations in that the leading role in it is played by non-governmental organizations, in particular, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the Internet Society (ISOC). The activities of states are significantly limited by the basic properties of the system, which complicates the implementation of the state’s digital sovereignty. The aim of this article is to determine ways to resolve this discrepancy.Analyzing the current state of Internet governance, the authors outline the key characteristics that lead to potential conflict. These include decentralization, an insufficient evaluative level of accountability and lack of legitimacy. The authors analyze ICANN and ISOC toolkits and identify the key instruments that actually make organizations central to the Internet governance system. In conclusion, the authors provide recommendations for action by the international community to mitigate the identified imbalances.

Brief history of top-level domains and challenges for information professionals

Top-level domains, in addition to fulfilling the technical function of enabling access to network resources, allow information professionals in generalóand content managers in particularóto work with domain names for branding and search engine optimization (SEO) purposes. Likewise, they facilitate the performance of metric analyses thanks to their hierarchical structure. The massive creation of new TLDs that was started in the early 21st century by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) opened the possibility of being able to select (or even register) a wide variety of web domains. However, the sources of information about TLDs as well as their management and usefulness for both the commercial sector (SEO, web content management, and digital analytics) and scholarly community (webometrics) are not well known among information professionals. The objective of this text is to explain the meaning and function of TLDs, to highlight their different categories, and to show their evolution over time, in order to provide useful information for professionals dedicated to the generation, dissemination, storage/retrieval, and analysis of online content.

Transparency in the New gTLD Era: Evaluating the DNS Centralized Zone Data Service

The centralized zone data service (CZDS) was introduced by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to facilitate sharing and access to zone data of the new generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs). CZDS aims to improve the security and transparency of the naming system of the Internet. In this paper, we investigate CZDS’s transparency by measurement and evaluation. By requesting access to zone data of all gTLDs listed in the CZDS portal, we analyze various aspects of CZDS, including access status, responsiveness and provided reasons for granting access or denial. Among other findings, we find that while a large percent of the gTLD admins respond within a reasonable time, more than 10% of them have a long request-to-decision waiting time, and sometimes requests go unanswered even after six months of a request. Furthermore, we find that denial cases were for unjustified reasons, where administrators who denied the requests have asked for information that was already provided in the request form. We discuss implications, and how to enforce better outcomes of CZDS using insight from our measurement and evaluation.

A history of Chinese global Internet governance and its relations with ITU and ICANN

The Chinese contribution to global Internet governance debate has been studied mainly by focusing on the governmental perspective. This study was aimed to provide a broader view by analyzing the participation of Chinese academics and civil society in two of the most important Internet governance international organizations: the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Based on historical material and in-depth interviews conducted in Geneva and Beijing, the findings show the evolution of Chinese Internet governance at the global level and suggest the following: first, the Chinese agents in the global debate on Internet governance support a multi-stakeholder perspective; second, although seldom engaged in the decision-making process, the Chinese agents involved in the global governance identify ITU as the more credible international organization in coordinating global governance; third, the Chinese agents have an ambivalent approach to Chinese participation both in ITU and ICANN. Finally, the findings of the study reported in this article contest the understanding that Chinese Internet governance is isolationist in nature.

‘ICANN Shall Not Regulate’: A Critical Analysis of ICANN's Post-Transition Regulatory Powers

Should the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) regulate, and if so, what should it regulate and how? These issues depend on normative criteria, which can give rise to arguments for or against ICANN’s regulatory authority. These criteria could be legal, economic, political, technical and so on. If we treat this as a legal question, the ICANN Bylaws should provide at least part of the answer. Accordingly, ICANN’s regulatory authority is examined here based on its Bylaws, which contain an explicit prohibition to regulate outside its mission. However, the problem is that the mission’s boundaries are unclear.

Understanding the Role of States in Global Internet Governance: ICANN and the Question of Legitimacy

The term “global governance” gained renewed significance with the expansion of the Internet Governance regime, an arrangement in which most institutions make use of the multistakeholder model to generate norms, with spaces for open dialogue and decision-making that includes most interested actors. This presents a deviation from the model traditionally studied by global governance, which is that of the United Nations and its multitude of agencies, where despite the inclusion of other actors, most of the time States are still at the focal point of the norm-setting process. With a focus on the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the main objective of this study is that of understanding where the legitimacy of the actors involved in leading this regime comes from, and in order to do that, we: A) examine the formation of the DNS per se and why it provides a measure of power to the actor that controls it; B) evaluate how legitimacy was established by the actors who took on leading positions within the Internet Governance regime; and C) understand how subsequently the dynamics between State and private actors in this multistakeholder environment were consolidated. We use Weber’s “Three Types of Legitimate Rule” to analyze power dynamics within the model, and conclude that a great deal of power was held by the academics who built the network, and as it became larger and more consolidated, private and government actors have made significant efforts to gain increased control over it, with some degree of success.

Productive Contestation, Civil Society, and Global Governance: Human Rights as a Boundary Object in ICANN

Human rights have long been discussed in relation to global governance processes, but there has been disagreement about whether (and how) a consideration for human rights should be incorporated into the workings of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), one of the main bodies of Internet governance. Internet governance is generally regarded as a site of innovation in global governance; one in which civil society can, in theory, contribute equally with government and industry. This article uses the lens of boundary object theory to examine how civil society actors succeeded in inscribing human rights as a Core Value in ICANN's bylaws. As a “boundary object” in the negotiations, the concept of human rights provided enough interpretive flexibility to translate to the social realities of the various stakeholder groups, including government and industry. This consensus‐building process was bound by the organizing structure of the boundary object (human rights), and its ability to accommodate the interests of the different parties. The presence of civil society at the negotiating table demanded a shift in strategy from the usual “outsider” tactics of issue framing and agenda setting, to a more complex and iterative process of “productive contestation,” a consensus‐building process fueled by the differences of experience and interests of parties, bound together by the organizing structure of the boundary object. This article describes how this process ultimately resulted in the successful adoption of human rights in ICANN's bylaws.