Internet Architecture Research Articles

Research on new edge computing network architecture and task offloading strategy for Internet of Things

How to effectively utilize edge nodes with limited computing resources to ensure quality of service is a key issue for many end users in Internet of Things. To address this problem, we propose a new cloud-edge computing network architecture, which enables the system to meet the requirements of computing resource and response time. The architecture consists of a powerful cloud computing center, multiple mobile edge computing servers and users in Internet of Things. We jointly optimize the task offloading and resource allocation of end users, thereby constructing a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem in the proposed architecture. To further solve this problem, a joint optimization strategy based on binary custom fireworks algorithm is proposed. This algorithm improves the Gaussian mutation operation in traditional fireworks algorithm by introducing Gaussian mutation probability and elite selection strategy, which makes the mutation directional. Finally, simulation results verify the effectiveness of our proposed joint optimization strategy. Compared with several other newer offloading strategies, the proposed joint optimization strategy can obtain significant performance gains.

Research on development status and index system of electricity sales industry under the background of energy Internet

Energy development has entered the era of energy Internet. As the core link of power system, the development of power sales industry is affected by energy Internet. This paper first interpreted the connotation and architecture of energy Internet, then analysed the current situation of power sales industry and the changes in the context of energy Internet. On this basis, this paper constructed the development index system of power sales industry from four aspects of national society, power sales market, power users and innovation development, which provided a method for the development of power sales industry. Finally, it pointed out the challenges faced by the electricity sales industry and the government under the background of energy Internet, and put forward some suggestions.

A Study on Intelligent Manufacturing Industrial Internet for Injection Molding Industry Based on Digital Twin

As one of the basic manufacturing industries in China, injection molding industry is faced with the problems of low degree of informatization and intelligence, resulting in low production efficiency and high costs. It is urgent to integrate deeply with new generation of information technology to achieve transformation and upgrade. In this paper, an integrative industrial Internet architecture of “integration of intelligent equipment, intelligent production lines, intelligent workshops, intelligent factories, and intelligent formats” was described. The injection molding intelligent control system, the production management, control platform based on the MES system, and other key technologies were researched. Also, the smart factory architecture based on digital twin was established, and the implementation method of the smart factory digital twin system was elaborated. The feasibility and effectiveness of the method had been verified through the industrial application, which provided the technical supports for the injection molding industrial Internet system. Finally, the intelligent manufacturing industrial Internet cloud platform for injection molding industry was prospected.

Detecting DNS Typo-Squatting Using Ensemble-Based Feature Selection & Classification Models

The domain name system (DNS) is a crucial component in the current IP-based Internet architecture. However, it suffers from several security vulnerabilities. This is because it does not have proper data integrity and origin authentication mechanisms. This article focuses on the typo-squatting vulnerability (a vulnerability often neglected). Typo-squatting is when attackers register a domain name that is extremely similar to an existing one to redirect users to malicious/suspicious websites. This can lead to information threats, corporate secret leakage, and can facilitate fraud. As an extension to our previous work, this work proposes ensemble-based feature selection and classification models to detect DNS typo-squatting attacks with low complexity. It is shown through experiments that the proposed framework detects the malicious/suspicious typo-squatting domains with high accuracy (above 87%). More specifically, the proposed model only loses between 0.9% and 1.5% in accuracy, 5% in precision (reaching 88%), and around 8% in recall (reaching 93%) while having a lower computational complexity given that the feature set size is reduced by more than 50%.

It’s all linked: How Communication to the Public Affects Internet Architecture

The architecture of the Internet is changing. A novel expansive construction of communication and making available to the public has been shaking the Internet ecosystem. It reaches into basic online activities, such as linking. Departing from well-established international approaches, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has recently decided a multitude of cases that redesigned the notion of communication to the public in the Internet, while discussing linking activities in particular. This jurisprudence stands against a fluid legal framework searching for the optimal allocation of intermediary liability of information service providers. Communication to the public is at the center stage of this legislative process as well. EU copyright legislative reform makes Online Content Sharing Service Providers (OCSSP) — the large majority of UGC platforms — communicating to the public. In doing so, the Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive changes the fundamental rules under which online platforms operate and UGC content is created for a large portion of the connected world. This, in turn, is forcing online intermediaries to remodel the architecture of the Internet accordingly. Proactive filtering — rather than ex post review of allegedly infringing content and links — is set to become the first commandment governing the Internet of tomorrow.

An Improved Web Caching System With Locally Normalized User Intervals

Caching is one of the most promising areas in the field of future internet architecture like Information-centric Networking, Software Defined Networking, and IoT. In Web caching, most of the web content is readily available across the network, even if the webserver is not reachable. Several existing traditional caching methods and cache replacement strategies are evaluated based on the metrics like hit ratio and byte hit Ratio. However, these metrics have not been improved over the period because of the traditional caching policies. So, in this paper, we have used an intelligent function like locally normalized intervals of page visit, website duration, users’ interest between user groups is proposed. These intervals are combined with multiple distance metrics like Manhattan, squared Euclidean, and 3-,4-,5-norm Minkowski. In order to obtain significant common user navigation patterns, the clustering relation between the users using different intervals and distances is thoroughly analyzed. These patterns are successfully coupled with greedy web cache replacement strategies to improve the efficiency of the proposed web cache system. Particularly for improving the caching metrics more, we used an AI-based intelligent approach like Random Forest classifier to boost the prefetch buffer performance and achieves the maximum hit rate of 0.89, 0.90, and byte hit rate of 0.87, 0.89 for Greedy Dual Size Frequency and Weighted Greedy Dual Size Frequency algorithms, respectively. Our experiments show good hit/byte hit rates than the frequently used algorithms like least recently used and least frequently used.

An Adaptive Video Transmission Mechanism over MEC‐Based Content‐Centric Networks

The rapid growth of video traffic poses serious challenges to the current Internet. Content‐Centric Networking (CCN) as a promising candidate has been proposed to reengineer the Internet architecture. The in‐network caching and named content communication model of CCN can enhance the video streaming applications and reduce the network workload. Due to the bandwidth‐consuming characteristic of video streaming, the aggressive transmission of video data will cause a reduction of overall network efficiency. In this paper, we present an adaptive video transmission mechanism over Mobile Edge Computing‐ (MEC‐) based CCN. The computation and storage resources of the MEC server are utilized to facilitate the video delivery. Our mechanism adopts a scalable video coding scheme to adaptively control transmission rate to cope with the network condition variation. To analyse the equilibrium property of the proposed mechanism, an analytical model is deduced by using network utility function and convex programming. We also take into account the packet loss in wired and wireless links and present a MEC assistant loss recovery algorithm. The experiment results demonstrate the performance improvement of our proposed mechanism.

Design and Application of Distributed Computing Environment Based on Data Drive

This paper proposes a distributed computing environment based on data-driven mechanism, which can be deployed on different levels of Industrial Internet, designs and implements an Industrial Internet architecture with high reusability and rapid deployment. This architecture has the consistency of the computing environment in the cloud and terminal control layer, which is beneficial to the realization of remote management and collaborative control of Industrial Internet. Data driven technology enables heterogeneous industrial equipment to achieve interconnection and interworking at a low cost. The multi-engine computing environment constructed by it is not only an effective method to solve the application design and development of complex systems, but also a key technology to realize edge computing and fog computing. This paper designed a corresponding test bed platform, test results show that the technology can not only provide connectivity of heterogeneous data source and efficient technical support, and to ensure that the distributed industrial equipment real-time and synchronization of data transmission, but also has the strong edge computing capabilities to cope with the constantly generated data stream, and reducing the pressure of the cloud server storage, computing.

Explicit traffic shaping scheme in content centric networking

Content centric networking (CCN) is considered as the prominent future internet architecture. CCN packets are routed based on content name itself, not on IP address and has two kinds of packets such as interest and data. CCN has a security model to secure content pieces, not to secure a transmission session. However, CCN has not widely taken the side effect to the occurrence of network congestion. So, this paper proposes the traffic control scheme in CCN environment to reduce high communication overhead, long content retrieval time, and high resource consumption. The proposed traffic shaping scheme for data packets tries to delay the transmission of data packets during network congestion.

Fast Content Delivery Using a Testbed-Based Information-Centric Network

Key requirements for a better performance of multimedia applications typically include lower latency, improved security, faster content retrieval, and adjustability to the traffic load. However, the current Internet often fails to meet the requirements due to the drawbacks of the host-oriented communication architecture. Those drawbacks can be overcome by a well-recognized networking paradigm, called Information-Centric Networking (ICN), that offers name-based and information-centric communication rather than host-oriented communication. This paradigm uses an in-network caching policy and may provide enhanced security along with user mobility. Therefore, the ICN architecture can outperform the current Internet in many aspects, including, but not limited to, content transfer time, traffic load control, mobility support, and efficient network management. Most of the existing research validating the ICN paradigm’s superior performance compared to the current Internet is based on simulation. In this paper, we propose a novel ICN-based testbed, where we used several modified functions for naming, routing, and caching and developed two new functions that provide mobility support and auto-playing of the retrieved content so that the performance of the ICN network is enhanced even more in terms of content delivery time or response time. The proposed testbed architecture is based on Content-Centric Networking (CCN), a prominent branch of the ICN concept. We present the testbed development procedures and the functions in detail and demonstrate that the testbed-based architecture outperforms the current Internet architecture and the basic CCN-based environment.

A Novel Efficient Certificateless Signature Scheme for the Prevention of Content Poisoning Attack in Named Data Networking-Based Internet of Things

Recently, Named Data Networking (NDN) has emerged as a popular and active Internet architecture that addresses the issues of current host-centric communication. NDN is well suited for Internet of Things (IoT) which possesses massive applications that dominate the Internet today. It intends to provide named-based routing, in-networking caching, built-in mobility and multicast support as part of its design which leads to a substantial improvement in content delivery/retrieval. Though, this new architecture aches from some new challenges in terms of security. In this article, we seek our attention towards Content Poisoning Attack (CPA). The purpose of CPA is to inject poisoned content with an invalid signature into the NDN-based IoT networks. Unfortunately, none of the existing proposals work effectively when malicious attackers compromise the caches of NDN routers. To prevent this, we proposed a certificateless signature scheme for the preservation of CPA in NDN-based IoT networks. The proposed scheme is formally secure under the security hardness of Hyperelliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (HCDLP) with a security simulation/validation in “Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA).” Besides, the formal proof we also compared the designed scheme with some existing solutions to show the cost-efficiency in terms of communication overhead and computation cost. To conclude, a robust deployment on NDN-based IoT networks is shown.

A Network Selection Scheme Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process for Marine Internet

The marine Internet technology has been proposed to exploit abundant communication and network resources available in the ocean in order to provide more cost‐effective and handy network services therein. Basically, the marine Internet architecture is based on heterogeneous large‐scale dynamic wireless, which consists of different types of networks such as satellite networks, coastline networks, and ship ad‐hoc networks etc. These networks are different in terms of networking cost, capacity, and performance as well as availability and reliability. This imposes challenges for network selection, especially when there is no guarantee on the availability and reliability of network resources in oceans, which is different from network selection in terrestrial environments. Thus, this paper studies a network selection scheme by jointly considering the above uncertainty of network resources based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for marine Internet. The proposed scheme is evaluated through a simulation study on the EXata platform, in comparison with the Simple Additive Weighting and the Multiplicative Exponent Weighting schemes. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme yield better performance.

CCJRF-ICN: A Novel Mechanism for Coadjuvant Caching Joint Request Forwarding in Information Centric Networks

Information centric networking (ICN) shifts the focus of existing internet architecture from host-oriented to content-oriented model by enabling in-network caching and content-based forwarding. These ICN features help to increase network performance by decreasing content discovery delay, content server load, and network congestion. To route a content interest inside network such that content can be fetched with minimal time is a challenging task in ICN. The performance of the ICN routing protocol can be significantly improved if the decisions related to content chunk placement and request forwarding are taken in a cooperative fashion. This paper describes a novel strategy for co-operative caching joint request forwarding in ICN, focusing on decreasing content retrieval latency. To do so, the caching strategy leverages the concept of connected dominating set (CDS) for creating a virtual backbone network to eliminate caching redundancy and reduce content discovery delay. It considers content chunk placement and request forwarding tasks as strongly co-related procedures. It exploits the caching information so that the request is forwarded to a content router (CR) with the maximum likelihood of carrying needed data using the betweenness centrality (BC) of CR. The proposed approach also uses the Markov chain-based model to estimate CS hit likelihood and use it as decisional parameter while forwarding the interest packet. This mechanism helps to fetch the content within the shortest possible time duration. The CCJRF-ICN adopts the Dijkstra's shortest path routing and works in collaboration with the CDS-driven caching joint forwarding mechanism. The simulation study of CCJRF-ICN is done inside ns-3 based ndnSIM-2.0 simulator with performance measures like content store (CS) hit ratio, content discovery delay, mean hop distance, network load, and network overhead. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that CCJRF-ICN outperforms the state-of-the-art strategies for realistic topologies (GEANT, US-26, Euro-28) and shows improvement up to 5-35% against stated performance measures.

Event-driven tool condition monitoring methodology considering tool life prediction based on industrial internet

Tool condition monitoring (TCM) and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction is of great practical significance for any machining process to ensure machining quality and reduce the machine tool downtime. At the standpoint of workshop management, the current TCM has two drawbacks. (i) Continuously acquiring data without distinguishing the working states of the machine tool and the machining tasks will inevitably bring a large volume of unwanted signals, making difficulty for tool RUL prediction. (ii) The tool condition is independent of machining task, thus cannot provide further decision-making support for workshop scheduling and machining parameters optimization. Therefore, it is an important issue to consider various random events under the right machining tasks to trigger “monitoring” and RUL prediction just in time. This paper proposes an event-driven tool condition monitoring (EDTCM) methodology. The structure of EDTCM is designed based on the architecture of the Industrial Internet. Multi-source events are collected under the architecture, including MES events, machine tool events based on the OPC-UA (OPC Unified Architecture) standard, smart mobile terminal events, etc. The event-driven mode is designed to process these events such that the “monitoring” is triggered just in time. Then the Tool RUL is predicted online with the monitored sensor data based on the Bayesian method. A prototype system of EDTCM is developed and a case study is implemented to verify the feasibility of the proposed methodology. Our work promotes that the theories of TCM and tool RUL prediction deeply integrate with the real industrial practical applications.

Exploring the Intersection of Technology and Policy in the Future Internet Architecture Effort

Policy-making and regulation have played a significant role in the current Internet architecture. In this paper we open that same sort of dialog with the architects of the set of Future Internet Architecture projects funded by the NSF and the EC. The paper examines both the architectures themselves and key policy topics, including (1) net neutrality, (2) naming, addressing, and network management, (3) the rise of platforms, and (4) security. In each case, in one or another of the novel architectures, the path forward with respect to the topic does not directly parallel what has occurred in the current architecture.

Identifier and Locator Mapping Service Research

The original TCP/IP architecture has faced some critical challenges from scalability, mobility, security and so on. It also hampered the development of some new network technologies such as multi-homing, traffic engineering. One of the most important reasons is IP address semantic overloading. Academy commonly considered that we should give a clean-slate design for the naming and addressing architecture of the future Internet. “Locator/ID Split” is one of the most important research areas. The scalable flat-labels based mapping service is the kernel of “Locator/ID Split”. HLIM uses hash-based routing to provide a deterministic mapping resolution for the edge network through distributed mapping servers. HLIM satisfies the scalability of the flat-labels mapping service, and can adapt mapping nodes’ dynamic join and exit.

A Technique for Safely Transforming the Infrastructure of Industrial Control Systems to the Industrial Internet of Things

This article describes the transformation of an enterprise en route from the conventional construction according to the Industrial Control Systems (ICS) architecture to the architecture of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The main cybersecurity threats that must be taken into account in the digital transformation are considered. The distinct features of each of the phases are described.

Performance Analysis of Local 5G Operator Architectures for Industrial Internet

5G calls for a network architecture that ensures ultraresponsive and ultrareliable communication links, in addition to the high degree of flexibility and customization required by different vertical sectors. The novel concept called local 5G networks enables a versatile set of stakeholders to operate 5G networks within their premises with guaranteed quality and reliability to complement mobile network operators’ (MNOs) offerings. This article proposes a descriptive architecture for a local 5G operator which provides user specific and location-specific services in a spatially confined environment, i.e., industrial Internet environment. In addition to that, the article proposes hybrid architecture options where both the local 5G operator and MNO collaboratively contribute to establish the core network to cater to such communications. The architecture is discussed in terms of network functions (NFs) and the operational units which entail the core and radio access networks in a smart factory environment which supports Industry 4.0 standards. Moreover, to realize the conceptual design, the article provides simulation results for the latency measurements of the proposed architecture options with respect to an augmented reality (AR), massive wireless sensor networks, and mobile robots use cases. Thereby the article discusses the benefits of deploying core NFs locally to cater to specialized user requirements, rather than continuing with the conventional approach where only MNOs can deploy cellular networks.

The Internet of Futures Past: Values Trajectories of Networking Protocol Projects

The Internet was conceptualized as a technology that would be capable of bringing about a better future, but recent literature in science and technology studies and adjacent fields provides numerous examples of how this pervasive sociotechnical system has been shaped and used to dystopic ends. This article examines different future imaginaries present in Future Internet Architecture (FIA) projects funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) from 2006 to 2016, whose goal was to incorporate social values while building new protocols to replace Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol to transfer and route information across the ever-expanding Internet. I examine the findings from two of the NSF’s FIA projects—Mobility First (MF) and eXpressive Internet Architecture—to understand the projects’ trajectories and values directives through their funding cycle and their projections into the future. I discuss how project documentation and participant articulations fall into the following three distinct themes about past experience and speculation: understanding the public, negotiating resources, and carrying project values into the future. I conclude that if the future Internet is to promote positive sociotechnical relationships, its architects must recognize that complex social and political decisions pervade each step of technical work and do more to honor this fact.

Security Challenges in NDN Based Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: An Overview

Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is a potential approach for the active discovery and observation of aqueous ecosystem. UWSN communication faces unique challenges due to the constrained acoustic environment. Meanwhile, Named Data Networking (NDN) emerges as a suitable replacement for current IP based internet architecture. NDN offers a solution that best addresses today's networking model's needs, focusing on data-centric communication that enhances network efficiency. This article analyzes how NDN performs in the constrained UWSN environment. Moreover, a detailed analysis of security issues and challenges in NDN based UWSNs is presented. Finally, a security architecture for NDN based UWSNs is proposed and discussed.