Internationalization Process Research Articles

The structural transformation of the scientific public sphere: Constitution and consequences of the path towards open access

We are currently witnessing a fundamental structural transformation of the scientific public sphere, characterized by processes of specialization, metrification, internationalization, platformization and visibilization. In contrast to explanations of this structural transformation that invoke a technological determinism, we demonstrate its historical contingency by drawing on analytic concepts from organization theory and the case of the Open Access transformation in Germany. The digitization of academic journals has not broadened access to scientific output but narrowed it down even further in the course of the ‘serials crisis’. For a long time, research institutions were not able to convince large academic publishers to adopt less restrictive forms of access to academic journals. It was only through the emergence of new and in part illegal actors (shadow libraries and preprint servers) that the existing path could be broken, and an Open Access path constituted. Following this analysis, we discuss consequences of the Open Access transformation for the public spheres of science and democracy. We conclude that Open Access publishing can only help to transform both communicative spaces towards the normative ideal of a public sphere when complemented by systematic support for non-profit publication infrastructures.

Introduction to the internationalization process in brazilian public universities

This article addresses internationalization in Brazilian public universities, focusing on its practical applicability and its relationship with the guidelines of the Future-se program and the Institutional Internationalization Strategic Guide of CAPES. Additionally, it presents a practical model for the effective implementation of internationalization, integrating the premises of Future-se and CAPES' guidance, aiming to enhance the quality of higher education and promote international academic collaborations. In this context, it seeks to answer the academic community about the structural elements required to establish an appropriate internationalization process in Brazilian Public Universities, especially municipal ones, in order to increase their administrative autonomy through more independent means, i.e., by creating their own international development plan. To do so, it primarily employs the methodology of bibliographic research and also the method of documentary research.

The Internationalization Process of Tunisian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Africa

In this paper, the author analyzes the role of several determinants in the internationalization process of Tunisian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Africa and their consequent performance. A quantitative study was carried out on 46 companies operating in information and communication technologies (ICTs). SPSS and Smart PLS were used to analyze the obtained data. The results demonstrate the importance of the total mediating role of international entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) in the relationship between competitiveness and international performance. However, networking generates a direct effect on international performance. Tunisian SMEs in the ICT industry are called upon to review their African-market methods of management and inspection to guarantee optimal use of resources and avoid the loss of business opportunities. Besides, according to this research, the weight of Tunisian SMEs’ competitive advantage allows them to adopt entrepreneurial behavior characterized by innovation, proactivity and risk-taking in Africa. This pushes them to adopt a permanent design and adaptation of valuable methods of value creation, innovation, and localization of opportunities. This entrepreneurial behavior also compels companies to better structure their management, develop skills of intuition and anticipation in the market, take risks as well as initiatives and consequently achieve greater performance and sustainability.

Unraveling the Internationalization Barriers among Oil and Gas SMEs: A Path to Global Expansion

The remarkable expansion of globalization stands as one of the most significant phenomena in the twenty-first century, shaping both the business landscape and robust strategic approaches that prioritize the internationalization of domestic firms. In addition to large multinational corporations, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) also recognize the vast opportunities international markets offer for business growth and development. Furthermore, SMEs that venture into global markets can strengthen their competitiveness and global presence by integrating valuable global experiences and incorporating their benefits into their domestic operations. Despite the potential, SMEs' involvement in the global market has remained disappointingly low, with little improvement since 2011. In light of this challenge, our study endeavors to unravel the multifaceted factors contributing to SMEs' internationalization dilemmas. Analyzing a total of 409 valid datasets, the findings highlighted the main factor behind SMEs' hesitancy to engage in internationalization: a lack of resources. Consequently, it becomes crucial for SMEs, particularly those in the Oil and Gas Equipment and Service segments, to focus on strengthening their resources to facilitate the internationalization process. Complementing this resource-centric approach, adjustments in managers' attitudes are equally crucial, as they have the potential to ignite SMEs' active engagement in international markets, ultimately contributing to national economic growth.

International environmental policy processes that dispossessed developing societies of public land resources: A case study of Nepal

AbstractPublic lands including forests and community pastures are still crucial means of local livelihood, social security, and environmental conservation in many developing countries including Nepal. However, these resources are increasingly managed primarily to offset greenhouse gas emissions of developed countries. The new management has exacerbated many local problems: livelihood constriction, social crises, human casualties (deaths and serious injuries), biodiversity degradation, and water scarcity including cryosphere retreating. Drawing data from multiple sources, this study attempted to explain the international political objectives and processes that dispossessed developing societies of public land resources for the benefit of developed countries. It shows that representatives of the developed countries were proactively and strategically involved in agenda formation, solutions negotiations, and decision-making while developing international environmental policies, and succeeded to structure the policies for managing the resources of developing countries for the best benefit of their own countries. The developed countries provided funds and experts, as strategic tools, through international aid agencies to implement the policies of their interest in institutionally weak countries. In Nepal, the aid agencies influenced the thinking of the public and the decisions of the government and other stakeholders through a series of strategic measures. They propagandized false crises, worked with a coalition of powerful international agencies, offered free technical support, and changed national policies proactively to manage the land resources for achieving their missions. Active involvement in policy implementation also helped the agencies to monitor implementation hurdles and apply other tactics to resolve them. Lucrative flash incentives were provided to motivate and get the support of communities, powerful stakeholders, and politicians to implement the policies. Psychosocial pressures were also applied to persuade local communities and their leaders for getting local cooperation in making and practicing new legal institutions (government authority rules or orders, user group rules, and forest management plans) that bind and control local communities for forest protection. The institutions obliged local communities to contribute free labor or cash for developing, modifying, and protecting the forests. These two levels of interventions led to the further development of reinforcing institutions, resource conditions, and social-ecological systems that secured benefits for developed countries and deprived local communities of power to control, produce and access the public land resources in their own backyard for years. This study also showed that international environmental policies and aid agencies have respectively served as institutional weapons and vehicles for materially and institutionally powerful countries to colonize the land resources of weaker countries, without using of physical coercion or deplyment of military forces.

The Institution of Mediation in the Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Prospects for Regional Adaptation

The gradual segmentation of the sphere of public regulation is a question that constantly arises, since the growing needs of a person require the provision of a greater number of guarantees already on behalf of the state. The presence of a stable and often conservative system of judiciary organizations is not fully compatible with the ever-increasing volume of cases, the complexity of which is also naturally increasing. Within the framework of the post-Soviet space, such a topic as mediation is still a little-studied area, and therefore requires detailed study, including from the position of searching for current development trends.Aim. Using the example of a legal system integrated into the single social and economic space of the EAEU, but nevertheless differing in content from Russian legislation, to determine a promising vector for the development of the region (and thus the domestic regulatory framework) in matters of mediation.Tasks. The article discusses the current state and problems of the institution of mediation in the Republic of Kazakhstan, taking into account the main international and national documents.Methods. Elements of comparative and systematic approaches were used in the work, within the framework of which general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction were used.Results. Based on the results of the study, it is noted that it is possible to develop an interstate dialogue on the formation of the institution of mediation, taking into account the cumulative interaction between the mechanisms of the CIS and the EAEU, as well as the ideological component of the Singapore Convention 2018.Conclusions. In full terms, when determining the experience of the Republic of Kazakhstan, it is impossible to operate exclusively with national normative sources. The involvement of the state in international processes, as well as the desire to adapt a greater number of “conciliation” procedures, lead to a unique context in which mediation has its own special conceptual and functional features, but is also limited by the existence of other forms of alternative dispute resolution. Despite the existing debatable provisions, it should be recognized that the experience of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the issue of mediation is sufficiently developed and can be used as the basis for the subsequent harmonization of the legal systems of the EAEU member states.

Customs Control in the Eurasian Economic Union and the European Union: the Comparative Analysis

The study of the Institute of Customs Control is part of international integration processes. Under the rapidly changing international world facts, the international trade turnover in some directions is decreasing, and in others it is increasing at times, which affects the economy of all countries, their compliance with modern trends, part of all these processes is customs control, as one of the types of control at the state border, requiring the national security of states. The article compares the institute of customs control in the EAEU and the EU. On this basis, a comparison is made according to a number of criteria and key features. The legal regime of goods under customs control, its beginning, completion and correlation with other customs institutions are investigated. The general competence of customs authorities in the field of customs control is commented on. The circumstances of the goods being under customs control in accordance with the legislation of the EAEU and the EU on customs regulation are analyzed. As a result of comparing the institute of customs control in the EAEU and the EU, both similar and different features were identified. The comparison showed a mixed picture, since the two associations are at different stages of political and economic development, and are also characterized by different historical and geographical features.Aim. Study of the main criteria of the Customs Control Institute in the Eurasian Economic Union and the European Union.Tasks. Characteristics of the economic unions of the EAEU and the EU, as well as the study of forms of customs control in the EAEU and disclosure of customs control in the EU.Methods. Comparative legal analysis of international, supranational and customs law, as well as the study and analysis of popular science literature, description and generalization of the material in the process of research.Results. The protection of the security of the State is directly related to economic activity, namely, with the constantly flowing and increasing pace of international trade. States, uniting in unions, form a single legal field in which they create a regulatory framework. The EU introduced the institute of customs control earlier than the EAEU, since the EAEU relied on European experience when creating legislation regulating the customs area. With this in mind, this institute has similar goals and elements of the purpose of its conduct and holding.Conclusion. Actively developing integration processes lead to an increase in world trade turnover and increased control at interstate borders. Every state, and with it the unions, strive for safe and fast trade. Many elements become such tools, one of them is customs control. An institution that controls the legality, security and mutual cooperation of customs authorities and participants in foreign economic activity.

Narrative Power in an Era of Crisis and Convergence

Recognizing the current conjuncture, this article explores the changing role of media and communications in the cohering of social struggles by antisystemic social movements. Transforming structural relations of media and their tactical uses, the authors argue, are key components to shifting the terrain upon which such movements build. In response to a deepening organic crisis, the authors argue for the importance of organizing against and beyond the existing political economy of platform media by building new narrative blocs as bases of power that can serve as one of several determining factors for the direction of popular movements and the generalization of new notions and political programs around which a counterhegemonic consensus may emerge for society. Transformative resistance and collective power will depend on the ability to develop movement-based media infrastructures to deepen international communication processes with and relationships to an ongoing global mass movement against the rise of antidemocratic politics, popular authoritarianism, and other morbid symptoms of a declining order.

E-Justice Texts: Factors of Borrowing Terms and Motivation

The research is based on the articles, overviews and reports of the participants of the academic research “Transformation of Legal Regulation of Relations, Connected with Application of Digital Technologies in Legal System and within the System of Enforcement of Court Rulings” from which there have been extracted and analyzed terms, recently borrowed from English into Russian, which occur in the texts of e-justice. There has been done an overview of the opinions of Russian and foreign linguists connected with the issue of acceptance of borrowings, that resulted in such features as expedience, common sense, and correspondence to the target language standard. There have been generalized extralinguistic and linguistic factors of borrowings.
 There have been stated that transmitted terms are borrowed in a ready-made form. They are motivated lexemes in both languages. Being included in the complex hierarchical structure of micro- and macro-fields, the transmitted terms become integral elements of the term system, acquiring the semantic properties of the basic system-forming terms. Their Greek and Latin term elements support the process of internationalization of vocabulary and the ways of its formation.
 Some unmotivated and partially motivated basic terms of the computer branch of knowledge are frequency terms for digital texts. These interdisciplinary terms meet the requirements of brevity, unambiguity, and lack of synonymity, which indicates their ideal compliance with the terminological nomination.

Relationship capital mediation in the internationalization

Motivation: The cornerstone of this paper is the assumption that in order to accelerate the internationalization process, companies trying to enter foreign markets have to “borrow” relationship capital from one or several mediating agents. The concept of relationship mediating agents fits into the network approach to internationalization and explains why entities with a dense network of connections tend to be more successful than single players.Aim: To examine the phenomenon of relationship capital mediation by different actors (agents) in the internationalization process as to the availability of these agents and their impact on the success of internationalization process.Results: The network perspective on internationalization is refined through the concept of relationship capital mediation. The paper introduces a typology of RCMA and outlines the relationship resources they provide in different timeframes related to the internationalization process, before, during and after the actual business project.

Turkish Foreign Policy in the Centennial Republican Anniversary: Quo Vadis?

The Republic of Türkiye is proudly celebrating its centennial anniversary as a nation erected on the ashes of the Ottoman Empire, which had reigned for six centuries until it was wrecked by the First World War. Since the end of the Cold War, Türkiye has been incrementally attracting more and more attention in world politics compared to any previous era. The more Türkiye is under the spotlight, the more it increases its activist foreign policy, becoming routine under the AK Party led by Türkiye’s President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. Thus, Turkish foreign policy (TFP), in return has also attracted substantial scholarly work not only from the national International Relations students and scholars but also from foreign policy analysts both in Türkiye and abroad.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASSURANCE OF PEACE AND SECURITY: CONCEPT AND MEANS OF ACHIEVEMENT

The purpose of the article is to study the subject matter and sources of international legal peace and security, to analyze the means of international dispute resolution, and to investigate Ukraine’s security priorities in times of war. Research methods: the chosen topic of research requires the use of various scientific methods and approaches to obtain high-quality results. Therefore, to solve the tasks, we used the following research methods: analysis - study of modern scientific approaches to the study of "international security"; systematic method helped to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the features of international legal documents on international security issues; analytical method provided an opportunity to analyze the state of cooperation between Ukraine and European security structures. Results: in accordance with the principles of international law, the structure of the international system and, ultimately, international relations themselves, different concepts of international security have been formed. All of them are based on scientific considerations, explain international processes, and are capable of making certain predictions about the future. At the same time, as we have noted, these concepts contain specific methods and means of ensuring international security. Among the most popular concepts are balance/balance of power, global/common/comprehensive security, collective security, cooperative security, as well as hegemonic stability, balance of threats, and peaceful coexistence. They are based on different principles: balance of power, hegemony, balance of interests, etc. Discussion: defining the essence of modern threats and challenges helps to determine the methodology for substantiating the tasks of ensuring international security in general, as well as the security of the state of Ukraine in particular, and to develop a regulatory framework for ensuring peace and security in the world.

New internationalization paths of Chinese brands: A configurational study.

Although several new international brands in the information technology services industry have emerged in China, most previous research on the paths of internationalization taken by Chinese brands has focused on the manufacturing industry. Further exploration of the diversity and novel characteristics of these paths remains necessary. Taking into account the different industries and the interactions among multiple factors that are relevant in this context, supplementary research on the paths of internationalization taken by Chinese brands is also needed. Simultaneously, more research on the mechanisms underlying brand empowerment during the internationalization process is necessary. Based on a theoretical framework for brand empowerment, this article analyzes 61 representative Chinese brands using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). This article reveals the following main findings: (1) brand penetration and brand acculturation are two key capabilities with regard to brand internationalization; (2) two modes of brand internationalization are evident in China, i.e., progressive internationalization and leapfrog internationalization; (3) four paths of internationalization can be observed with regard to Chinese brands, including two new paths, i.e., L-S-Cu and P-S-M; and (4) six additional paths are worthy of further exploration.

Carving a Professional Identity for Chinese Social Work Shaped by Universalisation, Indigenisation, and Culturalism

Abstract China provides an extremely interesting contemporary case study for the international social work research community, given its questioning of the pertinence of the international definition of social work and stance in relation to the debates surrounding universalisation, internationalisation and indigenisation. This article begins by examining the evolving identity of Chinese social work, grounded as it is in China’s political ideology and socio-cultural values. It then extends the debate on the paradoxical processes of universalisation, internationalisation and indigenisation within the international and Chinese social work discourse in light of the ascendance of Chinese culturalism. Finally, it addresses the impact of these interrelated processes on Chinese social work, as it struggled to adapt to the central government’s political control of the developing profession and social project to train 1.45 million social workers by 2020. It argues that, to avoid the Scylla of escaping into tradition (culturalism) and Charybdis of absorption into the West (universalisation), Chinese social work has become a blend of Western and indigenised knowledge still in search of a unique identity.

INTERNATIONAL PROCESSES IN THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST IN THE MID-1940S - MID-1960S IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF CONTEMPORARIES-RUSSIAN EMIGRANTS

The purpose of the article is to analyze the perception by Russian emigrants of the international processes of the Cold War era in the Middle East. The author focuses on the situation in the region in the mid-1940s - mid-1960s, when the foundations of inter-bloc confrontation were being formed. The source base for the study was the materials of the Russian émigré press published in Paris, Frankfurt am Main, New York and other cities of the world. An analysis of historical sources makes it possible to single out two main groups of Russian emigrants from the Cold War era. Some representatives of the Russian emigration sympathized with the Soviet Union and supported its efforts in the international arena, including in the Near and Middle East. However, the most active were those emigrant publicists who belonged to the anti-communist camp. It has been proven that they blamed the Soviet Union for the escalation of tension in various regions of the world, negatively assessed those political regimes of the countries of the region that were oriented towards the USSR. The conclusion is substantiated that the Russian emigration did not ignore the factor of contradictions within the Western bloc in the Cold War, showing how they were embodied in the policies of the USA, Great Britain and France in the Middle East.

Shedding of Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV) from Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Quantification in Waste from Processing Preclinical Fish

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) is a fish disease notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health. The United Kingdom is currently free from VHSV, and the introduction and onward spread of this disease could cause major economic losses in aquaculture facilities. Legislation in Great Britain requires that imports of live fish for aquaculture purposes into declared disease-free areas are of equivalent disease-free status. However, conditions on fish products are less stringent, whereby eviscerated fish or fillets can be transported from areas with disease to areas declared disease-free. Market-size rainbow trout were experimentally infected with VHSV to investigate two important factors relevant for pathogen introduction and transmission: (1) VHSV shedding, quantified by daily assessment of viral titres in tank water samples, and (2) VHSV concentrations in liquid and solid processing waste. Evisceration and filleting preclinical fish, maceration, and wastewater separation processes within a facility were mimicked, and VHSV was quantified in each fraction of the wastewater. Shedding was detected 25 hr post-challenge. Levels increased daily to peak on day 5 post-challenge, with a calculated average titre of 1.35 × 103 TCID50 mL−1 kg−1 fish, 1 day before clinical signs of disease. Preclinical fish contained virus levels in their kidney, skin, and muscle >107 TCID50 g−1. The fish had significantly higher levels in the kidney, and evisceration led to higher VHSV concentrations in the waste compared to filleting. However, there was no significant difference in levels in wastewater released from the two processes after the removal of solids, even when macerated; average titres were >104 TCID50 mL−1. The quantities of VHSV from shedding and processing can be utilised when modelling transmission and undertaking more accurate risk assessments for imports and processing of commodities, with the ultimate aim of reducing the global risk of disease from international trade and processing.

Dynamics of Network Utilization in Internationalization What SMEs Do in Developing and Developed Countries: A Systematic Literature Review

The study of networks in the internationalization process of SMEs has become an interesting discussion, this condition is because each country has unique dynamics in utilizing existing networks. The results of the analysis of the 20 articles in this study show that being proactive in the network community will strengthen relationships with partners and implementing an alliance strategy will strengthen the position of SMEs in increasing competitiveness and expanding markets. This condition occurs in both developing and developed countries. The dominant factor influencing the speed of the internationalization process is social and business network relations that begin with social ties. Of the 8 articles that discuss networking in the process of internationalization in developed countries (China, Central America, and East America), it shows that the government as an institution that has an important role in the internationalization of SMEs needs to design a framework in the form of policies that encourage the acceleration of various forms of collaboration between businesses. Meanwhile, 12 articles that discuss the process of internationalization in developing countries show that for the expansion and growth of SMEs a social network structure is needed, and the role of ethnic (group) ties in internationalization.

Prospects of the Coordinate Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJHR)

The intended coordinate jurisdiction with the International Criminal Court (ICC) and African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJHR) adopted by the Malabo Protocol 2014, and which called on all African Union (A.U) State parties to sign and ratify same, inarguably, raised questions concerning its prospects and challenges to the development of international criminal justice system. This study, therefore, argues that this development may undermine the universality of the Protocol of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and encumbered extradition processes in Africa if the coordinate jurisdiction to entertain cases relating to the contravention of the provisions of the international humanitarian laws, especially those that are related to violations of peoples’ rights which is a commonplace in the continent of Africa is sustained. It also argues that if properly managed it may also enhance the implementation of international extradition processes in Africa. To achieve its specific objectives, this study adopted historical research design relying mainly on secondary source of data. The study suggests among others that both courts should harmonise the jurisdictional mandates granted them by the protocols that established them and collaborate in cases involving individuals and regime leaders and officials in order to continue to indict and prosecute those who have contravened the provisions of international humanitarian laws, particularly in Africa that has recorded more grievous human rights violations during civil unrests, conflicts and civil wars.

Research on the Influencing Factors, Paths and Effects of Chinese Enterprises' Internationalization Strategy

With the contraction of the global economy and the multiple impacts of the epidemic on the world economy, Chinese enterprises are facing a changing international environment and adapting to a different kind of globalization. China insists on the strategy of both "Bringing in" and "Going abroad", and seeks the road of Internationalization through high-level two-way investment and efficient use of global resources and market space. On the topic of Internationalization of Chinese enterprises, many scholars have conducted many fruitful researches and accumulated many research results. This paper searches and collates relevant literature at national and abroad, and constructs a theoretical model of Chinese enterprises' internationalization , that includes three dimensions: influencing factors, entry modes and influencing effects. By reading the relevant literature in these three areas, we find some results, firstly the process of internationalization of firms is influenced by both internal and external factors; internal factors include the diversity of the executive team and the need for firms to innovate, and external factors include government subsidies, the active promotion of global production networks, the passive promotion of industry-specific needs and the need to expand markets. The second internationalization path includes the export access model, the contract access model, and the investment access model. Thirdly the impact effects of firm internationalization include the level of business growth, the level of research and development innovation and the level of dynamic capacity building.

Challenges of international migration in Georgia

In the era of globalization, international migration has become massive. International labor and education markets allow people to study and work in a country of their choice. The right to move freely between countries is an essential human rights element. However, if migration processes are illegal, it can turn into a severe problem. Evaluating the political, cultural, and socio-economic consequences of international migration processes, promoting legal migration, developing a migration policy tailored to the country's interests, and creating the legal basis for its implementation are significant priorities of the state policy in any country. The paper identifies the main challenges of international migration in Georgia and discusses the legislation regulating migration processes. The dynamics of international migration, its positive and negative aspects, and the socio-economic problems of emigration and immigration are analyzed based on statistical-quantitative research methods. Opinions are expressed to perfect migration policy and overcome its challenges.