Internationalization Process Research Articles

The microfoundations of international commitment decisions: Creating joint opportunity meanings

AbstractResearch SummaryDespite a vast body of theory on internationalization processes, little is known about the microfoundations of how firms deal with internal groups' diverse views when trying to make international commitment decisions. Drawing on the concept of opportunity formation and a detailed case study, we develop a model that shows how, under the condition of diverse internal meanings, firms can make an international commitment decision by creating “joint opportunity meanings.” We show how imagination plays an essential role in achieving this decision. Our study contributes to global strategy in multiple ways, including detailing some microfoundations of internationalization process theory, assessing group‐level dynamics in global strategy decision‐making, and advancing insights into the relationship between opportunity formation and imagination.Managerial SummaryThis paper explains how global organizations can reach a decision to commit to an opportunity in a foreign market in a situation characterized by disagreement among internal groups. We found how it was critical to move from diverse views on an opportunity to joint opportunity meanings, whereby the groups mutually accomplish a description of the opportunity with an agreed and common terminology that is ambiguous enough to accommodate remaining diversity in views. In this process, managers' forward‐looking imaginations, in combination with socialization and symbolic actions, were crucial. Our paper highlights how local ideas in complex multinationals can be spread with the intent to reach key decision‐makers and how firms can reach sufficiently overlapping meanings that enable them to strategically move forward while allowing for the plurality of views that multinationals often exhibit.

Exploring the role of women entrepreneurs in firm internationalization strategic decision-making.

Women entrepreneurs have emerged as main contributors to the dynamic landscape of the business world, with a noticeable increase in their numbers choosing entrepreneurship as a career path. This phenomenon is particularly present in developing nations like Albania, where women entrepreneurs are not only instrumental in fostering competitive advantage within the domestic market but are also making significant steps in the international arena. This study aims to investigate the crucial role played by women entrepreneurs in the process of firm internationalization, with a specific focus on the Albanian context. Through a literature review as the primary methodology, this research focuses on the experiences and contributions of Albanian women entrepreneurs to investigate the complexities of their involvement in the internationalization of businesses. The findings underline the main role women entrepreneurs play as facilitators in the internationalization process, showing their ability to drive firms towards expanded global reach. This study analyses the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in this process, offering valuable insights into the obstacles they pass and the opportunities they seize. By exploring the experiences of women entrepreneurs in a specific geographic and socio-economic context, this study provides a perspective on the challenges and opportunities inherent in the internationalization process. This paper significantly contributes to the understanding of the role of women entrepreneurs in firm internationalization within the Albanian context, offering detailed insights into how they leverage their unique capabilities and networks to facilitate business growth beyond domestic borders. It enriches the literature by highlighting the specific challenges and opportunities encountered by women entrepreneurs.

Mise en œuvre de l’innovation ouverte internationale au sein des PME : le rôle du processus d’internationalisation

This study focuses on implementing international open innovation (IOI) projects within SMEs and the role of the internationalization process in this endeavor. Based on interviews with 38 CEOs of Quebec SMEs, the study reveals that IOI is primarily implemented through inbound and coupled practices involving specific actors such as competitors, distributors, or non-governmental organizations (NGOs). SMEs also face several challenges, including distrust, resource insufficiency, risk management, and the distance between innovation partners. However, the existence of pre-existing or gradually constructed networks helps mitigate these challenges. This research enriches the literature on IOI and provides guidance for executives for successful IOI implementation. Keywords: International open innovation, implementation, challenges, internationalization process, knowledge-based approach, SMEs.

Rethinking Approaches to Negotiation Training in Russia and other Countries

The article is devoted to the problems of negotiation training and research of modern negotiation practices in Russia and abroad in the context of expanding traditional diplomatic tools through the active involvement of non-state actors in world political processes, as well as the use of “expert diplomacy” resources in international negotiations.Aim . To identify current trends in the teaching of negotiations in Russia and the world, to show the features of modern negotiation practices in the context of new geopolitical realities.Tasks. To analyze the role of negotiations in modern social, political and international processes. To review the latest research in the field of negotiations in the context of Western and non-Western scientific schools on negotiations.Methods. The methods of empirical analysis, consistency, scientific discussion, informational and historical approaches are applied.Results . The key features of modern scientific schools on negotiations are revealed. The specificity of non-Western research on negotiations is shown. The importance of taking into account national, religious, and cultural peculiarities of business communication in building successful negotiation processes is evaluated.Conclusions . Along with the universalization of negotiation practice and the formation of a unified negotiation culture, there is a pronounced trend towards combining negotiation skills based on classical strategies in the educational process, as well as mastering the knowledge and skills of intercultural communication, business etiquette and communication with representatives of various countries of the world.

THE COSTITUTION IN A NEW EDITION: ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSTATE REGIONAL COOPERATION

Today, ensuring the implementation of important tasks for pursuing an open, pragmatic and active foreign policy ofour country, identified in the priority areas of the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan, is becoming increasingly important. Uzbekistan's participation in regional and international processes has increased significantly. Large-scale changes and reforms taking place in the country are reflected in foreign policy. Uzbekistan today is pursuing a more active and pragmatic foreign policy compared to previous times, and this is recognized by the international community. At the same time, cooperation with thecountries of Central Asia has expanded like never before.

UMA ANÁLISE CIENTOMÉTRICA SOBRE INSTITUIÇÕES NA PESQUISA DE NEGÓCIOS INTERNACIONAIS

ABSTRACT This paper explores the co-evolution of international business studies and institutions, employing a scientometric approach and bibliometric review on the application of institutional concepts in international business studies, outlining a research agenda. We compiled a database of 3,520 articles and conducted a scientometric analysis to examine the evolution of the term “institutions” in international business in ABS-ranked journals. Our findings show that (1) over the past two decades, there has been a shift in the use of the term institutions from a political and economic connotation to a sociological perspective to explain how firms adopt strategies, make decisions, and address intra-national problems during the internationalization process; (2) traditional approaches were found to be insufficient in explaining context-dependent events that affect international business; and (3) China has emerged as a critical player in international business studies, which has helped to redirect the focus of institutions from political and economic aspects to the sociological context. Finally, we propose an agenda for future research, highlighting potential pitfalls and remedies.

Internationalization of firms: The impact of “Made in Albania” on strategic decisions

This study focuses on the specific case of Albanian firms operating in the fashion industry and examines the significance of the “Made in Albania” label in their internationalization endeavors. It seeks to analyze the challenges and opportunities these firms encounter throughout the internationalization process, shedding light on the dynamics of the global fashion market. Multiple case studies are used in this investigation, focusing on Albanian firms that brand their products with the “Made in Albania” label. By employing a qualitative research approach, this study aims to provide an understanding of the factors influencing the internationalization efforts of these firms. Through in-depth interviews, document analysis, and on-site observations, the research explores the strategic decisions made by these companies in leveraging their national identity for global success. The findings of this research contribute to both academic discourse and practical insights for businesses seeking to investigate the complexities of internationalization. By analyzing the multifaceted nature of the “Made in Albania” label’s impact, this study offers valuable recommendations for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and business leaders aiming to enhance the global competitiveness of Albanian firms in the fashion sector. The integration of these elements not only adds value but also reinforces the cultural authenticity of Albanian fashion.

МІЖНАРОДНИЙ БІЗНЕС В УМОВАХ ТУРБУЛЕНТНОСТІ ГЛОБАЛЬНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article is devoted to the study of trends in the evolutionary changes of international business in the context of global economic turbulence. It is established that the global economy is currently at the stage of turbulent fluctuations, the factors and at the same time the results of which are the strengthening of new features that are almost polar to the attributes of the economy of the past decade. The turbulence of the global economy provokes relevant trends in the development of international business: a decrease in the rate of scaling of the international companies activities; comprehensive digitization of business processes; reformatting of global chains of value formation in terms of length, fragmentation and localization; strengthening cyber security and information protection in order to minimize financial and reputational risks; the growth of e-commerce; multichannel communications with consumers; increasing the social responsibility of international companies and increasing investments in sustainable development; increasing the value of human capital and permanent modernization of the international companies HR management. Artificial intelligence and human creative capital are becoming the identifying carrier of globalization changes, which is a source of innovative efficiency of international business processes and a critical factor for sustainable development. This stimulates a steady increase of investment in the development of artificial intelligence and its implementation in international business practices. Artificial intelligence has become a factor in the development of traditional economic sectors and a driver of the creative economy as a new global phenomenon. It is established that the growth of the creative economy is characterized by the disparity between countries with different levels of development in international trade in goods and services of creative industries: a clear dominance of developed countries in the services segment and a dynamic increase in the contribution of developing countries in the segment of creative goods. On a global scale, artificial intelligence is not limited to international business and is being actively integrated into the process of developing and implementing sustainable development strategies.

Preispitivanje Hantingtona - teorija o sukobu civilizacija i multipolarizacija sveta

The Paper examines Huntington's model for understanding conflicts in contemporary international relations, according to which the cultural and religious identities of peoples are the primary causes of their mutual clashes. Starting from the basic elements of his paradigm on the "clash of civilizations", like the concept of civilizations and their typology, the concept of conflict, their types and causes, to which the first part of the Paper is dedicated, the central part of the Paper presents a cross-section of critical reviews of Huntington's "clash of civilizations" model from the principle criticism to particular ones. After that - and bearing in mind contemporary international events and processes in the times of the "new cold war" - an attempt is made to determine whether to what extent Huntington was right, i.e. how accurate his model for understanding the conflict was, and how much it was not. Final part of the Paper is devoted to the understanding of contemporary inter-civilizational relations precisely in relation to Huntington's predictions. The conclusions that arise are clear: in Huntington's model of the "clash of civilizations", the conflicts are obviously more contentious than the civilizations themselves. The three-decade development of international relations, from the time of the end of the Cold War until today, has significantly pointed to the importance of large-scale civilizational, cultural and value groupings, although not to the degree of monolithicity and determinism as claimed by Huntington. He also quite correctly observed two tendencies: that non-Western civilizations will reject with a leaf almost all universalistic aspirations that are imposed on them against their own value frameworks, and that this will increase mutual antagonisms, but not between all civilizations and their "core states", religious groups and ethnicities, but between "the West and the rest." Moreover, the process of multipolarization that has begun leads the way to greater and more continuous inter-civilizational cooperation between non-Western large, medium and small powers. The success of these reconciliations and partnership projects is evidently larger if the increasingly problematic influence of the modern West, as a disruptive factor in the intercivilizational and multipolar world equation, is excluded from them.

Big Data Analysis and Decision Making Optimization in International Relations Supported by Constructivist Theory

Abstract With the peaceful end of the Cold War and the deepening development of economic globalization, the traditional international relations theory is in trouble, and constructivism comes into being amidst people’s reflections on neorealism and neoliberalism. This paper proposes an optimization method for decision-making in international relations, guided by the constructivist international relations theory system. Big data is used to analyze the decision-making opinions of experts in international relations processing and to fuse complex relationships, and then the dual-consensus feedback mechanism is used to calculate the comprehensive score of each international relations decision-making scheme to obtain the optimal decision-making scheme in international relations. The analysis finds that the solution obtained using the method proposed in this paper is better than the solution obtained using the JIA method and can provide the optimal decision-making solution for processing international relations. In the simulation case, after optimizing its decision-making in international relations, country T actively engages in economic and trade exchanges with country M and jointly establishes several economic cooperation frameworks. The export trade volume of country T to country M increased by about three times from 2016 to 2023, and the total global trade volume of country T doubled by nearly five times (481.97%). The paper’s impact can be seen in the establishment of relatively stable international relations and the realization of the practice of friendly interaction between state subjects.

ЕАЭС в мировых интеграционных процессах

The authors analyze the transformation of the international economic integration processes, influenced by the changes in the global world order during the last 25 years. Special attention is payed to the structures with Russian partnership, in particular – the EAEU. The conclusion of a variety of modern forms of international economic cooperation and serious challenges for the EAEU is made.

Роль специальных экономических зон в государственной политике приграничных регионов Казахстана: пример СЭЗ Qyzyljar

The article explores the role of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in the state policy of Kazakhstan's border regions. It analyzes the impact of SEZs on economic activity, investment attraction, and job creation in these areas. Key aspects of SEZ operation are discussed, including integration into international economic processes, infrastructure improvement, and the development of foreign economic relations. The study employs methods such as the analysis of regulatory frameworks, economic-statistical analysis, comparative analysis. The results indicate that SEZs play a significant role in stimulating economic growth and integrating Kazakhstan into the global economy. However, there are issues that require further enhancement of state policy and management of these zones.

KAZAKHSTAN IN EURASIAN REGIONALISM: PROBLEM STATEMENT

This article raises an important issue of Kazakhstan’s potential to transcend the traditional understanding of Eurasian regionalism, which is mainly associated with the post-Soviet space, including the Eurasian Economic Union. The authors question the broadening of the definition of “Eurasian regionalism” and assess new opportunities for Kazakhstan’s participation in the Eurasian regional process within a broader continental context. Approaching Eurasian regionalism from a new perspective allows us to consider Kazakhstan not only as a participant in the post-Soviet space, but also as a key player at the continental level. The article raises the question of Kazakhstan’s capabilities in the context of Eurasian regionalism, given its geopolitical location and economic potential; the limitations of Kazakhstan’s participation in regional initiatives such as the EAEU and SCO compared to global trends and roles in the region. The article examines the new challenge for Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries as maintaining independence in the face of changes in the geopolitical environment; the role of international cooperation and integration for Kazakhstan as a strategic element in its foreign policy and economic development. The necessity of diversity of external relations and strategic partnership for Kazakhstan in the conditions of multi-vector approach is emphasized. The article also points out the importance of Kazakhstan’s active participation in international integration processes and its role in global production chains and infrastructure projects to strengthen the economy and increase the country’s status in the global community.

VIETNAM'S BILATERAL INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS (2011-2020)

Vietnam's international economic integration process is closely linked to the construction, reform and improvement of economic institutions. It is accelerated by the negotiation and signing of economic and trade agreements, participation in international organizations and reform and innovation of the national legal system and administrative reform. In the years 2011-2020, Vietnam's international economic integration has made many breakthroughs, contributing to expanding export markets, attracting foreign capital, and improving national competitiveness.

Cities and More Effective Multi-level Governance

This article has been inspired by the vision set out in the UN Secretary’s report General Our Common Agenda (2021) and the report of High-Level Advisory Board on Effective Multilateralism entitled A Breakthrough for People and Planet. Effective and Inclusive Global Governance for Today and the Future (2023). Given the growing role of cities in international relations, the research aim of this article is to answer the question: how to make multi-level governance more effective? The author argues that more effective multi-level governance has to be more inclusive and that cities should be formally included in international decision-making processes. The author also makes the case for the growing role of cities in international relations, cooperation and addressing global problems, including migration, climate change and pandemics such as the recent Covid-19.

Importance of Strategic Environmental Assessment (Sea) Process and Environmental Health Impact Assessment (Ehia) Process Towards Sustainable Climate Change And Control

Importance of Strategic Environmental Assessment (Sea) Process and Environmental Health Impact Assessment (Ehia) Process Towards Sustainable Climate Change And Control

ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКЕ СПІВТОВАРИСТВО В ЗОВНІШНІЙ ПОЛІТИЦІ СРСР В РОКИ «ПЕРЕБУДОВИ»

The article examines the process of slow convergence of the USSR during the years of «perestroika» with the European Community, attempts have been made to determine the reasons for the gradual convergence. The purpose of the study is to characterize the place of the European Community in the foreign policy of the USSR during the years of “perestroika” in the context of the concept of «new thinking». It is noted, that the plans for the creation of the internal market of the European Community countries were met with deep concern in the USSR and other countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. It was they who pushed for more decisive actions and played their role in changing the position regarding the EEC. The economic and political transformations of the second half of the 1980s, which were actively carried out in the USSR, met with approval in Europe. It is emphasized, that the economic factor became a new element of policy regarding the EEC during the Gorbachev period. According to the tradition that developed before this, political and military aspects of the process were taken into account the most. The conclusion of the Agreement on trade and economic cooperation with the EEC was the logical consequence of such a change. Economic cooperation with the EEC was included in the foreign policy priorities. It is concluded, that during the period of «perestroika» the relations of the USSR with the European Community underwent drastic changes. These changes were influenced by a number of factors, among which the most important were the ratification of the Single European Act and the development of the EEC program of the single internal market until 1992. The Community’s concrete assistance to M. Gorbachev’s «perestroika» had an undeniable influence on the position regarding the EEC. Another important change, as a result of which the signing of the agreement with the EEC became possible, was a radical rethinking of the concept of interdependence. It happened gradually from ascertaining the development of the processes of internationalization and integration to the recognition of the fact of interdependence between states of different social systems. Only during the period of perestroika did it become possible to conclude the desirability of interdependence as a factor that stabilizes international relations. However, all these changes in approaches were primarily characteristic of a rather narrow circle of politicians. At the same time, they helped to change the official position. It was these factors that pushed M. Gorbachev to develop the idea of a «common European home», which became a component of the concept of «new thinking» in the foreign policy of the USSR.

Research on the Development Path of Realizing Internationalization of Education

With the development of society, the issue of internationalization of education has gradually attracted people's attention. Economic globalization has increased exchanges between different countries, and the development of the Internet has made more people know about the internationalization of education. Both of these have brought new opportunities to the internationalization of education. While broadening personal horizons, it has also increased communication between countries. However, there are still problems in the development process of internationalization of education. This article analyzes the development path of educational internationalization and finds that there are regional, economic, and cultural background issues in educational internationalization through research on the current situation. Based on this, this article proposes the following suggestions: provide support to poverty-stricken areas and narrow the gap between regions. At the same time, if necessary, provide some economic assistance to students participating in the internationalization of education. In terms of cultural differences, engage in international communication and spread culture to other countries.

Трансформация Арктического совета и Совета Баренцева/Евроарктического региона под воздействием международно-политического кризиса 2022 г.

The international political crisis of 2022 has become one of the most important phenomena within the existing system of international relations (IR) and has had an impact on virtually all international processes, including those in the Arctic region. The Arctic occupies a key position in contemporary international relations, as it is the region where the border between Russia and NATO countries, including the United States, lies. The impact of the crisis on the Arctic subsystem of IR is understudied. Much of the research focuses on reconstructing the events within the processes that took place in the region. Nevertheless, researchers have found that international regimes that are more institutionally rigid have shown greater resilience under crisis conditions. In turn, the Arctic Council and the Barents Euro-Arctic Council, international regimes with a similar institutional structure, differed in their dynamics amid the 2022 crisis. While the Barents Euro-Arctic Council has completely stopped cooperating with Russia, the Arctic Council has seen a recovery trend after a period of ‘freezing’. In order to identify the reasons that determined the observed differences in the dynamics of transformation of these institutions, the paper used the theoretical approach of simple and broader effects of international regimes. The number of positive simple and broader effects of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council was found to be significantly lower than those of the Arctic Council. In the context of simple effects, the reasons for the disparity are: coverage of issue areas according to the participants’ vantage points in terms of participants and geography, along with funding, while in terms of extended effects: the degree of ideologization of an institution and opportunities for political engagement at a relatively high level. A key limitation of the methodology used relates to the fact that, by looking at regimes in a functional logic, other factors are not taken into account. Nevertheless, the differences in the transformation of the Arctic Council and the Barents Euro-Arctic Council as a result of the crisis may also be related to the differences in the Russia-Norway and Russia-Finland relationships.

Para uma história da governança hospitalar global,do final do século XIX a meados do século XX: contribuição para uma história a ser escrita

Abstract This article draws on the recent historiography in international relations and global health, as well as selected archives, to propose some milestones for a history of global hospital governance from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. How can we identify a system of hospital governance, including formal and informal arrangements, on a global or sub-global scale? Through the lens of the International Hospital Association, founded in 1931, we highlight the significance of internationalization processes, relationships with other international organizations, transnational interpersonal networks, and forces structuring innovation. This document provides a preliminary starting point for discussion and encourages further research.