Internationalization Process Research Articles

Timing and experience in global markets: unraveling the impact of servitization on new manufacturing venture survival

AbstractThe emergence of global competition and advances in technology have prompted manufacturing firms to reshape their competitive strategies in global markets. Servitization is an innovative strategy, which integrates services into traditional products to offer both domestic and international customers greater value added. In the context of international entrepreneurship and drawing on the resource-based view and internationalization perspectives, this study investigates the relationship between servitization and the survival of new manufacturing ventures that are engaging in global markets. In addition, it further explores whether the pre-internationalization preparation and post-internationalization experience can moderate the servitization-survival relationship from the perspectives of costs, resources, and capabilities developed in different stages. Our findings support the view that, in the context of international markets, new manufacturing ventures are more vulnerable to risk and the additional costs of servitization coupled with the uncertainty of international markets. Later entry into foreign markets and greater international experience enable manufacturing ventures to resist the hazards associated with servitization and the process of internationalization. In doing so, we contribute to an understanding of the service paradox by adopting a dynamic and processual view of internationalization.

Study on the Criminal Regulation of Foreign Commercial Bribery by Chinese MNEs

Abstract: In the process of global economic integration, Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs) have continued to expand their overseas operations, becoming significant players on the international commercial stage. However, the acceleration of their internationalization process has been accompanied by escalating issues of foreign-related commercial bribery, which erodes MNEs' reputation and interests and poses challenges to China's international image. This paper commences by delving into the recent status of China's criminal legal framework regulating foreign-related commercial bribery committed by MNEs, highlighting specific provisions in the Criminal Law of China as well as other pertinent regulations. Subsequently, the paper proceeds to pinpoint the shortcomings and deficiencies within the existing legal regulatory system, notably including issues such as jurisdictional evasion and ambiguous definitions of specific concepts like the scope of bribe recipients. Drawing extensively from international legislative experiences, including the United States' Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the UK's Bribery Act, and the United Nations Convention against Corruption, this paper finally distills successful practices and offers valuable recommendations for enhancing China's legal system. The proposed measures encompass clarifying the definition of bribery acts, refining the scope of bribe recipients, and enriching sentencing factors. Moreover, the paper highlights the necessity of motivating corporate compliance through legal means, thereby curbing bribery at its source. This study provides research support for refining China's anti-overseas bribery legal framework, which in turn can bolster the credibility of Chinese MNEs in the international market, foster the growth of China's transnational commerce, and elevate China's international competitiveness.

What innovation and technology delivers to internationalization? The case of European and Central Asia regions

Purpose This study aims to analyze the impact of technology and innovation on businesses’ internationalization process as well as the relationship between innovation and technology and internationalization. Design/methodology/approach The study was based on quantitative analysis of secondary data from 30 economies in Europe and Central Asia, extracted from the Enterprise Surveys – The World Bank database, using the multivariate statistical techniques of multiple linear regression and cluster analysis. Findings The results suggest that innovation and technology (I&T) mutually and positively influence the internationalization of firms. In this sense, innovative firms are more successful in competing internationally and exposure to alternative business contexts culminates in innovation. The results suggest a positive relationship between the percentage of firms that introduced a process innovation, the percentage of firms with websites and the businesses’ internationalization. Originality/value The originality of this research is based on the methodological approach that allowed the identification of the most significant variables for stimulating the internationalization of firms based on innovation and technology. Given the predominance of economies with higher I&T and internationalization in Europe, it is proposed as future research projects to ascertain the reasons for such a phenomenon.

Performing the ideal adoptive parent in Swedish adoption assessment interviews

ABSTRACT Assessment and evaluation of parenting ability are central tasks in social work. However, parenthood is a normative and morally bound practice, subject to cultural expectations about what constitutes ‘good’ parenthood. In adoption assessment interviews, prospective adoptive parents’ potential as parents is thoroughly examined, requiring adoption applicants to articulate their ideas about future parenthood. This study is based on authentic assessment interviews conducted in Sweden between social workers and prospective adoptive parent, in the context of an international adoption process. The article explores how ideals of adoptive parenthood are expressed and performed by prospective adoptive parents in their interactions with social workers. The findings show that adoption applicants present their suitability as parents based on references to children’s needs, specific personal characteristics, and envisioned future actions. The study supports previous research on idealized parental models in adoption assessments and provides insights into how these portrayals are shaped through interaction. Furthermore, the study raises questions about the governance of specific parenthood ideals and the limited opportunities adoption applicants have to express or explore alternative perspectives on parenthood.

A COMPLEX APPROACH TO THE FORMATION OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES OF THE ENTERPRISE

The research focuses on modern academic sources related to theoretical definitions in the field of strategic management of international business processes. A special attention is paid to different approaches for strategy development. The key factors impacting the success of export strategies are determined. In particular, strategies for entering foreign markers are researched based on criteria such as a degree of control over distribution, a level of investment, a predisposition to risks, elasticity, speed of entering a market, and market access. A comparative analysis of main strategies is given, taking into account the above-mentioned factors as well as an evaluation of the strong and weak sides of each approach. In addition, the strategies are analyzed from the perspective of instruments that are used for their implementation, highlighting the necessity of choosing a complex and polyhedral approach for achieving success on international markets. The research outlines the main challenges faced by businesses entering external markets, describing in detail potential obstacles at every step of the process. An emphasis is put not only on the development of strategies but also on the support of a reliable system of continuous monitoring and control. An algorithm for forming a complex approach for realization and control of the implementation of the strategies is suggested. Main principles that ensure successful access to foreign markers are outlined. The main principles for successful strategy implementation are defined, including a detailed market analysis, the use of unique product characteristics, consideration of local market specifics, and adaptability to changes. Adherence to these principles will enhance the enterprise’s competitiveness. Assessment and forecasting methods of external and internal business environments are discussed for effective execution of the chosen strategies. The study provides an overview of qualitative and quantitative methods, including peer review methods, extrapolation methods, and econometric modeling, that allow companies to better adapt their strategies to the dynamic conditions of the global market.

Historical Development and Learning of Marimba in Chinese Educational Institutions

Background and Aim: The significance of the historical development and learning of the marimba in Chinese educational institutions lies in the evolutionary and developmental process of these institutions and the interesting nature of the learning process. It is necessary to study the introduction and learning process of the marimba. The aim is to explore the historical development and learning of the marimba in Chinese educational institutions. Materials and Methods: Qualitative research and content analysis were used, based on the principles of the historical development of the marimba, to convey and promote Chinese culture through marimba sound, playing techniques, and the learning process in educational institutions. Results: The marimba was introduced to China in the 1980s. Teaching and playing methods mainly follow the international mainstream. Due to its low popularity, few schools offer marimba courses. Automatic lifting systems have emerged. There is scope for further development. The learning is comprehensive, in-depth, and innovative, helping students gain proficiency and cultivate musical literacy and innovative abilities. It originated in Guatemala and spread worldwide, entering China in the 1980s. In China, it has gradually become an important part of the music education system. Courses and training programs have been established in various educational institutions. Learning requires basic skills and the pursuit of artistic expression and cultural understanding. In the future, the marimba will have broader prospects with the development of music education and the acceleration of the internationalization process. Conclusion: Despite its initial lack of popularity, the marimba—which was brought to China in the 1980s—has grown to be an essential part of the country's music education program. Students develop proficiency and musical literacy through thorough and creative teaching methods, and as internationalization and music education progress, the instrument's future in China appears bright.

Advancing equitable value chains for the global hydrogen economy

Hydrogen is a rapidly growing focus for countries seeking to develop green industries, but there are many questions about how the nascent global hydrogen economy will develop, and what this implies for equitable sharing of benefits and burdens between nations. In this perspective we summarize emerging trends in national hydrogen strategies and develop recommendations for researchers and policymakers to center equity in hydrogen development. This will require integrating innovation and development perspectives on international technology transfer, developing more detailed representation of hydrogen trade in systems models, building equity considerations into national and international planning processes, and establishing robust technology transfer efforts. Policymakers will also need to grapple with the difficulties of verifying life cycle emissions of hydrogen if hydrogen trade emerges as a significant trend, potentially requiring new methods of emissions accounting and trade reforms that prioritize international equity.

On the issue of the formation of the national identity of students (on the case of universities in Kazakhstan)

Introduction. The article examines the theoretical aspects and practical possibilities of formation of national identity in universities of Kazakhstan. This problem is becoming relevant in the context of the globalization of knowledge and international integration of education, the growth of academic mobility and the expansion of intercultural communications. Aim. The aim is to explore the mechanisms of constructing national identity and strengthening the national features of educational programs of higher education based on the study and generalization of the experience of Kazakhstani universities. Methodology and research methods. Based on the content analysis of normative documents on education, the content of bachelor's degree curricula and critical understanding of foreign scientific literature, the authors attempt to fill in the gaps in understanding the mechanisms of formation of national identity in higher education in the country and show its features. Results. The authors present the results of an analysis of the structure and content of bachelor educational programs at universities in Kazakhstan for the presence of the national component in them. Тhe authors summarize that the formation of national identity among the younger generation and filling it with semantic content is considered by the Kazakh academic community as an important state task, as a foundation for the cohesion and spiritual unity of citizens of a multinational country. The mechanisms of constructing national identity in the higher education system have been developed at the state level and are implemented in university training and educational practices. The national component of bachelor's degree programs, focused on formation of national identity, is provided by the content of general education humanities and language disciplines. University programs are developed in accordance with the requirements of the State Bachelor's Degree Standard, which contains a list of compulsory subjects for studying national history and culture, Kazakh, Russian and foreign languages. The principles of academic freedom allow universities to enhance the national flavor of educational programs by filling elective courses with national content. Scientific novelty. In modern conditions, the problem of ensuring the national identity of educational programs universities does not at all seem to be an axiom that contradicts the processes of internationalization of education. Universities around the world use various mechanisms to ensure the national identity of their programs, making them more attractive to students in the context of the development of intercultural communication. Kazakh universities are still gaining experience, but it may already be of interest from the point of view of accumulating practical experience. The practical significance of the study lies in the formulation of the problem as one of the important discourses in higher education. The results of the study will make a certain contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms and factors influencing the provision of national identity of educational programs using the example of a specific country. The article contributes to the scientific conversation about the meaning of national identity and can be a contribution to the study of the problems of forming the national identity of the younger generation.

Commercial Diplomacy and Internationalization of SMEs: A Scoping Review

The purpose of this study is to synthesize information about the possible advantages of SME internationalization. The primary question driving this scoping review is: What is the extent to which field of commercial diplomacy has identified its potential to benefit the SMEs, specifically in their internationalization efforts? We do have done a scoping review adhering to a five-step methodology, and extensively reviewing the relevant studies. A systematic literature review was conducted using electronic databases with predefined inclusion-exclusion criteria. 191 articles were screened, yielding 19 relevant studies for final analysis. Our review not only offers a comprehensive analysis of the current research on the relationship between CD and SME internationalization, but also identifies key themes. While doing so, this study sheds light on significant findings, on-going debates, and identifies research gaps that need future exploration. The study’s theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. The role of SMEs in economic growth and innovation is crucial in the context of globalization. Nevertheless, SMEs have several internal and external challenges throughout their process of internationalization. Despite the established significance commercial diplomacy plays in the internationalization efforts of SMEs, centre of attention remains on large organization and their facilitation. While the current body of research mostly focuses on the economic consequences of internationalization for bigger companies, it remains limited on SMEs.

A Study on the Relationship between Field Cognitive Style and English Reading Strategy Choice

In recent years, China has accelerated its internationalization process and made more and more achievements in cross-border exchanges and cooperation. Learning English is essential for the current generation of college students. English reading is an important means to acquire English language knowledge, understand external information, and improve English language practice skills. Since the 70s of the 20th centuries, many scholars at home and abroad have been conducting a lot of research on the correlation between reading strategies and cognitive styles, but most of them are descriptive analysis, and there are few empirical studies. In this study, 324 first-year students majoring in science and engineering of Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology were selected by random sampling method, and the questionnaires of mosaic pattern test (Chinese version) and reading strategies were conducted, and data processing was carried out by SPSS 26.0, and descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test and Pearson correlation analysis were performed. The results show that there are significant differences in the use of reading strategies among field-independent and field-dependent science and engineering freshmen. Among them, field-independent individuals are more inclined to choose metacognitive strategies, and field-dependent individuals are more inclined to choose social/emotional strategies. Teachers should give full consideration to the characteristics of students' cognitive styles in English teaching, scientifically adjust the design of activities, the selection of teaching materials and teaching methods, and provide diversified guidance to help students correctly understand themselves and improve their learning efficiency. Due to the limitation of time and sample size, there are still many shortcomings in this study, but to a certain extent, it reflects the current situation of science and engineering English learners in China, and provides empirical data support for teachers' "teaching" and students' "learning".

RISORGIMENTO'S ECHOES IN THE SOUTHWESTERN KRAI DURING THE 1860s IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN EUROPE

The article emphasises that during the nineteenth century, the processes of the rise of national movements in Europe, which led to large-scale transformations in international relations, were reflected in the territory of Dnipro Ukraine, and of particular interest is their impact on the public life of Kyiv, Podillia and Volyn provinces, where the Polish socio-cultural presence was traditionally significant. After the November Uprising of 1830-1831, Polish political emigration influenced the formation of Polonophile sentiments in Europe and the actualisation of the Polish question in the activities of European diplomacy, parliaments, and press. The echoes of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth's noble democracy were embodied in the Polish national liberation struggle, the uprisings against Russian autocracy in 1830-1831 and 1863-1864, the role of Polish emigrants in the socio-political processes of Western European and Balkan countries, and, above all, in the events of “the Springtime of Nations” of 1848-1849. The study of the documents of the Office of Kyiv, Podillya and Volyn Governor-General at the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv, which were first introduced to scientific circulation, sheds light on the rise of patriotic sentiments and resistance to Russian autocracy among the local Polish population against the background of intensification of national liberation movements in Europe during the nineteenth century, the emergence of new states on the political map – Greece (1830), Belgium (1830), Romania (1861), completion of the unification of Italy (1871) and creation of the German Empire (1871), and the state and legal transformation of the Austrian (since 1867 – Austro-Hungarian) monarchy. First of all, it is about the influence of information about the events of the Risorgimento and the related intensification of Polish emigration in Europe on the public life of the Southwestern region of the Russian Empire in the 1860s. The unification of Italy was a significant process in the context of the dismantling of the Vienna system of international relations that was initiated by the results of the Eastern War of 1853-1856. In general, it was about a set of international political processes and phenomena that influenced the balance of power on the continent. Italy's geopolitical position determined its key role in the struggle of the great European powers for control over the Mediterranean, powerful military, trade and economic leverage at the intersection of strategically important sea routes between the West and the East.

The Role of Future Leader’s Entrepreneurial Orientation in Family Firm Internationalization Process – the Polish Context

Research background: In CEE countries, especially in Poland, research on family entrepreneurship has a shorter tradition than in western countries, mainly due to the fact that most family enterprises were established after 1989 when the political system changed. Among others, the main area of interest for researchers associated with family enterprises is succession, especially areas connected with preparation of the successor, future leader of the company. Purpose of the article: The research problem is to identify the conditions for the internationalization of family firms, which are associated with the person of a future leader (successor), in particular, those related to the entrepreneurial orientation of the leader. Therefore, the main research question is which and to what extent the dimensions of the leader’s entrepreneurial orientation influence the internationalization of family firms? Research methods: The complexity of the researched topic prompted the use of advanced statistical methods. Therefore, the quantitative analysis was carried out using the SEM-PLS method, i.e. structural equation modeling using the partial least squares method. Main findings: The dimensions that influence the internationalization are the pro-activity of the leader, the tendency of the leader to risk and the competitive aggression of the leader. Pro-activity of the leader in almost 20% affects the speed/pace of the internationalization of the family firm. This effect is enhanced by the presence of external managers. Future leader tendency towards risk and competitive aggression in almost 20% of every dimension affect the international achievements of a family firm.

Assessing the internationalization dynamics of emerging markets: a comprehensive analysis utilizing SWARA-WASPAS techniques

Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the internationalization of countries represented in the MSCI Emerging Markets Index. The evaluation considers high-technology product imports, foreign direct investments, research and development expenditures, patent and industrial design applications, exports and gross domestic product (GDP) data, representing production. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses the Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method to assess and rank the criteria for evaluating emerging markets. Four academics who are authorities in the field of foreign trade were consulted to weigh the criteria. The Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) method, considered one of the most reliable and robust MCDM techniques, was then used to evaluate and rank the countries. Findings The findings obtained during the research process reveal the internationalization dynamics of these countries based on the indicators they possess. As a result, it is observed which countries achieve higher performance in the internationalization process based on relevant criteria. Originality/value This study is theoretically unique and valuable as it simultaneously offers the potential for development to macro-level international trade theories, such as the technologic deficit hypothesis, and meso-level internationalization theories, such as the Uppsala model. Additionally, integrated multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, which are not frequently used in cross-country studies, have been used, and the performance of emerging markets has been ranked. The findings obtained from this application distinguish the research from the existing literature by transforming it into a performance ranking rather than focusing on the antecedents or consequences of internationalization and their interactions.

Impact of International Law Fragmentation on the Development of Integration Processes

This article analyzes the relationship between the phenomenon of fragmentation of international law and integration processes aimed the modern global transformations. Various approaches to understanding the fragmentation of international law are considered, including its causes, forms, and consequences. The article examines how fragmentation impacts the functioning of international integration entities, the development of interstate relations, and the effectiveness of international legal regulation. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of fragmentation as a conducive factor for the advancement of international integration and the establishment of specialized legal regimes within integration associations. Consequently, the degree of fragmentation in international law within established regions correlates with the level and depth of integration. In the current context, the fragmentation serves as a favorable element for participating states in fostering their integration interactions. In addition, international law functions as a crucial instrument for regulating these integration processes. The methodological foundation of this article comprises well-established general and specific methods of scientific research. The article’s purpose and objectives are to investigate the degree of influence and the nature of the interaction between the fragmentation of international law and modern international integration processes.

Head and Neck Cancer Survivors' Assessment of Mealtimes: Translation and Validation : Assessment and Rehabilitation of Dysphagia in Head and Neck Cancer Patients.

Dysphagia is a prevalent complication before, during and after treatment for head and neck cancer (HNC). Besides the medical and societal consequences, dysphagia has a negative impact on functioning, activity, participation and quality of life. These aspects are all affected by the environmental factors (EF). However, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) such as the Head-and-Neck Cancer Survivors' Assessment of Mealtimes (HNSAM), which thoroughly assess participation and EF in addition to function and activity, are rare. Therefore, this study aimed to translate and validate the HNSAM into Dutch (D-HNSAM). The HNSAM was translated according to the standardized procedure of translation & back-translation and according to the international cross-cultural adaptation process. A pilot study was then conducted with 10 HNC patients to assess the linguistic features and comprehensibility of the test items. Finally, the D-HNSAM was completed by 50 participants who were at least 6months post-treatment for HNC. The Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck cancer patients (PSS-HN)- subscales normalcy of diet and eating in public, the Dysphagia Handicap Index (DHI), the Functional Oral Intake scale (FOIS) and the Utrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation (USER-P) were used to examine the psychometric properties of the D-HNSAM. High correlations with related assessment tools and low correlations with unrelated assessment tools were expected. Internal consistency was found to be weak to good. Test-retest reliability, convergent validity and divergent validity were demonstrated except for the EF subscale. The D-HNSAM can detect differences in impact of dysphagia on daily functioning and quality of life. The D-HNSAM is a reliable and clinically valuable PROM for assessing the impact of dysphagia on daily functioning and quality of life in patients with HNC. The unique aspect of this PROM, the subscale EF, has unfortunately weak psychometric properties and requires further refinement.

OS DESAFIOS DA INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DAS EMPRESAS: UMA REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA DA INTERNACIONALIZAÇÃO DAS EMPRESAS

This article makes a bibliographic review of the internationalization process of companies, advantages and challenges, in the current scenario. The term globalization appeared with greater intensity in Brazil, especially in the decade of the 1990s. The factors that led to this intensity of globalization in Brazil were a drastic reduction in the state's intensity in the economy, consequently of the unprecedented economic opening. Internationalization has become almost mandatory for companies to survive, both for large companies, as well as medium and small organizations.

Legitimacy under pressure: Energy firms’ expansion in countries with weak environmental performance

Environmental pollution and climate change have become alarming global issues in the process of rapid economic growth and accelerated internationalization. Due to the environmentally sensitive nature of energy firms, maintaining their legitimacy in the international expansion process, especially in countries with weak environmental performance, is a largely underexplored area in the existing literature. Building on legitimacy as a theoretical perspective, this study examines energy firms’ international expansion patterns when facing environmental pressure. We analyze a dataset of 2134 cross-border mergers and acquisitions conducted by energy firms between 1992 and 2019 to examine the impact of host-country environmental performance, encompassing environmental health (i.e., environmental conditions that affect human well-being) and climate change (i.e., variations in weather patterns), on their expansion. We also investigate the boundary conditions underpinning this relationship. We find that firm-level internalization capability and country-level diplomatic relations make energy firms appear legitimate to their internal and external audiences, respectively. The findings bring fresh insights to the literature on international expansion under environmental threats, enrich the legitimacy perspective, and outline practical implications for firms to preserve and enhance legitimacy for international growth. Additionally, we discuss important policy implications for governments to strengthen regulatory standards on environmental issues in support of sustainable world development.

Effective Teaching of Chinese Nationalization from the Perspective of Cultural Differences

As the process of Chinese language internationalization accelerates, the importance of cultural differences in Chinese language teaching is becoming more and more prominent. Based on the perspective of cultural differences, this paper analyzes the cases of Chinese language learners from several countries and proposes that in country-specific Chinese language teaching, we should pay attention to the introduction of cultural background and social etiquette, and create appropriate language environment and cultural experience according to students' cultural background. By flexibly utilizing a variety of teaching materials and methods, we emphasize the cultivation of cross-cultural communicative competence and enhance the effectiveness and adaptability of Chinese language teaching.

THE FORMATİON AND EVOLUTİON OF EURASİAN THOUGHTS AND CONCEPTS

The concept of "Eurasianism" is rooted in the philosophical ideas of the early 20th century, emphasizing the unity of the post-Soviet space and its special, non-Western path of development. Recently, the world order has been put to the test of strength: global challenges put states in front of the need to revise the existing world order, which forms a favorable ground for the implementation of the idea of Eurasianism in a regional perspective. Today, the idea of Eurasianism is institutionalized within the framework of the CIS and the EAEU and is especially relevant in the context of new global challenges (economic instability, changing nature of the international order, epidemiological threat, etc.), which allow us to talk about the emergence of a new world order. The article also examines the development of the Eurasian economy through the prism of the relationship between the processes of globalization and regionalization. Globalization is interpreted as an objective process of internationalization of the world economy, the peculiarities of the involvement of the economies of the Eurasian countries in it are revealed. The subjective side of globalization as a form of economic policy of the developed countries of the world in their own interests and its consequences are shown. The trends of regionalization in the economies of the Eurasian countries are revealed. It is proved that the increasing regionalization objectively leads to a significantly different world order than globalization — to a multipolar world.

Design and implementation of the international news commentary Data Intelligent Processing System

In the digital media age, international news commentary has changed, creating challenges such as information overload and noise. Traditional platforms often need more data-driven analysis capabilities. This study presented a specialized intelligent system for processing international news commentary data. The system provided robust analysis tools, automated recommendations, and summarization capabilities. Its comprehensive modules included data crawling, processing, visualization, and retrieval. Experimental results demonstrated the system’s effectiveness in processing data and generating valuable insights. Users were able to gain objective insights into topics, emotions, and dissemination patterns. The system provided valuable resources for communication research, enhancing theoretical understanding and practical applications in the field.