International Trade Of China Research Articles

China's International Trade of Parrots from 1981 to 2022 Based on the CITES Trade Database.

Parrots are popular with pet consumers and are one of the most traded groups of live birds around the world. China has been considered as an important country in bird trades, but we know little about China's import and export of parrots. Using the latest data available from the CITES Trade Database, we analyzed China's import and export of CITES-listed live parrots from 1981-2022 to better understand the patterns and dynamics of these trades. China imported 155,339 parrots of 173 species and exported 608,987 parrots of 42 species during the study period with an annual average of about 18,500 individuals, accounting for c. 5% of the global average number. The most imported parrots to China were Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus) and Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus), while the most exported ones were Fisher's Lovebirds (Agapornis fischeri), Rosy-faced Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis), and Yellow-collared Lovebird (Agapornis personatus). Since the early 21st century, China's imports of parrots gradually increased, but exports decreased more pronouncedly, making China's international parrot trade volume declining in the past 20 years. China's international parrot trade routes also changed over time, with the destination of parrot exports shifting from Europe to Africa and the Arabian region, while more parrots being gradually imported from countries in South America and Africa. The vast majority of parrots exported from China were captive-bred non-native species like Fisher's Lovebirds, while a substantial proportion of imported parrots were wild-sourced and the proportion has been increasing in the last decade. The fact that China exported much more parrots than imported suggests existence of large-scale parrot farming and domestic parrot trade in China. Attention needs to be paid to monitoring China's import of increasing proportion of wild-sourced parrots from South America countries and its potential impacts on their wild populations. Close monitoring of and more studies on domestic and illegal parrot trade are essential to fully understand the role China plays in the international trade of parrots.

Potential Asymmetries in the International trade and Economic Growth in China: The Role of Emission Intensity

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 10pt; line-height: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;">This study delves into the complex relationship between China's international trade and economic growth, specifically focusing on emission intensity and its environmental ramifications within the context of energy efficiency. The primary objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of how China's international trade dynamics influence economic growth, emphasizing emission intensity and employing a model that considers the nonlinear impact of trade on output. Through this model, structural breakpoints are identified, revealing distinct outcomes for China amidst positive and negative shocks from 1972 to 2021. The study uncovers the dual nature of the energy sector, acting both as a source of environmental degradation and a potential avenue for positive change through increased efficiency. Complex interplays among economic activities, inflation, and investment on carbon intensity are revealed. Additionally, the varying effects of export volume on carbon emissions intensity across lag thresholds underscore the significance of global trade dynamics for environmental sustainability. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of balancing economic prosperity with environmental responsibility, advocating for carefully balanced policies that foster sustainable growth. Recommendations include considering the dual nature of the energy sector and implementing policies promoting increased efficiency. Policymakers are urged to adopt growth models prioritizing environmental responsibility, balancing economic activities, inflation, and investment to mitigate carbon intensity while acknowledging the diverse effects of global trade dynamics on environmental sustainability.</span></p>

A new method for measuring industrial chain risk exposure: A regional perspective in China

AbstractWe extend the existing framework for decomposition of production length structure in global value chains and propose a novel concept and measure of industrial chain risk exposure on both the demand‐side and supply‐side at the region‐sector level in China. Using data from WIOD, ADB‐MRIOT, and China's multi‐regional input‐output tables, we measure and analyze the industrial chain risk exposures, and risk‐return ratios on the demand‐side and supply‐side of each region‐sector in China from 2002 to 2017. Our results reveal the following key insights: First, inland regions exhibit high domestic industrial chain risk exposures, while coastal regions have high global industrial chain risk exposures, a pattern consistent at the region‐industry level. Furthermore, demand‐side industrial chain risk exposures surpass supply‐side exposures within region‐sectors. Second, High‐tech manufacturing industries display greater risk exposure compared to other sectors. Third, Guangdong and Shanghai, as the main regions of China's international trade, share similar global industrial chain risk exposures to those of Germany and South Korea. Fourth, the bilateral demand‐side exposures of the industrial chains in each region are asymmetric.

Analysing the Impact of Low-Carbon Economy on International Trade of China

Developing a low-carbon economy plays an important role in China. This energy structure that relies too much on coal resources has become an important factor restricting the sustainable development of Chinas economy and society. Therefore, developing a low-carbon economy can effectively avoid the drawbacks of Chinas reliance on high carbon energy. However, there are many adverse effects and difficulties in exploring low-carbon energy. This paper analyzes the multi-dimensional impact of over-reliance on high-carbon energy on the structural adjustment of the energy industry, less developed areas and the transportation industry. Government should realize the requirements of low-carbon technology funds and it needs to deal with the sufferings. The overall impact of low carbon on international economy and trade make issues more prominent. To deal with these problems, the measures suggested in this article are to reduce dependence on multiple levels, improve technical level and capabilities, strengthen international cooperation and exchanges, jointly formulate policies to make carbon emissions more standardized, and optimize research and development costs to reduce unnecessary expenses and government financial support.

Is a friend in need a friend indeed? Geopolitical risk, international trade of China, and Belt & Road Initiative

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of geopolitical risk on bilateral trade flows of China with its major trading partners. It is generally perceived that geopolitical risk exerts a negative impact on bilateral trade flows. Especially, this paper pays particular attention to the moderating effect of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for the negative association between geopolitical risk and economic relationship. In this regard, monthly bilateral flows of China with major BRI and non-BRI economies, respectively, are analysed for the period of 2001–2022. The results indicate that bilateral trade flows of China are negatively associated with the level of geopolitical risk for the whole period. However, there is distinction between the BRI and non-BRI economies during the post-BRI period (2014–2022). While the negative relationship generally holds for non-BRI economies, Chinese economic tie with BRI members rather gets closer in the rise of geopolitical risk. The findings in this study offer empirical evidence on the relationship between geopolitical risk and bilateral trade flows as well as the moderating effect of economic cooperation in uncertain times.

The Impact of Low-carbon Economy on China's International Trade Development

The Impact of Low-carbon Economy on China's International Trade Development

Under the Framework of a Green Economy: A Study on the Prospects of China's International Trade Development

China has made significant progress in green economic development, but it also faces challenges such as green trade. This study provides an overall analysis of the development pattern of green trade in eastern, central, and western China. It then focuses on the eastern region, using specific foreign trade data from the Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai areas to analyze the impact of foreign trade on the efficiency of the green economy. The study aims to explore the prospects of China's international trade development in the context of a green economy. The research reveals that China has made positive strides in both import and export trade and environmental protection. However, there is still a need to enhance trade balance, promote trade development in central and western regions, and strengthen environmental management and regulation by businesses in terms of ecological benefits.

Productivity Gains from Trade: Bunching Estimates from Trading Rights in China

Abstract This paper identifies productivity gains from trade by studying the manipulation behavior of firms in response to regulatory policies on international trade in China. Bunching estimates show that participation in international trade increases firm productivity. The productivity gains increase over time, indicating dynamic learning from trading. Further exploration shows no effects on R&D investment, product rationalization and markup. Young firms and nonstate-owned firms (non-SOEs) gain more from participating in trade. Workers share productivity gains through increased wages but not from increased employment.

Judgment Standards of Chinese Courts when Impediments to Performance of Contracts Arise in International Trade Contracts

Purpose: This paper analyzes trends in court rulings as well as application of the law to China's international trade activities in contract disputes caused by COVID-19.
 Research design, data, and methodology: This paper adopts a case study approach by analyzing the application of legal provisions to the judicial practice of Chinese courts in international contractual disputes for goods related to the pandemic.
 Results: Case analysis shows that COVID-19 is an obstacle to the performance of China's international trade contracts, and Chinese courts still follow the principle of first examining whether there is a force majeure clause in the contract between the parties.
 Conclusions: This paper suggests it is necessary to include specific contractual provisions relating to hardship and force majeure in order to establish the intended allocation of contractual risk well in advance.

Development and Promotion Strategies of Chinese Agricultural Products in the Context of International Trade: Based on the Perspective of Intellectual Property Protection

In today's globalized economy, the means of economic competition between countries has shifted from relying primarily on tariffs and quotas to relying on talent, intellectual property rights and technical standards. The decisiveness and influence of international intellectual property rights on international trade is becoming increasingly obvious. As a big agricultural country, China possesses a large number of special agricultural products and is also a big exporter of agricultural products, so the protection of intellectual property rights of Chinese agricultural products is particularly important. Since the promulgation of the Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), the United States will be linked to international trade and intellectual property protection and as a reason to continuously improve the international intellectual property protection standards. At present, China's agricultural products in international trade there are still many difficulties, from the perspective of intellectual property rights, mainly manifested in the lack of protection of agricultural patents, agricultural products, geographical indications. This paper will start from the beginning, with intellectual property protection as the entry point, analyse in the new situation of international trade in China's agricultural products development and promotion strategy.

Embodied carbon emissions generated by international trade of China's light industry sector based on global supply chains perspective

Accurate measurement of the embodied carbon emissions (ECE) generated by international trade is the basis for formulating fair and objective global carbon emission control strategies. This paper proposed an improved multi-regional input-output model and applied it to analyze production and consumption activities related to China's light industry sector based on its position within the global supply chain. It was found that manufacturing of light industry general equipment was the most important contributor to increased ECE, and 13 of China's 16 light industries for which data were available were a net carbon sink generated by international trade. Further, it was also revealed that China received a net transfer of carbon emissions from 12 countries, such as Indonesia, South Korea and Japan. China, as an exporter of carbon emissions, was also responsible for increasing the ECE generated by the international trade of China's light industry sector in 27 countries. Such findings provide an empirical basis for revised international trade strategies and policies to improve energy conservation and reduce carbon emissions.

Trajectory and drivers of China's consumption-based and production-based renewable energy consumption

China's renewable energy consumption was 6.37 EJ in 2018, making it the world's largest renewable energy consumer. Exploring the economic and social driving factors behind the dynamic evolution of renewable energy consumption in China not only serve China better development of renewable energy, but also has implications for other developing countries. Existing research was limited to apparent consumption based on static geographic boundaries, and ignored the embodied renewable energy consumption in trade, although China is the largest trade exporter and the second trade importer. This work extended the existing research to account production-based and consumption-based renewable energy consumption applying the multi-region input-output model and analyzed the embodied renewable energy flows in China's international trade. Furthermore, this paper adopted structural decomposition analysis to explore the driving factors of renewable energy production and consumption from consumption coefficient, production structure and final demand. The results show that, firstly, as the net embodied renewable energy importer, China's the renewable energy consumption on the production-based increased from 1.08 E+ 06 TJ to 6.79 E+ 06 TJ, and on the consumption-based increased from 1.08 E+ 06 TJ to 7.13 E+ 06 TJ. Secondly, major of embodied renewable energy came from China's trade with developed economies but the pattern of embodied renewable energy was undergoing change. Thirdly, the decomposition results showed that energy structure and final consumption were the leading drivers in China's renewable energy consumption growth. For further expansion of its renewable energy, policymaking should pay more attention on the adjustment and optimization of energy consumption structure and industrial structure to promote production side from sustainable consumption pattern.

Chinese international trade and countermeasures in the wake of COVID-19

As one of the largest exporters in the world, China's international trade has been particularly affected by the pandemic. This paper aims to further restore the normal development of China's international trade, actively cope with the changing international environment, and realize the transformation and upgrading of China's international trade. We first analyzed the status quo of international trade in China under the influence of the epidemic. And further analyzed the reasons for the existence of the status quo. Based on the above analysis, relevant policy suggestions were put forward. Finally, the article briefly summarizes the reasons why China's foreign trade is affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, corresponding policy suggestions and the future outlook of China's international trade was put forward.

Is China's international trade exacerbating urban environmental pollution?——A quasi-natural experiment based on the opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express

The level of international trade liberalization and facilitation between Chinese cities and countries along the route has increased significantly since the opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express. Increased economic activity is bound to significantly affect environmental quality. However, academic empirical evidence on the effect of international trade on environmental quality is inconsistent. Moreover, there is need to further clarify the specific effect paths. Based on data from various cities in China, this study examines the direction and potential effect mechanisms of China's international trade activities on the environmental status represented by carbon dioxide using the Staggered Differences-in-Differences method, considering the opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express as an entry point. The opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express promotes environmental pollution in Chinese cities; this finding still holds after a series of placebo and robustness tests. A study of the mechanism of influence between the two suggests that the opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express increased environmental pollution at the city level in China by promoting industrial agglomeration and improving green technology innovation. A study based on regional heterogeneity showed that the opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express insignificantly negatively affected environmental quality in eastern China but significantly increased environmental pollution in the central and western regions. Further examination of the spoke network effect of the environmental pollution effect of the CHINA RAILWAY Express revealed that the opening of the CHINA RAILWAY Express in one city significantly negatively affected the environmental quality of all cities within a distance of 200 km. Although the CHINA RAILWAY Express reduces the environmental quality of cities in China where they are opened, studies using data from 145 countries or regions worldwide show that access to the CHINA RAILWAY Express is beneficial for the improvement of environmental quality in countries and regions along the route. This study explores the environmental effects of international trade from the perspective of the CHINA RAILWAY Express, enriches the relevant studies on the relationship between the two, and proposes new perspectives and conclusions to provide new empirical evidence and policy recommendations in the context of China's planning to build a strong trade nation and accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy.

Analisis Balance of Power dan Economic Interest Tiongkok dalam Pembangunan Pangkalan Militer Pertamanya di Djibouti 2016

In 2016, China built its first overseas military base in Djibouti, East Africa. The base was established to prevent the rise of Somali pirates and piracy in the Gulf of Aden and the waters of Somalia. However, China was not the only country that had built military bases in the region. Previously, the United States, France, Italy, and Japan had also established military bases in the area. This article will explain China's motives for building a military base in Djibouti in relation to other countries, aside from preventing piracy. In this article, the authors use the concepts of balance of power and national interests to analyze it. The authors use qualitative research methods and secondary data collection techniques from relevant books, journal articles, and websites. The research results show that China's military base estabishment is an effort to soft balance against the United States' power in Djibouti. In addition, China also has economic motives, which is to facilitate and secure China's international trade, considering the location of the Chinese base is close to the Doraleh port, gateway to trade with Africa and Europe.

International trade and urban-rural income inequality in China

ABSTRACT The issue of income inequality has persisted for decades in China, rendering it one of the world’s most unequal countries. Given the increasing significance of international trade in China, it is important to understand whether it widens urban-rural income inequality. This paper aims to investigate the causality between international trade and the urban-rural income gap in China through the Granger causality test. We found that variables including foreign direct investment, dependence on exports, and GDP can cause urban-rural income inequality, while urban-rural income inequality causes rural income growth. Our results contribute to the controversial literature on income inequality with a focus on the urban-rural difference.

Two sides of the same coin: The economic and environmental effects of China's international trade from a global value chain perspective

China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) has led to rapid economic growth and international trade development. However, China is also challenged with a heavy environmental burden due to the massive carbon emissions transferred through trade. By splitting production activities into traditional trade and global value chain (GVC) activities, this paper uses an intercountry input-output (ICIO) framework to study the imbalances of the economic and environmental effects between China's imports and exports at different levels. We define the indices value added per embodied emission in imports and exports (VPM and VPX, respectively). Additionally, we find a large gap between China's VPM and VPX, primarily because developed economies gain much higher value added per embodied emission than China gained through exports in GVC activities. Then, we study how to narrow the gap between China's VPM and VPX. The application of multiplicative structural decomposition analysis (SDA) and the logarithmic mean Divisia index I (LMDI-I) approach reveals the total and bilateral-sectoral contributions of the driving factor effects to the changes in China's VPM and VPX. The results provide tailored implications for promoting the comprehensive economic and environmental benefits of China's imports and exports.

The Impact of Covid-19 on International Trade in China- Industry Review in the YRD and the PRD

Since the Covid-19 pandemic raged on a global scale, the trade of various countries has been affected to varying degrees. China faces significant challenges as one of the top countries in international trade. Although the epidemic situation in most countries around the world has improved significantly and trade levels are gradually resuming, China's trade is still affected by the domestic ‘Dynamic Covid-Zero’ policy and cannot return to pre-epidemic levels. The Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta are the most representative economic zones in China, their import and export trade are greatly influenced. The authors examine various facts and information in order to solve concerns produced by Covid-19 and Chinese policy in a variety of industries in international trade, and they also give some solutions. In this paper, the authors focus on (1) the overall current state of international trade in China; (2) Chinese policy of the government responses to the Covid-19 (3) the current state of the textile industry in the Yangtze River Delta, data analysis, and internal and external challenges; (4) the current situation of the Pearl River Delta's electronics manufacturing business, data analysis, and internal and external challenges; and (5) possible solutions from the government perspective.

Research on China's International Trade and Economic Development under the Environment of E-commerce

Research on China's International Trade and Economic Development under the Environment of E-commerce

An analysis of the impact of cross-border e-commerce on China's international trade and macroeconomy

In the background of the environment of economic globalization, the strengthening of China's economic strength, comprehensive national power, the development of the national economy, is the cross-border e-commerce has been widely developed, cross-border e-commerce of overseas exchanges more and more frequent. This form of trade has also facilitated people's lives to a certain extent, while bringing economic benefits to many enterprises, reducing the difficulties of enterprises and customers brought about by geography and making transactions more convenient. This form of trade also has an impact on the macroeconomic economy of the country and accounts for a large proportion of the social economy. Economic globalisation is the process by which the world's economic activities transcend national borders and form a global organic economic whole through foreign trade, capital flows, technology transfer, service provision, interdependence and interconnectedness. And in the context of economic globalisation, the world is witnessing increasingly close trade exchanges, the emergence of multinational enterprises, cross-border e-commerce and a range of economies, where companies from various countries are beginning to face the world and where companies from various countries are competing and cooperating with each other. International trade is becoming more and more popular and developed, and in this general environment, the economies of various countries around the world have been affected to some extent, and cross-border e-commerce is an adaptation to this general environment.