Development Of International Trade Research Articles

Standardi bezbednosti hrane i pravo Svetske trgovinske organizacije

The paper discusses the legal significance of food safety standards in the WTO. In this framework, the task is to determine the formal normative basis and conceptual approach to this issue. The subject of more detailed analysis will be the essential determinants of this approach, in particular the process of harmonization and the status of international standards in the WTO law. In addition, the paper aims to determine the effective results of the WTO rules in this area, as well as their scope and limitations, and this especially refers to the process of harmonization and application of international standards. In the area of food safety, in the WTO law, through the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, a realistic normative system is created based on the rules that ensure safety and predictable access to food at the international market, with priority observing of human health and food safety. In terms of content, the leading role of states in this area is not excluded, but it is upgraded with alternative solutions for the facilitated development of international trade, in particular with a strong fostering of harmonization and normative recognition and regulation of the status of international standards. Although the given WTO approach can certainly be positively evaluated, it is not unambiguous and faces limitations and challenges, especially in the context of the Codex of standards as the main international reference point in the field of food safety. Therefore, it is necessary to refine this normative system, harmonize it one with another, and specifically specify it in order to avoid negative implications of the vagueness of some of the rules, which would raise the effectiveness of these rules to a higher level.

ВПЛИВ Е-ТОРГІВЛІ НА ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЙНІ ПЕРЕТВОРЕННЯ У СВІТІ ТА В УКРАЇНІ

The article examines different approaches of scientists to the impact of e-commerce on globalization transformations in the world and in Ukraine. E-commerce has become a primary factor in accelerating the process of globalization. The increase in the value of goods exported and imported around the world reflects the development of international trade, globalization, and technological progress. The trends of world economic development were analyzed and the correlation between economic growth and trade was revealed. The author studied the dynamics of the share of retail e-commerce by region and analyzed the regional share of e-commerce in retail. Countries with fast growth in e-commerce differ from the list of e-commerce leaders, which indicates that the markets are oversaturated with goods, that is, supply outweighs demand. An analysis of countries with rapid growth in e-commerce, the level of Internet penetration, and the number of e-users was carried out. Attention is paid to the examination of the market capitalization of the leading e-commerce enterprises with capitalization around the world, and the largest e-commerce enterprises in the world and Ukraine are studied, and their influence on globalization transformations is established. It was revealed that the world's strongest economies and the world's largest e-enterprises are not always open to globalization transformations. A slowdown in economic growth means a decrease in the demand for imports of goods and services, as well as a weakening of the supply of capital. e-commerce will develop in the future according to two alternatives: the closeness of countries and stagnation of global economic institutions and unions with weakening of balanced economic growth and development; the regulation and expansion of free trade with increased competitiveness and the formation of a new structure of the world economy, which will ensure stable, balanced development.

DYNAMICS OF FOREIGN TRADE OF THE NORDIC COUNTRIES

The article aims to identify the main trends in the development of international trade in the Nordic Countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland) over the past decade. To achieve it, the author sets three interrelated tasks. The first is to trace the general dynamics of exports and imports of goods, to identify common and special features. The second task is to determine how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected commodity flows and the state of the trade balance. The third task is to analyze the state and dynamics of the foreign trade of these countries with China, which has significantly increased its share in world trade over the past decade. A comparison of the developments that have arisen in the entire international trade of the Nordic countries and in their trade with China may be of considerable research and practical interest. Based on the analysis, it was found that before the coronacrisis, all of Nordic Countries had a steady increase in the cost of imports except Finland, which is most dependent on Russia in this regard. The cost of exports grew more slowly in these countries, and in Norway, as a result of falling energy resource prices, it decreased significantly. The coronacrisis hit all the countries of Northern Europe, but Finland’s foreign trade suffered the most. The volume of trade with China in these countries has increased over the period under review. Even in 2020, there was an increase in almost all indicators. At the same time, the cost of exports to China grew faster than the cost of imports (with the exception of Finland). But the trade balance still remained negative for everyone except Sweden.

PHILOSOPHICAL‐CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO THE DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization determines the process of unification of all mankind on the planet Earth. It is the planetary level that outlines the process of "globality". There is a unification of human activity, the development of international trade, increasing capital flows between countries, opening access to foreign resources, including labor markets, there are general trends of integration in the socio-cultural and economic context. This convergence contributes to the strengthening of interaction, integration, and interdependence between nations. In E. Cassirer's philosophy, globalization can be understood as a symbolic form that functions as a worldview in modern discourses. Globalization as a symbolic form has become an image of the world, has changed our understanding of space and time. In the world-system analysis, capitalism is presented as a historical and social system that integrates its achievements into the "world-economy", and it is the methods of modern capitalism that have allowed the modern world economy to go beyond the political borders of individual countries. Against the background of globalization processes in the mass consciousness and public opinion, a contradiction is formed, represented by rational optimism, which gave rise to civilization, and on the other hand, caused a crisis (existential, environmental, economic). The process of globalization has an ontological dimension. This is, above all, a process of expanding the boundaries of reality. From the standpoint of instrumentalism and pragmatism, it is science, education, and democracy that can help to go beyond the temporal and spatial contours of human activity. In the philosophy of technology, attention is paid to the scientific and technological revolution that catalyzed the process of globalization. Globalization creates a complex of the most acute socio-cultural contradictions and requires adequate understanding and research, which can be fruitfully conducted in the framework of philosophical analysis, which in itself has a high level of systemic generalization. The process of globalization has an ontological dimension, which is in the process of expanding the boundaries of reality, both physical and virtual. Within the framework of instrumentalism and pragmatism, globalization is identified with the process of democratization. These ideas are developed in the political philosophy of J. Rawls, who considers it possible to form a model of global justice at the international level. The structuralist approach attempts to formulate an ontology of globalization processes at the level of international relations. In the context of his cosmopolitan views, J. Habermas tries to outline the contours of supranational democracy. Within the social ontology, globalization is seen as a mutually constitutive relationship between analytical-autonomous agents and structures. The position of postmodernists outlines the possibilities of different trajectories of the development of countries in the international arena.

Research on the Coordinated Development of International Trade Ecology and Global Economy under the Background of Economic Transformation

With my country's accession to the WTO, its status in the international arena has become higher and higher, and trade exchanges between countries have become closer, especially in the development of today's society, the revitalization of the country cannot be separated from the improvement of the economic level. The relationship between ecological international trade and the development of economic globalization is dialectical and unified. The two are contradictory and at the same time interact, and jointly promote the long-term development of the global economy. The relationship between the development of the global economy and the ecologicalization of international trade is unity of opposites. How to properly resolve the conflicts between the two, better realize the coordinated development of the ecologicalization of international trade and the economy, and achieve healthy and sustained economic growth? It is an important issue facing the development of global international trade. The article pointed out these contradictions and proposed corresponding improvement plans to promote the real coordinated development of the economy and the environment.

RAIL FREIGHT SERVICES UTILIZATION IN MALAYSIA

Due to the development of international and domestic trade, the growing important of related freight transport services is increasingly. This paper is intended to discuss the factors affecting the utilization of rail freight services in Malaysia. Three factors were identified which include price, time, location and physical. The data are obtained through a questionnaire which has been structured accordingly and distributed to the respondents. The sample collected were 103 through online questionnaire survey. In this study, the data are analysed using descriptive, normality, reliability, and multiple linear regression. All independent variables such as price, time, location and physical were found to show have significant relationship with the utilization of rail freight services in Malaysia. Although sample collected were from different background, but majority were collected in Western Malaysia, may not represent the entire haulage operator and freight customer in Malaysia. The duration of the study further increases the limitation whereby only 3 to 4 months to complete the entire research. Resources in related fields are limited. The use of rail freight services requires more investment, resources, and costs. Finally, the study's findings should help shifting the preference among haulage companies in the use of rail transportation in an effective, efficiency and environmentally friendly way, to increase the utilization rate of rail freight services in Malaysia. This study increases haulage operator and freight customer knowledge and awareness regarding the adoption of rail freight services. This study also encourages the haulage operator and consumer to use sustainable rail transport services. The paper marks an early contribution to the study on factors that affect the utilization of rail freight services in Malaysia.

International trade and finance exploration using network model of computer trade platform.

International trade becomes increasingly frequent with the deepening of economic globalization. In order to ensure the stable and rapid development of international trade and finance, it is particularly crucial to predict the sales trend of foreign trade goods in advance through the network model of computer trade platform. To optimize the accuracy of sales forecasts for foreign trade goods, under the background of "Internet plus foreign trade", the controllable relevance big data mining of foreign trade goods sales, personalized prediction mechanism, intelligent prediction algorithm, improved distributed quantitative and centralized qualitative calculation are taken as the premise to design dynamic prediction model on export sales based on controllable relevance big data of cross border e-commerce (DPMES). Moreover, after the related experiments and comparative discussions, the forecast error ratios from the first quarter to the fourth quarter are 2.3%, 2.1%, 2.4% and 2.4% respectively, which are also within the acceptable range. The experimental results show that the design combines the advantages of openness and extensibility of Internet plus with dynamic prediction of big data, and achieves the wisdom, quantitative and qualitative prediction of the volume of goods sold under the background of "Internet plus foreign trade", which is controlled by the relevant data of foreign trade. The overall performance of this design is stronger than the previous models, has better dynamic evolution and high practical significance, and is of great significance in the development of international trade and finance.

IMPACT OF TAXES ON THE EXPORT-IMPORT TENDENCIES IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE EU IN UNSTABLE PRESENT-DAY

The problem of rationales for taxes and transfers is given a lot of attention by both researchers and politicians. Taxes are one of the main sources of government revenue and are considered a strong resource for welfare state. Taxes have an impact on the development of international trade and business, as the latter chooses a more attractive location with less tax burden and costs. Nevertheless, the country’s status, competitiveness of industries, development of the infrastructure, safety and transparency are also important factors for the domestic and foreign business and investors. That is why it is necessary to study the impact of taxes on the export and import policy. In this article we study the development of export-import tendencies in the EU countries over the period from 2002 to 2018. Statistical calculations are done for EU-28 countries. The results show that values of tax revenues as percentage of GDP change slowly and diverge little from set levels. A corresponding pattern is evident in the main tax categories, however the fiscal lag for direct taxes, indirect taxes and social contributions differs. Research indicates that different export-import strategies prevail across the EU countries, as do systems of taxation. A system of two equations is basis for the model, which uses the econometric approach to assess the impact of taxes on the development of export-import tendencies in the EU. The analysis proves that if tax rates on exports are reduced in the short term, there is a positive effect on the intensity of export activities, but this may increase the dependence of the national economy on foreign markets both in the short and in the long term. Thus, reductions in import tax rates, on the one hand, help to strengthen the competitiveness of domestic producers in foreign markets, and on the other, intensify competition in the domestic market.

Strategy for Balancing Interests of Business, Government and Society in the Field of International Trade in the Digital Economy

Global control of business by a state causes a conflict of interests and additional barriers to the development of international trade, which necessitates the formation of an appropriate strategy for balanced relations between business and society in the digital economy. Taking into account the main provisions of the agency theory, the choice of an effective strategy for interaction between state institutions and FEA participants requires the adoption of an effective toolkit for estimating such interaction. Using the main provisions of game theory, the study developed a corresponding game model, which includes three participants: state, economic operators, society. Based on the modelling of relevant processes, it was concluded that a state has 80 pure strategies, economic operators have 20 pure strategies, and society has 5 pure strategies, while results of a current game make it possible to determine the most advantageous situation of interaction for a state and economic operators.Thus, from the standpoint of regulating international trade, the issues of forming a balance of interests of all participants in this process allow to obtain positive results not only for specific business entities, but also for society as a whole.

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT ISSUES IN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

Today the modern world is on the verge of a redistribution of transnational corporations, which compete with each other for new spheres of influence, markets of production and outlet, technology and maximum possible profits. Globalization and internationalization of production and capital, privatization, the creation of world political and economic associations, and the liberalization of trade have placed them at the center of modern economic development. The article reveals the issues of personnel management development in transnational corporations of the world economy. On the basis of the research theoretically and practically grounded theoretical and methodological approach to the organization of activities of transnational corporations in the globalization processes of the economy. The practical significance of ways and forms of organization of activities of transnational corporations in ensuring the development of international production, sales, trade and financial complex with a single decision-making center in the host country with its branches, representative offices and subsidiaries is analyzed. Research shows that transnational corporations have an important function in the development of the modern world economy. They directly affect the economies of recipient countries, accelerate the internationalization of economic life, as well as the scientific and technological process. Attracting foreign direct investment gives a country access to the financial resources of TNCs, as well as facilitates its integration into global economic processes and access to foreign markets. Transnational capital has created a new system of international relations, which has led to the formation of supranational institutions of governance. In addition, TNCs are actively influencing the processes of globalization. This article discusses the risks associated with the personnel of TNCs and the ways of economic and social protection of employees. In recent years, the international labour market has used the social package as a form of remuneration for work, which should be broadly understood as the employer's provision of material benefits in the form of fringe benefits, compensation, privileges and social guarantees. The social package can be implemented with the help of existing legislative mechanisms, such as contractual regulation of collective labour relations, normative regulation of labour in local legal acts of business entities, the written form of the employment contract.

Methodological aspects of assessing the prospects of project implementation "One belt — one road"

This article is devoted to the assessment of the prospects for the implementation of the project "One Belt — One Road" (OPOP) for the development of China’s trade relations with the countries of the European Union. During the study conducted under the present work, a quantitative assessment of the prospects for increasing the number of participants in the OPOP project, which has allowed to confi rm the previously represented theses, both Russian and foreign scientists about the need to increase the number of project participants. For this purpose, a method was used, which was based on the assessment based on the effectiveness of the country’s foreign trade. It should be noted that the focus of the authors was given to the development of the Northern Transport Corridor, which was due to the participation of Russia and the need to develop and deepen the trade and economic cooperation of China and the countries of the European Union, with the implementation of which the Russian Federation plays an important role, being an integral part of this transport corridor and significant Transport hub for the implementation of the OPOP initiative. Particular attention in the framework of this work was paid to the influence of coronavirus infection for the implementation of the project "One Belt — One Road" and identifying new trends in the development of international trade, due to the influence of a new coronavirus infection, in particular, concerns the failures in the work of transport infrastructure, Convexity with which the bulk of the carriage fell on the railway, and the carriage by sea and air transport had to be suspended. It should be noted that the volume of container transportation between China and the EU in 2020 increased by 57.6 % compared with the first half of 2019, which also affected the increase in trains loading, which, in turn, led to a full load existing capacity.

Neutralization of Transport Documents in Road Transport

In 1956 there was a significant step in international road freight transport – conclusion of Convention on the contract of carriage in international road freight transport (CMR Convention), the basic purpose of which was to unify the rules in the international transport of goods and thus promote the development of international trade. From a practical point of view, this was very important for both carriers and transporters. The Convention describes the most important document in the carriage of goods – the CMR consignment note.Recently, the term «neutralization» has been used in connection with the CMR consignment note, which is considered as an interference with the system of functioning of transport documents, which aims to obscure the actual movement of the consignment during transport. At the same time, neutralization of the consignment note is not so much contrary to legal norms as it can lead to undesirable consequences for carriers. For this reason, the question of whether it is possible to neutralize the CMR consignment note in accordance with the current rules and whether the neutralization of the CMR consignment note does not violate the functionality of the existing system is relevant. Therefore, the objective of this work is to study the reasons and methods for neutralizing CMR consignment notes, as well as options for handling neutralized consignment notes.Considering that neutralization of the consignment note has become a relatively common practice and means the exchange of original consignment notes or transport documents with other consignment notes or transport documents, canceling the actions of the first consignment note, in the article the authors, based on their own research, identified the possibilities of using the neutralization of the CMR consignment note in practice for certain types of goods, routes of the most frequent use, as well as the risks of these procedures in road transport.

Pengaruh Perkembangan Keuangan Syariah, Investasi Langsung dan Perdagangan Internasional Terhadap Kualitas Udara Di Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of the development of Islamic finance, direct investment, and international trade on air quality in Indonesia. This research is a quantitative research using panel data. The type of data used is secondary data from 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2017 to 2019. This study uses the Random Effect Model as the best estimation model. The results showed that the variables of Islamic banking financing, domestic direct investment, and international trade (export-import) had a negative and significant effect on air quality in Indonesia. The results of this study prove the hypothesis of the pollution haven effect and the scale effect in Indonesia.

Electronic Transferable Records: A Gap in Qatari Law That Urgently Needs Filling

Abstract Qatar has sought to encourage the development of international trade and investment through advancements in its law. In light of the growing importance of electronic operations, it has adopted the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law’s (UNCITRAL) model laws on electronic commerce and electronic signatures. However, they alone are insufficient to respond fully to the present-day needs of international trade. An area in which Qatari law is still wanting is the electronic transfer of records that originated on paper. This article assesses the extent to which current Qatari legislation relating to the assignment of rights, bills of lading, and commercial papers is suited to the transfer of such records by electronic means and identifies aspects on which it falls short. To fill this gap, Qatar should adopt the 2017 UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Transferable Records and ensure that it is applied as widely as possible, internally, internationally, and in civil and commercial dealings.

The Role, Development and Opportunities of Spice Commodities for International Relations Between Indonesia and Other Countries in The International Market

Indonesia as a spice producer has the opportunity to become a world spice exporter that can contribute to the Indonesian economy. On the other hand, Indonesia has challenges to be able to improve the performance of Indonesian spices commodities. In this research, an overview of the condition of Indonesian spices will be seen so that the development and opportunities of Indonesian spices can be identified. Therefore the objectives of this study are (1) to determine the development of the area, production and productivity of Indonesian spices, (2) to determine the development and performance of international trade in Indonesian spices, (3) the demand for world and Indonesian spices. in the international market, and (4) the development of world and Indonesian spices prices in the international market. This research uses the basic analytical descriptive method, which is a research method that focuses on solving actual problems in the present. The results showed that in general the acreage and production of spices commodities tended to increase from year to year, but the productivity of pepper, nutmeg and vanilla decreased. When viewed from the balance of the Indonesian spices trade in each period it fluctuates but tends to increase. Meanwhile, the demand for spices in the international and Indonesian markets fluctuates every year but tends to increase and the development of international and domestic spice commodity prices has fluctuated each period.

China’s future food demand and its implications for trade and environment

Satisfying China’s food demand without harming the environment is one of the greatest sustainability challenges for the coming decades. Here we provide a comprehensive forward-looking assessment of the environmental impacts of China’s growing demand on the country itself and on its trading partners. We find that the increasing food demand, especially for livestock products (~16%–30% across all scenarios), would domestically require ~3–12 Mha of additional pasture between 2020 and 2050, resulting in ~−2% to +16% growth in agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The projected ~15%–24% reliance on agricultural imports in 2050 would result in ~90–175 Mha of agricultural land area and ~88–226 MtCO2-equivalent yr−1of GHG emissions virtually imported to China, which account for ~26%–46% and ~13%–32% of China’s global environmental impacts, respectively. The distribution of the environmental impacts between China and the rest of the world would substantially depend on development of trade openness. Thus, to limit the negative environmental impacts of its growing food consumption, besides domestic policies, China needs to also take responsibility in the development of sustainable international trade.

Uncertainty, GVC participation and the export of Chinese firms

AbstractIncreasing uncertainty has hindered the development of international trade in recent years. Participating in the global value chain (GVC) has become one way for Chinese export firms to deal with uncertainty and reduce external risks. Based on trade theory with heterogeneous firms, this study constructs a theoretical framework encompassing uncertainty and GVC participation. We find that uncertainty inhibits the export of firms, but GVC participation can alleviate the negative impact of uncertainty, which is verified through empirical analysis. Additionally, mechanism analysis reveals that GVC participation plays a moderating role through product diversity, market diversity, cost‐saving effects, and quality‐improving effects. This study demonstrates that in the absence of serious adverse events, GVC is highly efficient. Accordingly, China should actively participate in the governance of the COVID‐19 pandemic, reduce the external uncertainty faced by Chinese export firms, promote the return of an efficient GVC, and further ameliorate the negative impact of uncertainty.

From Product-Centered to Servitized Industry

Over the last four decades, producers of durable goods recognized the role of services as a tool to increase their competitiveness and achieve long-term growth. Consequently, the producers began to integrate services into their products to satisfy their customers’ needs, a process known as servitization. Since its introduction in the late 1980s, servitization received practical affirmations and focused on diverse and interdisciplinary research. Nevertheless, legal aspects and considerations, particularly those concerning contracts, are remarkably scarce. This is surprising since challenges in the transition to product-service integration call for a framework that ensures predictability and certainty on the one hand while enabling proactive contract design and management on the other. We aim to fill this gap by examining the application of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (the “CISG”) on servitized business-to-business (“B2B”) contracts. The added element of services blurs the lines of classifying a relationship as a sale, service, or mixed agreement. It is reasonable to expect that selling productsservices as an integrated unit will lead to issues concerning the qualification of the commercial relationship between producers and its customers and, as a result, increase the legal challenges in an already challenging business environment. That is where the CISG comes into play. The CISG recognizes the dichotomy between the sale of goods and the provision of services in its Art. 3(2). Since the purpose of the CISG is to enable the development of international trade, we offer an interpretation of Art. 3(2) that would enable the CISG to govern contracts arising out of or connected with a servitized business model. The CISG is appropriate to govern these relationships, allowing for a sufficient level of flexibility that parties need to adapt to their specific contracts.

Delivering International Legal Aid in the Twenty-First Century: Twenty Years of Experience at the ACWL

When it began in 2001, the Advisory Centre on WTO Law (ACWL) was an experiment in providing legal aid at the international level. This essay examines the reasons for the success of this experiment by explaining the mandate and structure of the ACWL. It also describes the services provided by the ACWL and discusses how the ACWL has sought to ensure that it provides these services in response to the needs expressed by developing and least-developed countries and in a manner consistent with its mandate. The essay concludes that the ACWL owes its success to the manner in which clarity of its mandate and a governance structure that ensures its impartiality and independence have enabled it to maintain the confidence of its users. The essay notes also that recent developments in international trade have not reduced the demand for the ACWL’s service Advisory Centre on WTO Law (ACWL), international legal aid, public good, capacity development, legal advice

The main trends in the development of export credit agencies in the world

Subject. This article discusses the features and trends in the development of export credit agencies (ECA) in the world in the context of increasing competition of manufacturers for market share. Objectives. The article aims to show the peculiarities of the ECA's activities, reveal new aspects of their operation in modern conditions, and substantiate the need to change the international agreement in the field of export crediting and insurance. Methods. For the study, I used the comparative, statistical, and formal and logical methods. Results. The article shows the key role of ECA as an institution of State support for exports and a guarantor of the stability of the international trading system. It also finds that increased competition from Chinese and other ECAs that are not subject to the Arrangement on Officially Supported Export Credits – OECD rules, as well as the expanded role of ECA during the pandemic, necessitate uniform approaches to State support for exports of domestic producers at the WTO level. Conclusions. ECAs’ support remains one of the effective tools in implementing the State foreign economic policy and increasing the international competitiveness of certain sectors of the economy. The need to improve international rules on export credit and insurance to ensure the stability and sustainable development of international trade is becoming increasingly apparent.