International Trade Barriers Research Articles

FAIR TRADE CERTIFICATION PRACTICES IN THE EXPORT PROCESS OF INDONESIAN COFFEE COMMODITIES TO THE UK MARKET IN TERMS OF THE TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE (TBT) AGREEMENT

The application of fair trade certification to enter specialized markets in the United Kingdom affects the coffee trade transactions exported from Indonesia to the United Kingdom. This certification then becomes a challenge and creates unnecessary trade barriers. These barriers are included in technical barriers which in international trade activities are regulated through the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement.
 Based on the results of this study are first, the application of fair trade certification on Indonesian coffee commodities that want to enter the United Kingdom specialty market is an unnecessary international trade barrier. Second, Indonesia can take legal remedies through the WTO or other efforts such as negotiation, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration for dispute resolution.

Pembebanan Preferential Tariff Skema Asean Trade In Goods Agreement (ATIGA) Berdasarkan Operational Certification Procedurs

The ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) is a form of an agreement made by ASEAN member countries that is expected to create a coherent and integrated ASEAN economy through the free movement of commodities, while supporting the concept of minimizing and eliminating international trade barriers, both in the form of tariffs and non-tariff. -fare. As a lower tariff facility, ATIGA also requires imported goods to meet certain conditions contained in a package of provisions called the Rules of Origin, which consists of Origin Criteria, Shipping Criteria (Consignment Criteria), and Procedural Provisions. The research was conducted with a normative juridical approach with data collection techniques through library research, with the conclusion that there are still differences in the application of Operational Certification Procedures (OCP) to the imposition of preferential tariffs by the customs administration and the Panel of Judges of the Tax Court in resolving disputes regarding preferential tariffs. Thus, to provide legal certainty, fairness, and benefit to all stakeholders, it is necessary to make adjustments both to the legal product for the implementation of the imposition of preferential tariffs, as well as redesign in determining preferential tariffs through the application of advance rules.

Pembebanan Preferential Tariff Skema Asean Trade In Goods Agreement (ATIGA) Berdasarkan Operational Certification Procedurs

The ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) is a form of an agreement made by ASEAN member countries that is expected to create a coherent and integrated ASEAN economy through the free movement of commodities, while supporting the concept of minimizing and eliminating international trade barriers, both in the form of tariffs and non-tariff. -fare. As a lower tariff facility, ATIGA also requires imported goods to meet certain conditions contained in a package of provisions called the Rules of Origin, which consists of Origin Criteria, Shipping Criteria (Consignment Criteria), and Procedural Provisions. The research was conducted with a normative juridical approach with data collection techniques through library research, with the conclusion that there are still differences in the application of Operational Certification Procedures (OCP) to the imposition of preferential tariffs by the customs administration and the Panel of Judges of the Tax Court in resolving disputes regarding preferential tariffs. Thus, to provide legal certainty, fairness, and benefit to all stakeholders, it is necessary to make adjustments both to the legal product for the implementation of the imposition of preferential tariffs, as well as redesign in determining preferential tariffs through the application of advance rules.

THE APPLICABLE LAW STATUS OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN WTO ADJUDICATION WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF TECHNICAL REGULATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Devletler arası ticareti en üst düzeyde ele alan DTÖ hukuku esasen çok taraflı ve çoklu ticaret antlaşmalarından ve bu antlaşmalara dayanarak DTÖ bünyesinde geliştirilen kurallardan oluşmaktadır. DTÖ antlaşmaları DTÖ dışında oluşturulan bazı kuralları da DTÖ hukukuna entegre etmektedir. DTÖ’yü kuran Marrakesh Antlaşması eki çok taraflı antlaşmalardan olan Ticarette Teknik Engeller (TTE) Antlaşması’nın, uluslararası ticaretteki teknik engellerin ortadan kaldırılmasında ve üye devletlerin ulusal tedbirlerinin ticarette gereksiz engeller oluşturmasının önlenmesinde benimsediği yöntemlerden birisi harmonizasyondur. Antlaşma, harmonizasyonun bir aracı olan uluslararası standartları DTÖ hak ve yükümlülüklerinin parçası haline getirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, meşru amaçların gerçekleştirilmesine yönelik alınacak ulusal tedbirlerin hazırlanmasında ilgili uluslararası standartların temel olarak kullanılmasını zorunlu kılınmaktadır. Ayrıca, uluslararası standartlara uygun olan ulusal teknik düzenlemelerin uluslararası ticarette gereksiz engel yaratmadığına dair bir karine sağlanmaktadır. Bu karine, bir DTÖ uyuşmazlığında ispat yükünü etkilemektedir. Teknik engellere dair uyuşmazlıkları uzun zaman GATT’ın genel hükümlerine göre çözmeyi tercih eden DTÖ yargısı son on yılda bu tür davalarda TTE Antlaşması hükümlerini uygulamaya başlamıştır. Ancak hâlâ hukuki analiz bekleyen bazı hususlar bulunmaktadır.

Exploring the Effects of Geopolitical Shifts on Global Wildlife Trade.

International wildlife trade is a major driver of species extinction and biological invasions. Anticipating environmental risks requires inferences about trade patterns, which are shaped by geopolitics. Although the future cannot be predicted, scenarios can help deal with the uncertainty of future geopolitical dynamics. We propose a framework for generating and analyzing scenarios based on four geopolitical storylines, distinguished by combinations of international trade barrier strength and domestic law enforcement degree across countries supplying and demanding wildlife. We then use historical data on bird trade to classify countries into geopolitical profiles and confirm that trade barriers and law enforcement allow predicting bird trade patterns, supporting our scenarios’ plausibility and enabling projections for future global bird trade. Our framework can be used to examine the consequences of geopolitical changes for wildlife trade and to advise policy and legislation. Reducing demand for wildlife and ameliorating global inequality are key for curbing trade related risks.

Green merger and acquisition and export expansion: Evidence from China's polluting enterprises

Under the influence of international green trade barriers, export scale of China's heavily polluting enterprises is reduced. How to improve the export vitality and corporate image of polluting enterprises? Different from the existing studies, this paper focuses on green merger and acquisition (green M&A) of polluting enterprises which can quickly obtain clean enterprise resources, and compares the impact of different green M&A modes on export performance and export margin by refining the frequency, scale and geographical characteristics of green M&A. First, based on propensity score matching - double difference (PSM-DID) method, this paper finds that green M&A can increase export performance. The frequency and scale of green M&A are positively correlated with export performance. Geographic distance of green M&A enterprises is negatively correlated with export performance. Second, green M&A can increase export performance by promoting green innovation, government subsidies and bank financing capacity, and reduce export performance by increasing environmental governance costs. Third, by comparing different green M&A, this paper finds that horizontal green M&A can increase more exports than vertical green M&A. Forth, further compare the impact of green M&A on export binary margin, it is found that green M&A can promote export-expansion margin and has a U-shaped relationship on export-intensive margin. The conclusion is of great significance to improve export performance of polluting enterprises, and provides an empirical basis for adjusting green M&A strategy.

Horizontal Regulatory Barriers in International Trade: Evidence from Electric Plugs

Horizontal Regulatory Barriers in International Trade: Evidence from Electric Plugs

Dealing with the Barriers in International Trade in Vietnam Today

It’s been considered to be a tough time for the domestic business community in recent years due to the change in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement, the outbreak of anti-globalization trend, the US interest rate hike, and the upcoming fourth industrial revolution. Those factors can lead to the reversal of international trade and investment, highly affecting young economies of high attraction, which, as those in Vietnam, consider exports and foreign investment as growth drivers. As the matter stands, a large number of Vietnamese enterprises have been suffering from unfair trade disputes and anti-dumping lawsuits on the way to global integration. That the enterprises lack considerate understanding of commercial legality and the spirit of solidarity to cope with trade barriers leads to such expense. Therefore, the author wishes to evaluate the ability of Vietnamese businesses to deal with the international trade barriers; and thereby make recommendations which could help those enterprises effectively respond to such barriers under the circumstance of global integration.

Trade restrictiveness indexes and welfare: A structural approach

AbstractTrade restrictiveness indexes (TRIs) have become a staple for practitioners and policy‐makers to summarize international trade barriers. TRIs theoretically found a measure of trade restrictiveness by calculating the uniform tariff that is welfare equivalent to the observed distribution of applied tariffs within a country. Here we incorporate importer market power and exporter heterogeneity into calculations of TRIs and welfare globally. To do so, we structurally estimate a quantitative model of international trade. The structure of the model allows tractable estimation of importer and exporter welfare and TRIs for every country in the world from 1990 to 2007. Canonical estimates, which ignore exporter heterogeneity and importer market power, are shown to overstate efficiency losses from tariffs by a factor of 5 for the average importer. Additionally, by not accounting for importer market power canonical methods fail to measure substantial welfare losses to exporters that are captured by importers through tariffs. These channels are shown to significantly impact the measurement and interpretation of TRIs. To conclude, we employ the methodology to evaluate China's WTO accession and a counterfactual renegotiation of NAFTA.

On the Necessity of Convergence of Chinese Accounting Standards towards Internationalization

At present, the trend of economic globalization is in full swing, the trade exchanges between countries around the world are deepening, and the international financial capital market is booming. At the same time, the world’s scientific and technological revolution is changing with each passing day, and the productivity level of each country has developed rapidly, thus driving the rapid growth of the world economy. In this case, if the accounting standards of countries around the world, which reflect the processing means of economic information, are unable to converge with the international community, in the long run, It will inevitably lead to great international trade barriers, which will make the transaction costs remain high, and the transmission of key economic information lags behind slowly, eventually resulting in unnecessary waste of means of production, thus making it difficult to promote the coordinated progress of the economies of various countries efficiently. Therefore, in order to establish a good financial capital market order, maintain a stable and positive world economic level, and improve the happiness index of people all over the world, it is particularly necessary to call on all countries in the world to build international convergence of accounting standards. As the mainstay of world trade, China is obliged to improve its own accounting system and adapt to the global economic development. Therefore, its accounting standards will strive to converge with internationalization in the future, which is not only just needed by China’s own economic development. At the same time, it is also of great practical significance for the development of the world economy. However, due to the influence of specific factors such as national conditions, economic environment and historical issues, the internationalization route of China’s accounting standards has a long way to go. Based on this, we should rationally analyze the background and initial intention of the convergence of China’s accounting standards to international accounting standards, and deal with differences and consequences according to China’s accounting treatment and international standards brought by specific business environment. Then, proceeding from China’s national conditions, combining with the differences in the above accounting standards, objectively analyzing the problems and the deeper reasons behind the internationalization of China’s accounting standards by combining quantitative and qualitative methods, finally, prescribing the right medicine, proceeding from reality, taking the basic principle of Marxism-materialist dialectics, and realistically making targeted suggestions on the internationalization convergence of China’s accounting standards, aiming at making a modest contribution to the academic development of accounting standards by taking China as a reference.

A Review on Veterinary Drug Management, Handling, Utilization and Its Resistance Side Effects

Veterinary drugs play an important role in the control and prevention of animal diseases and animal sufferings, however it have the potential to cause harm if it is not used properly. Successful animal health service provision needs the availability of safe, effective and affordable drugs of the required quality and quantity. The available drugs must be prescribed, presented, transported, dispensed, labeled, packaged, measured and used rationally. Rational use of drugs in veterinary medicine has manifold significance; it can be either public health significance, improve food safety concern, reduce the development of drug resistance and residue or economic significance; the need to rely on more expensive drugs and international trade barrier. The potential public health hazard as a result of irrational drug use in food animals includes limited efficacy, increase risk of unwanted effects such as the emergence of drug resistance and drug residue, waste of resources and psychosocial impacts. Irrational drug using is characterized by over-prescription, inappropriate dosage, incorrect duration and unnecessary risk. There are several reasons which may contribute to irrational use of drugs. Some of them are lack of information, inadequate training and education of graduates of veterinary medicine, poor communication between veterinarian and owner, lack of diagnostic facilities, demand from the animal owner, and promotional activities of pharmaceutical industries. This paper had induced to document and aware procedures and necessary activities to have rational drug use, and it would helps to have proper drug measurement and dose calculation as well as it tell us about 0drug resistance and its public health effects. Over all This review hoped that as it would be help to animal health professionals and enhance the quality of veterinary pharmaceutical services so that decrease the economic loss and public health hazard due to diseases of livestock and protects the impacts of drug resistance and its residue.

Surviving the storm: Synergistic partnership of knowledge management, marketing and innovation strategies in the cosmetic industry

This article aims to understand the business evolution and sustained survivability of Malaysian based-cosmetic firm, Pesona, for the past 20 years. The article provides constructive reflection in bridging theory and practice using a single case-study method to investigate the experiences and managerial decision rules of the owner of the cosmetic business within a real-life context. The narrative inquiry that we have adopted allows to focus on events, actions, processes, and happenings that matter for business survivability. The findings indicate various types of challenges within the cosmetic industry, faced resiliently by the owner of Pesona, namely sustaining market shares, highly dependable imported raw-materials, market uncertainty, international trade barriers and technology acquisitions. Likewise, marketing strategies and innovations in eliminating barriers and transforming challenges into opportunities are crucial. Along with these, knowledge management, networking and collaboration create the synergy to improve capabilities. More importantly, for micro and small businesses, these strategic capabilities are specifically led by the owners with passion and motivation. This case study is an inspirational asset for start-ups, SMEs and entrepreneurs as it offers valuable insights that can assist in building and sustaining businesses.

International trade barriers and regional employment: the case of a no-deal Brexit

We use the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) combined with regional sectoral employment data to estimate the potential regional employment effects of international trade barriers. We study the case of a no-deal Brexit in which imports to the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU) would be subject to tariffs and non-tariff trade costs. First, we derive the decline in UK final goods imports from the EU from industry-specific international trade elasticities, tariffs and non-tariff trade costs. Using input–output analysis, we estimate the potential output and employment effects for 56 industries and 43 countries on the national level. The absolute effects would be largest in big EU countries which have close trade relationships with the UK, such as Germany and France. However, there would also be large countries outside the EU which would be heavily affected via global value chains, such as China, for example. The relative effects (in percent of total employment) would be largest in Ireland followed by Belgium. In a second step, we split up the national effects on the NUTS-2 level for EU member states and additionally on the county (NUTS-3) level for Germany. The share of affected workers varies between 0.03% and 3.4% among European NUTS-2 regions and between 0.15% and 0.4% among German counties. A general result is that indirect effects via global value chains, i.e., trade in intermediate inputs, are more important than direct effects via final demand.

International Trade Barriers and Countermeasures of Chinese Medicinal Materials Based on Big Data

With the development of global big data and trade liberalization, tariff barriers are gradually weakened, while technical trade barriers, mainly in the form of technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessment procedures, are constantly strengthening. Affected by this, in recent years, my country’s traditional Chinese medicine industry has also suffered technical trade barriers from various countries, and the export of Chinese medicine has been seriously affected. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to study the international trade barriers and countermeasures of Chinese herbal medicines based on big data. This article first expounds the meaning of technical barriers to trade in traditional Chinese medicines, and classifies them according to the form and substance of technical barriers to trade in traditional Chinese medicines. The experimental results indicate that an anti-technical trade barrier service system for the Chinese medicine industry must be established as soon as possible. The industry association must give full play to its communication and coordination role, reduce the number of Chinese medicinal materials rejected by foreign countries to less than 31 batches, and provide suggestions for the government and enterprises. Innovative ability, establish the concept of quality management, and face the technical trade barriers of traditional Chinese medicine with a positive attitude.

Does economic freedom enhance quality of life in Africa?

This paper examines the role that the level and changes in economic freedom play in promoting quality of life in Africa over the period 1985–2016. It develops a composite index for quality of life to capture the different dimensions of quality of life. Employing the generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation technique, the results indicate a positive effect of economic freedom on the quality of life. However, change in economic freedom has an inverse relationship with the quality of life in Africa. The GDP growth and foreign aid have positive effects on the quality of life index and its various indicators. The findings highlight the need for African countries to establish fiscal and monetary policies suitable for improving economic freedom. It also emphasizes the need for African countries to reduce international trade barriers and open up African economies to foreign trade. This will bring about increased economic growth and improved quality of life.

A passage to India: Quantifying internal and external barriers to trade

This paper quantifies the size of internal versus external trade barriers and assesses the trade and welfare impact. I develop a quantitative two-sector international trade model featuring nonhomothetic preferences in which Indian states trade both domestically and internationally. I discipline the model using rich data on price dispersion together with state-based foreign and domestic trade flows. I find that (1) internal trade barriers make up 40% of total trade barriers on average, but vary substantially by state depending on the distance to the closest port; and (2) reducing trade barriers across Indian states to the United States level increases welfare more (13%) than removing international import barriers (7%).

Subsidy and its effects

Governments follow a subsidy policy to encourage the use of certain goods by some consumers. Subsidy can be explained as also that firms-producers sell the determined goods at a cheaper price than the market price and subsidizing government collects the difference. They are tools which are widely used in the hands of governments and can be allocated to various economic issues. In general, it is used as a policy of price policy and anti-inflationary policy in the classical sense. In the modern sense, it used for the purpose of general equilibrium, in other words, to equalize trade balance such as lowering prices and controlling inflation, preventing the long-term decline of industries. However, there are many significant negative effects of subsidies such as increase in taxes, leading to inefficiency of local industries, increase in borrowing, and disruption of identity between buyer and vendor prices in markets. One of rules set on subsidies is SCM Agreement. In the Agreement, subsidies were identified and rules were set on subsidies which could impact international trade. Since there are many types of subsidies, there should be more strict rules and policies about their implementation in order to eliminate and avoid potential barriers in international trade.

ВНЕШНИЕ И ВНУТРЕННИЕ БАРЬЕРЫ В ТОРГОВЛЕ РЕГИОНОВ ДАЛЬНЕГО ВОСТОКА

Recently, the Russian Far East has been receiving close attention from the government of the Russian Federation. Accelerated economic development of the Far Eastern regions requires trade intensification with foreign and domestic markets, which implies a reduction of various barriers. The study aims to assess the external and internal trade barriers of the Russian Far East using a consistent dataset and relevant econometric model for estimations. The assessment of trade barriers, expressed as values of the relative trade intensity and transport costs in the framework of modern gravity models, confirmed the trade bias of the Russian Far East in favour of the domestic market in the long term. High values of relative transport costs were offset by a high relative trade intensity between the Russian Far East and the domestic market. The conducted analysis shows that the reduction of external trade barriers between the Russian Far East and foreign markets can significantly increase their turnover. The obtained estimates revealed a trend of linking the regions of the Russian Far East to the domestic market due to the barrier reduction in the form of transport costs. This study can be further developed, as the presented methodology for qualitative assessment of internal and external barriers can be applied to analyse the costs of trade in commodity markets, to decompose export and import barriers, as well as to determine the potential for expanding regional trade with foreign countries.

Supply chain analysis of import fresh fruit business in Thailand using the supply chain operations reference (scor) model

According to the increasing trend of online shopping through social media and reduced international trade barriers and tariffs, there is an opportunity for entrepreneurs to import fresh fruit. However, operations throughout the supply chain have suffered from product quality control and cold chain management. The research aimed to analyze the supply chain of import chilled fresh fruit based on the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) Model and suggest optimising cold chain management. The data are collected from case study executives and operators using in-depth interviews and observation. The main problems are price markdown due to the overestimation of slow-moving products and food loss and low productivity, no standard operations in receiving and distribution, and lack of proper metrics to measure the supply chain performance. Finally, the suggestions of improvement include establish demand planning and forecasting, implement supply chain optimization and inventory monitoring, develop a lot tracking system, standard operating procedures for receiving process, enhance worker efficiency, use the sensor with the Internet of Things (IoT) solution, implement supply chain risk monitoring, and online marketing. In summary, this research will be useful for other traders to reduce food loss throughout the supply chain.

Measuring the International Trade Competitiveness of China's Aquatic Products from 2008–18

Tan, L.; Wu, C., and Qu, Y., 2020. Measuring the international trade competitiveness of China's aquatic products from 2008–18. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 157–160. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Since the 1990s, China's trade in aquatic products has accelerated, with an average annual growth rate of more than 20%. Although China is the biggest exporter and the third largest importer of aquatic products in the world, increasing aquaculture costs, falling market demand, and rising international trade barriers pose great challenges to the sustainable development of trade in China's aquatic products, especially after the financial crisis of 2008. This paper analyzes the international trade competitiveness of China's aquatic products from 2008 to 2018 through three indicators: the international market share index, the trade competitive advantage index, and the revealed comparative advantage index. It shows that China's export of aquatic products has been growing gradually since 2008, and its market share reached 15% in 2018. Compared with other important aquatic exporting countries, China's competitive advantage in aquatic products exports is only moderate. In the long run, to improve its competitive position in the world market, China must unswervingly pursue a high-quality development strategy to improve the supply capacity of high-quality and safe aquatic products.