International Trade Barriers Research Articles

A Comparative Analysis of the Global Competitiveness of Chinas Electric Vehicle Industry and Germanys Traditional Automotive Industry

With the growing trends in the market of electric vehicles (EV), this paper explores the competitiveness and development paths of Chinas EV industry versus Germanys traditional automotive industry in the global market. It analyzes the reasons behind Chinas rise in EVs, its technological innovations, and the challenges it faces, including low brand recognition and trade barriers. Germanys automotive sector, with its strong technology base and brand influence, has long led the global market but is under pressure during its transition to electrification. Meanwhile, Chinas EV industry has made significant advances in battery technology and smart connectivity, rapidly catching up to traditional automotive leaders. However, challenges such as international policy restrictions and trade barriers remain. The paper suggests that Chinese companies can address these challenges by strengthening international strategies, optimizing production networks, enhancing brand influence, and leveraging government cooperation and diplomacy to mitigate political risks. These insights offer valuable policy recommendations for the ongoing transformation of the global automotive industry.

The Impact of the Digital Economy on the Export Competitiveness of Green Products in China

This paper utilizes Chinese firms' import and export data and applies a difference-in-differences (DID) method to study the impact of the digital economy on the export competitiveness of green products, while exploring its mechanisms and heterogeneity. The findings indicate that firms' digital transformation significantly enhances the export competitiveness of green products, and this result remains robust under various control variables. The mechanism of influence is primarily reflected in improving production efficiency, reducing production costs, and enhancing firms' Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance, ultimately helping firms improve their competitiveness in the international market. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the enhancement effect on export competitiveness is more pronounced for local and innovative firms compared to central enterprises. Additionally, firms exporting to RCEP member countries benefit more from digital transformation due to the characteristics of market demand. Importing firms also see significant competitiveness improvements by increasing supply chain efficiency and adopting advanced technologies. This study has important practical implications for deepening the understanding of the economic effects of the digital economy, promoting green transformation among Chinese firms, and addressing international green trade barriers.

The main components of international recognition of national standards, calibration, and measurement capabilities

International recognition of measurement results improves the development of international trade, science, and technology. It helps to reduce technical barriers in international trade, improve product quality, and increase confidence in calibration and testing laboratories. The recognition of national standards is critical for ensuring global metrological consistency between countries and ensuring international confidence in carried out measurements. National standards are subject to comparison with the standards of other countries. National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and Designated Institutes (DIs) are responsible for establishing and maintaining national standards of units of measurement and ensuring their compliance with international standards. The results of comparisons of national standards, review, and adoption of calibration and measurement capabilities (CMC) of NMIs and DIs are published in the special Key Comparison Database (KCDB) of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). An analysis of the current state of implementation of the Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) — CIPM MRA was carried out. The basis of this analysis is the results of key and supplementary comparisons of national standards, structured by regional metrological organizations (RMOs), types of measurements, as well as CMC of NMIs and DIs both by RMOs and types of measurements and by countries. The place of Ukraine in the implementation of the CIRM MRA Agreement is shown.

Identifying and Analysing Constraints in the Branded Rice Market: A Comprehensive Study of Stakeholders in Kerala, India

The study assessed the various constraints faced by the stakeholders in branded rice market in Kerala. These stakeholders include farmers, exporters, non-exporting private rice manufacturers, co-operative society, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. By examining the constraints across the branded rice market from production to consumption, the study aimed to identify the critical issues like, production constraints, procurement constraints, marketing constraints, institutional constraints export constraint and financial constraints. A sample of 30 farmers and one agent, five exporters and 10 non-exporters 20 wholesalers and 30 retailers and 120 consumers from Ernakulam and Palakkad districts were selected for the study. The study identified the major problems faced by the stakeholders of branded rice market by using Garret’s ranking method. Farmers were facing difficulties in rice production due to high input costs, high labour costs and untimely availability of water. Delay in procurement from SUPPLYCO and adequate facilities for drying and cleaning compel them to sell their produce in the open market. There was a communication gap between institutions and farmers. Lack of transportation facilities, high maintenance cost of machinery and financial difficulties were the major constraints faced by PADDICO. High transportation cost, high international trade barriers and price volatility were the major constraints faced by private manufacturers of branded rice. Heavy documentation & procedures was the major constraint faced by exporters. Lack of demand of branded rice was the major constraint faced by resellers. High price was the major constraint faced by the consumers. The high cost of production faced by farmers can be reduced by improved mechanisation in the rice cultivation. The study also recommended the suggestions for the constraints of other market stakeholders of branded rice market.

A web intelligence information system to support the production of EuroGroups Register (EGR) statistics

There is a growing demand for statistics to better understand the globalisation that is accelerating due to the removal of barriers in international trade and to technological progress. Key players in globalisation are the multinational enterprise (MNE) groups that have increased in number and complexity and need to be properly represented by macroeconomic and business statistics. To deal with this need, the European Union Member States, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries and Eurostat have collaborated to create the EuroGroups Register (EGR). This paper explores the use of web intelligence to improve the accuracy and completeness of the EGR, which makes use of tools for extracting and exploring information from the World Wide Web. Additionally, it presents a methodology to assess the quality of the information retrieved from the web, based on an ex-post comparison with the official information contained in the EGR. The results provide indications about the possibility of using web intelligence tools to support MNE group monitoring and to complete the EGR data in cases where this information is missing. Finally, it dives deeply into the approach to harness Wikipedia as a data source and into the techniques and methodology used to extract data from this source.

Reasons for International Trade Barriers and Suggestions to Eliminate Trade Barriers

In the International trades, trade barriers are common. However, regardless of how some countries may view the trade barriers, the tendency of world trade is still open and free. Besides, some international laws and treaties have regulated that states should promote the freedom of international trade, or it is against the obligations. Therefore, it is necessary to research on why international trade barriers exist and to give some suggestions to solve this problem. This paper conducted a literature review in the reason for international trade barriers. Four angles were being discussed: domestic political, income inequality, national security and culture influence. After examining 30 papers and law provisions, we got some conclusions. Reasons for international trade barriers are diverse, including the protection for states economy, security and the peoples interests. It also takes narrow nationalism and extreme patriotism and populism into consideration. To solve this problem, this paper suggests from the reform of WTO and some changes in the international treaties. On the other hand, this paper also has some advice to states to solve their domestic conflicts.

Research on the Impact of the Digital Economy on International Trade Barriers and Its Countermeasures

The rapid development of the digital economy has not only changed traditional business models and trade patterns, promoting trade facilitation, but has also to some extent reduced international trade barriers, providing unprecedented opportunities for enterprises worldwide, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, to expand into international markets. In the era of the digital economy, the modes and patterns of international trade are undergoing profound changes. The high efficiency and universality of information transmission, as one of the core features of the digital economy, not only significantly reduce trade costs but also break the limitations of traditional trade models, laying a solid foundation for the extensive expansion of international trade. However, with the rapid rise of digital trade, new digital barriers are also emerging, which are impacting the international trade landscape. A comprehensive analysis of the role of the digital economy in reducing international trade barriers and the opportunities and challenges it brings is of great significance for understanding and grasping the current trends in global trade development.

The Application of Large Language Models Reducing Cultural Barriers in International Trade: A Perspective from Cultural Conflicts, Potential and Obstacles

Large Language Models (LLMs) are powerful Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) software that generate natural language texts on various topics and domains. They have great potential to reduce cultural barriers in international trade by facilitating machine translation and cross-cultural communication. However, they also face cultural conflicts, challenges and risks, such as cultural misreading, bias, and ethical issues. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state and future prospects of LLMs in international trade, and discusses the cultural differences, opportunities and obstacles that they encounter. It also proposes some possible solutions and directions for improving the cultural sensitivity and performance of LLMs, such as incorporating cultural knowledge, enhancing cultural awareness, and ensuring cultural diversity and inclusivity. To illustrate the practical implications of LLMs in international trade, this paper provides some examples of how LLMs have been used or could be used in various trade scenarios, such as ChatGPT,NewBing and Ernie Bot. This paper aims to offer some insights and suggestions for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers who are interested in or involved in the development and application of LLMs in international trade, and to demonstrate how LLMs can contribute to the advancement and innovation of international trade.

A Study of Global Trade War and Its Impact on Indian Economy

A Study of Global Trade War and Its Impact on Indian Economy

Challenges and ways forward for the Malaysian SMEs in the Halal food industry: a systematic review

With its rich Islamic cultural heritage, Malaysia has been at the forefront of the Halal food industry, presenting opportunities and challenges for its small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This study offers a critical review of the multifaceted challenges faced by these SMEs in the competitive landscape of the Halal food sector. Through a review of 79 scholarly articles from Scopus and Google Scholar databases covering the years 2013 to 2023, we unearthed a spectrum of challenges. Key among them are inconsistent Halal standards and a labyrinthine certification process, compounded by barriers in international trade, financing conundrums, evolving marketing paradigms, innovation deficits, and branding complexities. In response, this research outlines strategies tailored for industry resilience and growth. Central to our recommendations is the imperative to bolster Malaysia's stature as a global Halal food nexus, emphasising cutting-edge branding techniques, leveraging the potential of e-commerce, and strategically positioning for increased Halal food exports. Drawing these insights, the study furnishes SMEs, researchers, and policymakers with a roadmap for industry evolution and underscores the importance of research in this domain.

Siquian City’s Exporting of Goods: Competitiveness and Survival Analysis Amidst Challenges

In 2020, in the face of the sudden impact of the new coronavirus pneumonia epidemic, Suqian's economy has withstood the test of the epidemic, showing a good situation of "rapid stabilization and gradual recovery", and the "13th Five-Year Plan" has come to a successful end. In the year of 2020, when the Sino-US trade war has not ended and the new coronavirus epidemic is raging, Suqian's foreign trade can achieve such good results, which is worthy of affirmation. However, while affirming that Suqian can still achieve such excellent results in the export of goods in such a severe situation at home and abroad, we should also see that there are still many shortcomings in the development of Suqian's foreign trade. Based on this, this paper firstly analyzes the current situation of Suqian's goods export from four aspects, such as the scale of goods export, export goods, export trade mode and the export situation of goods in each sector. Secondly, the paper analyzes the existing problems of Suqian's export of goods. The main problems are: the gap between Suqian and southern Jiangsu, the unbalanced development of various sectors, the unreasonable structure of export of goods, etc. Thirdly, from the internal and external environment, this paper analyzes the reasons for these problems in Suqian's goods export. The internal reasons include: inter-regional industrial transfer, insufficient level of industrial development, and insufficient location advantage; The external reasons are as follows: the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, Sino-US trade friction, sluggish international market demand, the impact of international industrial transfer and trade barriers have weakened the competitiveness of Suqian's export goods; Finally, from the two levels of government and enterprises to improve the problems of Suqian goods export countermeasures and conclusions.

Stimulating the processes of attracting investments in industry of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

<p>The current conditions of the world economy development are characterized by the aggravation of the struggle between countries for technological leadership in the transition to a new technological mode on the basis of Industry 5.0, and the negative impact of barriers in international trade in goods and technologies due to sanctions against Russia, which creates windows of opportunity in the field of ensuring technological sovereignty on its own industrial base. One of the most important factors for the successful implementation of the windows of opportunity for the development of domestic production of high-tech products is the stimulation of the processes of attracting private investments in industrial enterprises of large, medium and small-sized business, including through the formation of an effective system of state support tools. The aim of the article is to improve the processes of attracting industrial investments, specifically in the context of identifying factors that can have a negative impact on the investment activities of Russian enterprises of various size groups by analyzing and adjusting the existing tools of state support for industrial enterprises, including small technology companies, in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and developing areas for their improvement in order to ensure technological security under the conditions of sanctions. The article studies the features of the investment industrial infrastructure as exemplified by the most industrially developed regions of the Volga and Ural Federal Districts. The insufficient level of investment of small industrial enterprises in comparison to large and medium-sized business has been revealed. It has been found that the sanctions did not affect small and medium-sized business in comparison to large enterprises due to their insufficient role in the production of gross regional product and exports. The efficiency of investment resource utilization in the regions under consideration has been assessed using the data envelopment analysis model oriented on maximization of the result. According to the modeling results, the Republic of Tatarstan and the Sverdlovsk Region have been identified as efficient regions. The experience of the best practice of these regions has been analyzed, and the tools of key federal and regional development institutions has been considered, including those cofinanced by them as part of joint development projects. Promising directions for stimulating investment processes in the Republic of Bashkortostan and other regions of Russia on the basis of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of their investment industrial infrastructure for the timely implementation of the windows of opportunity to achieve technological leadership have been proposed.</p>

Role of Hundi in Border Trade Payment of Northern Thailand- Myanmar Before and After 2021 Military Coup

Myanmar considers border trade more important than international trade. Due to the economic sanctions imposed by the West since the military government took power in 1996 up until the latest one in 2021, Thailand -Myanmar border trade has been characterized by more informal trade than previously. Border trade has developed despite being subjected to long-standing international trade barriers. This study aims to convey an understanding of how the informal border payment, “Hundi”, works as the border-trade -payment between Myanmar and Northern Thailand. Even though hundi is an informal transfer system it is widely used as an alternative banking system. Especially, hundi is used in the financing of legitimate businesses, to prevent exacerbating the problems of access to credit of different states. This study draws on available literature and open-source reporting, as well as extensive field research by interviewing trusted sources for more than 30 informants (i.e., border-trader, money changer, money transfer operators, business leaders, hundi operators, immigrant labors, government officials, commercial banking staffs) in the northern part of Thailand with the border city in Shan state, Myanmar during 2017-2022. This study found that hundi plays a significant role as both a substitute and complement to cross-border trade and payment across the border of Myanmar-Thailand. After the recent political instability, and expansion from a formal banking sector to a mobile money services, in the short term, we are unlikely to see an elimination of the hundi system completely.

Indonesia's State Policy in Resolving International Trade Barriers

This journal article aims to review and analyze the policies that have been taken by the Indonesian government in resolving international trade barriers. We will look at how the policy is implemented, its impact on the Indonesian economy, as well as the challenges faced in the implementation process. This research uses qualitative methods with a library research approach. The qualitative method was chosen because this study aims to examine Indonesia's state policy in resolving international trade barriers thoroughly and in depth. Through this method, researchers can collect and analyze relevant secondary data from a variety of available sources, such as journal articles, books, official government documents, and international organization reports related to trade. The results of this study conclude that Indonesia's role in international trade disputes is very important in protecting national economic interests and encouraging dialogue and cooperation with its trading partner countries. Through participation in WTO mechanisms, bilateral diplomacy, and its role as a mediator, Indonesia seeks to resolve trade disputes in a manner that is fair and beneficial to all parties involved.

The Role of The WTO In Responding To International Trade Issues

The World Trade Organization, also known as the WTO, is a global organization that specifically oversees international trade. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was founded to realize fair dispute resolution and more orderly, smooth, free, liberal, transparent, and predictive global trade. The signing of various agreements among WTO member states on international trade regulations marked the achievement of the organization's goals. Here are the objectives of this study: 1) Studying international trade issues; 2) Understanding the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in addressing issues relating to international trade. To fully explain the research topic, qualitative research is used to describe and analyze it. Relevant literature such as books, journals, term papers, and articles are used in research, such as the internet. The study found that international trade issues can be broken down into six categories, namely as follows: 1) Technical preparation, 2) State security, 3) Export and import implementation policies, 4) Product preparation, 5) Lack of trust, and 6) Connections with international organizations Trade barriers can be removed by the WTO to protect consumers, stop the spread of disease, or preserve the environment to solve these problems.

Research on the Barriers and Legal Countermeasures of Exporting Traditional Chinese Medicine to ASEAN Countries under the Background of the Belt and Road Initiative

The total amount of China's exports of Chinese medicinal materials to the world and the trade competitiveness index gradually declined, but the exports of Chinese medicinal materials along the "the Belt and Road" increased significantly. The main problems faced by China's export trade of traditional Chinese medicine include the lack of quality standard system, the establishment of technical barriers to trade in importing countries, and the insufficient development of the export market of traditional Chinese medicine. The "the Belt and Road" initiative has brought opportunities to the international development of Chinese medicine, and has provided a broad market space for the development of Chinese medicine industry. The "the Belt and Road" strategy and the expansion of demand for traditional Chinese medicine in the international market have brought good development opportunities for the export trade of traditional Chinese medicine. However, cultural differences at home and abroad, international trade barriers and competition in the same industry have also brought threats and challenges to the export trade of traditional Chinese medicine in Gansu.

Barriers to Entrepreneurship in Healthcare Organizations in Pakistan

There are many barriers to starting a medical institution in Pakistan. Some of the career barriers are entrepreneurship, gender barriers, and lack of knowledge about funding issues. Additionally, purchasing power parity (PPP) related barriers can hinder starting a healthcare startup. Additionally, academic issues can cause a lack of entrepreneurship in healthcare organizations. By understanding these barriers and working to overcome them, healthcare organizations can drive more innovation and growth within their organizations. Job barriers, gender barriers, funding issues, and barriers related to purchasing power parity are some of them. However, while expanding these barriers further, the structural issues are at the core of Pakistan's prevention of healthcare entrepreneurship. According to numerous studies, the state's small business policy, administrative procedures (new company registration, licensing, etc.), tax laws, access to finance (bank loans, grants, etc.), ensuring private property protection, and the standard of living in the country. , political instability/corruption, international trade barriers, a shortage of skilled manpower (HR), and an inefficient judicial system are structural barriers to healthcare startups in Pakistan. This critical reflection discusses these factors in detail and provides empirical evidence to support his claims.

Impact of ASEAN Plus Five Free Trade Area: Trade Creation and Trade Diversion

One of the ways to reduce international trade barriers is through the Free Trade Area (FTA). Collectively, ASEAN already has five FTAs with trading partners outside Southeast Asia. This study intends to analyze the effect of free trade agreements between ASEAN and China, South Korea, Japan, India, and Australia – New Zealand (ASEAN+5 FTA). The implications of an FTA are explained using the concepts of trade creation and trade diversion through economic integration. The trade gravity model is expanded with three dummy variables to determine whether trade creation and trade diversion occur in the formation of each of these FTAs. Static panel data regression is used to analyze the effect of Free Trade Agreements on intra-regional trade flows, export flows to non-members, and import flows from non-FTA members. The fixed effect model is applied to overcome endogeneity problems, while the PPML estimator is chosen to get the best estimation results amid heteroscedasticity and zero trade flow problems that usually occur in trade flows. Estimation results show that the trade creation effect occurs only in ACFTA and AIFTA, while other FTAs harm member countries through trade diversion. Therefore, further evaluation and efforts regarding the use of FTAs are needed to achieve the goals of FTAs.

The impacts of imports and trade liberalization in Brazil: Insights from an aggregate cost function

AbstractBrazil has faced and continues to struggle with difficult economic challenges, including achieving noninflationary economic growth and a manageable external deficit. This paper presents the results of the estimation of an aggregate translog cost function with inputs of domestic capital and labor and imports and outputs of consumption and investment goods. The resulting calculated elasticities give insights into the relationships among the inputs, as well as the possible impacts of further reducing international trade barriers. The findings suggest that all of the inputs are substitutes for one another and that an increase in imports may have at least short‐run negative effects on the demand for domestic capital and labor. However, imports appear to be particularly important in the production of investment goods, so an increase in imports may result in a more than proportionate increase in the output of those products and enhance the long‐term growth of the economy. The responses to current challenges facing Brazil will affect its future economic growth as well as have a broader impact on the international scene. The results described here may help to inform policy makers as they address these issues, particularly with respect to international trade policies.

International Trade Barriers in Entry and Exit Animal Quarantine and China's Countermeasures

International Trade Barriers in Entry and Exit Animal Quarantine and China's Countermeasures