International Tourist Flows Research Articles

Desafios das Políticas Públicas de Turismo em Cidades Europeias de Média Dimensão. Os Casos de Lisboa e do Porto (Portugal)

Research Purpose: The significant increase in the flow of international tourists in European cities, regardless of their size, is a phenomenon that has become widespread in the last decade, causing new challenges for local public policies. In Portugal, Lisbon and Porto are not alien to this phenomenon. Recent scientific literature has largely addressed the impacts of increased tourist activity, mostly framing them as a neoliberal political-economic response to structural changes in the economy. Less studied has been the evolution of urban tourism policies and how these have responded to contemporary challenges. Given the need to deepen the knowledge of tourism policies at a local scale, the aim here is to analyse local public tourism policies in Portugal, taking the two largest cities – Lisbon and Porto, as case studies. Methodology: The analysis is carried out from a multiscale perspective, with the aim of understanding how local policies are coordinated with those defined at other scales (national and regional) and is based on a critical review of scientific literature and legislation. Findings: This article provides an organised overview of tourism development and its legal regulations. It also emphasises the importance of creating policies that promote sustainable coexistence between tourism and other urban activities, as well as addressing the varying interests and needs of different parties involved. Originality/Value: The paper focus on the evolution of urban tourism policies and the way in which these have been responding to current challenges, responding to the need to deepen the knowledge of tourism policies at a local scale.

"Memories of a Forgotten War" and Their Contemporary (Dark) Tourism Implications: An Istrian Media Perspective

Employing a sociological discourse analysis of media reports, this study aims to identify and typologise World War I-related memorial events in the cross-border region of Istria, which is traditionally heavily involved in international tourist flows in Slovenia and Croatia. The theory of memory, social amnesia, and dark tourism are thus intertwined. A corpus of 15 anniversary-related (and all accessible) media reports from three leading regional news media outlets was included in the analysis, which negates the complete social amnesia of war; they were typologised as memorial services or dark exhibitions. We found that memorial events are also related to sport/recreation (diving) and meetings of scholars (conferences, round tables, presentation of the book), which resulted in a revised typology of memorial events. The analysed events scattered throughout the peninsula have limited tourist significance and also reflect the Istrian social reality, specifically multiculturalism and transcultural memory. The paper concludes with an overview of the scholarly and practical implications and limitations of the approach used.

Exchange rate elasticities of international tourism and the role of dominant currency pricing

In this paper, we estimate exchange rate elasticities of international tourism. Both the bilateral exchange rate and the U.S. dollar exchange rate relative to tourism origin countries are important drivers of international tourism flows. The U.S. dollar exchange rate is more important for tourism destination countries with higher U.S. dollar borrowing, pointing to a complementarity between U.S. dollar pricing and financing. Country-specific dominant currencies (CSDCs) play only a minor role on average but are important for tourism-dependent countries and those with a high concentration of foreign tourists across origin countries. Consistent with the literature of dominant currency pricing (DCP), we also find that local hotel prices do increase strongly when the domestic currency depreciates against the U.S. dollar. The importance of the U.S. dollar exchange rate represents a strong piece of evidence of DCP in the international trade of services. The results suggest that the benefits of exchange rate flexibility for tourism-dependent countries may be weaker than previously thought and that a broad appreciation of the U.S. dollar can be associated with a significant decline in tourism flows globally.

Land Areas Management for Development of Tourism Different Types

This paper discusses the importance of the use of land resources for the development of tourism and recreational activities. The study of economic mechanisms of nature management stimulates interest in various forms of tourism, such as ecotourism, agrotourism, forest tourism. The expansion of the tourism industry, combined with a decrease in international tourist flows, leads to an increase in the number of specially protected natural areas. Land management is a system of measures aimed at compliance with land legislation, regulation of land relations and ensuring the rational use and conservation of land resources. The influence of factors connected with natural and cultural features of tourist places influences the development of land resources. In this paper, some researches are conducted to analyze how an efficient land management can stimulate different types of tourism. 

International Tourism and its Impact on World Politics and World Economy

International tourism is one of the most dynamically developing forms of international trade. In the economy of a particular country, it performs a number of important functions: it is a source of foreign exchange earnings and a means of providing employment for the population; contributes to the balance of payments; contributes to the diversification of the economy, providing stimulating effects on industries serving the tourism sector; increases the attractiveness of the country as a sphere of international entrepreneurship and business cooperation; creates incentives for the inflow of foreign capital into the national economy.
 The main feature of international tourism is the crossing of state borders. The greater the differences between states, the greater the obstacles to the free movement of people. The simplification (tightening) of formalities has an impact on international tourist flows, providing (or, conversely, hindering) the movement of people. The complex and confusing procedure for issuing travel documents, violation of the deadlines for their consideration or arbitrary deviation, the introduction of severe restrictions on imports and currency exchanges, which determine the level of consumption of goods and services by tourists, do not contribute to the development of international tourism. From this point of view, customs declarations and inspections act as a deterrent and lead to a reduction in tourist trips.
 Another feature of international tourism is economic in nature and is revealed through the impact it has on the country's balance of payments. Foreign tourists, paying for goods and services, ensure the flow of currency into the budget of the host country, thereby activating its balance of payments, which is why the reception of foreign tourists is called active tourism. On the other hand, the departure of tourists abroad is associated with an outflow of currency from their country of permanent residence. International payments for tourism operations of this kind are reflected in the liability of the balance of payments of the country supplying tourists, and tourism itself is characterized as passive. The division into active and passive, based on the characteristics of the reflection of the financial results of tourism activities in the balance of payments, is inherent only in international tourism and does not apply to domestic tourism.Keywords: Tourism, World Tourism Organization, Recreation, Visitor, Statistics, World Politics, World Economy

Tourism Vulnerability to Disaster: Impact of Epidemic, Natural Disaster, and Terrorism (Evidence from Indonesia)

This study aims to explore the impact of multiple disasters, such as pandemics, natural disasters, and terrorism, on inbound tourists in Indonesia. Using a panel data approach, we studied the impact of these disasters by analyzing data regarding international tourist flow from 19 countries and nine ports of entry from 2008 to 2020. The results showed that different types of disasters affected inbound tourists differently in terms of magnitude and significance. In addition, some disasters had a longer-lasting impact, which can be seen from the significant negative impact in the year following the disaster. We also uncovered an impact that varied among tourist origin countries according to their responsiveness to the disaster. The findings imply that sustainable tourism development can not be achieved without understanding how disasters affect tourism.

Особенности анализа конкурентоспособности гостиничного предприятия

Article is focused on factors influencing competition and competitiveness of a hotel. In contrast to other different approaches, author describe the range of factors affecting the hotel at the highly competitive and unstable demand environment, based on her professional experience and deep knowledge of economics and marketing of hospitality industry. The main factors and indicators that are vital in the competition were analyzing. Main focus was given to the environment changed last years. Epidemiological situation changes links with the COVID-19, chillness in foreign affairs, sanctions are the drivers in a large extent impacted the hospitality industry. International flight restrictions and tourist flow down, leaving of international hotel enterprises, supplier companies, stop of booking and aggregation systems servicing, logistic chains changes were leaving to significant consequence as for the services market and for especial companies. Main features, criteria and factors company needs to be taken into account for successful company positioning on the market were given based on the example of the hotel sector of the hospitality industry. The article is very practical, since systematic approach was developed based on factors affecting the competitiveness of a hotel was successfully used in on the real company working on competitive environment. Approach has theoretical significance due to focus on scientific ideas development on hospitality industry environment analysis using integrated approach can be used by future scientist. Article can help beginners and experienced entrepreneurs in systematization and hotel competitiveness factors analysis taking into account it’s specifics.

Ritual Hitching Posts Serge Among the Buryats in the 21st Century

The article deals with a little-studied topic with the aim of studying localization of Buryat ritual hitching posts serge in the space from Ust-Orda district to Cape Khoboy on Olkhon Island in the 21st century. The article is based on the field observations and materials, literary and electronic sources. The hypothesis of the study was proved – in conditions of globalization and active increase in international tourist flows, the Buryats are expanding the boundaries of their own sacred world to create a specific system of protective mechanisms against intensive foreign cultural influence. Sacred objects contribute to the preservation of the fragile ecology of the region. One of the key methods used in the article is ideographic method, which is supplemented with analysis and generalization. There are three entrance signs/complexes, in which the central place is given to ritual hitching posts on the section of the R-418 highway from Irkutsk to the border of the Olkhonsky district. On this section of the road there is a barisa, a ritual complex, with three serge. In the Olkhon region, nine serge are located at the mouth of the river Angi near Mount Yordo where the Yordyn Games are held. On the island of Olkhon near the cape Burkhan, 13 ritual hitching posts have been erected in honor of the “13 northern noyons”, occupying a special place in the shamanic pantheon of Buryats. There is a ritual hitching post serge on Cape Khoboy. The researched cult objects were established in the 21st century by the decision of the population and are all-Olkhon, and possibly all Buryat. The innovative character of the ritual hitching posts lies in their considerable size and in their installation in places where they were not previously installed, thus expanding the sacred territory. These considered Olkhon serge, despite of their increased size, retain their authenticity, in contrast to the stylized serge standing on the entrance steles. A new organization of the socio-cultural space with the help of ritual hitching posts indicates that the ethnic culture has been transforming into a national one.

Problems of business models functioning and trends in the development of youth tourism in Kazakhstan: expert survey

The relevance of the study arises from the need to reconsider the role and importance of youth in the conditions of a constant increase in the volume of international tourist flows; the need for the formation of innovative forms of tourism entrepreneurship; the insufficient research to determine the effectiveness of the business models of Kazakhstan’s tourism enterprises. The aim of the study is to identify the problems of functioning of the current business models of tour operators and travel agencies, as well as to study the trends in the development of youth tourism in Kazakhstan. The general scientific methods were used, including the descriptive method, methods of analysis, and the method of interviewing experts, generalization and structuring. The article identifies the most characteristic business models used in the Kazakhstan tourism industry, including in the framework of the implementation of services in the field of youth tourism; identifying factors that hinder the successful operation of business models in the country’s tourism market, as well as barriers to the development of youth tourism. Promising areas of youth tourism and innovative forms of business models are also proposed: B2B startups; development of niche types of tourism; crowdfunding and crowdsourcing; shared ownership; integration model; selling tours through social networks; specialization in developing customized products. This study may be useful for tour operators, travel agencies, accommodation and catering facilities, and other organizations interested in youth tourism development for effective planning and organization their activities.

Can immigration moderate the adverse effects of political instability on international tourism? A case study of Australia

We estimate the impact of political instability and the population of immigrants in Australia on the flow of international tourist arrivals. We hypothesize that political instability has a short-term negative effect while the population of immigrants in Australia may have a positive or negative effect depending on time span. Moreover, we postulate that the population of immigrants resorbs in the short run partially or totally the adverse effect of political instability. Our empirical strategy takes into consideration potential heterogeneity among cross-sections and differentiates between short-term and long-term effects. For this purpose, we use the Pooled Mean Group estimator in a panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag model. Findings from the pooled estimations suggest that, in the short run, the population of immigrants in Australia reduces the negative effect of political instability on international tourism flows. However, its effect is negative in the long run. We also find evidence for heterogeneity across countries.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE HOTEL AND RESTAURANT BUSINESS IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

Relevance. Problem statement. European integration implies the development of international tourism flows, which will ensure an increase in demand for hotel and restaurant services. This can contribute to the development of infrastructure, improving the level of service, and creating new job opportunities. Furthermore, in the process of European integration, the standards of the hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine require adaptation to the requirements of European norms and standards. This includes the implementation of appropriate standards for food safety and quality, hygiene, energy efficiency, and more. Additionally, European integration involves free movement of capital and openness to foreign investment, which can help attract investment in the hotel and restaurant business and increase its competitiveness. Therefore, it can be argued that the topic of the hotel and restaurant business is highly relevant in the process of European integration, as this sector is an important factor in the development of tourism and the economy as a whole. Introduction to the EU provides Ukrainian hotels and restaurants with the opportunity to attract new customers from EU countries. The increase in tourist flow can lead to a growing demand for hotel and restaurant services. European standards in the hospitality industry are higher than in some other countries. Ukrainian hotels and restaurants must meet these standards to be competitive on an international level. This requires improvements in service, food quality, safety, and infrastructure. With the increase of foreign investments in the hotel and restaurant industry in Ukraine, new competitors emerge. This stimulates Ukrainian businesses in this sector to constantly enhance their services and embrace innovative solutions. ECO N O MI CS AN D M ANA G EM EN T H OSP I TAL I TY ENTERPRISES Issue I (89), 2023 69 Research objective. The objective of the study is to determine the conceptual foundations of the hotel and restaurant business. Methodology. The tasks outlined in the article were accomplished using general scientific research methods, namely analysis, systematization, and generalization. The research is based on logical-dialectical methods of scientific cognition, methods of systemic analysis, as well as specific methods, including methods of analysis and synthesis. Results. The article explores the hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine, highlighting that it is developing at a slow pace despite aiming to align with European trends. The positive and negative consequences of the integration aspect of the hotel and restaurant business are addressed. The aspects that may be crucial for the hotel and restaurant business after EU accession are examined. Practical significance. Solutions to the issues of sluggish development in the hotel and restaurant business are proposed. It is substantiated that the development of the hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine is essential for Eurointegration and ensuring sustainable economic growth in the country. The article provides suggestions and ideas for the development of the hotel and restaurant business in Ukraine. Prospects for further research. Further research envisages the utilization of all reserves to enhance the quality of service and competitiveness of hotel and restaurant complexes in Ukraine by implementing positive foreign experience in the development of hospitality enterprises.

Tourist intensity in medium and small Spanish cities. Urban tourism research using a quantitative indicator: Tourism Intensity Index (TII)

Urban tourism has experienced significant growth in recent decades, generating situations of overtourism and tourismophobia. In Spain, cities such as Barcelona, Sevilla, Valencia, and Madrid face the effects of excess tourism on a daily basis, even in times of the pandemic. The objective of this study is to determine whether an increase in tourism intensity has also occurred in small and medium-sized Spanish cities and, if so, to develop an assessment of the phenomenon. To this end, a Tourism Intensity Index (TII) has been designed and applied to international tourist flows and statistically tested (through cluster analysis and Student’s ‘t’ test), permitting not only a confirmation of the phenomenon but its characterization during the period 2003-2020 and its interpretation from a geographical perspective. This research shows that tourist intensity is a phenomenon that extends also to medium and small Spanish cities.

The impact of COVID-19 on international tourism flows to Italy: Evidence from mobile phone data.

This paper analyses the response to the COVID-19 pandemic of inbound tourism to Italy looking at variation across countries and provinces. To this end, it uses weekly data on the number of foreign visitors in Italy from January 2019 until February 2021, as provided by a primary mobile telephony operator. We document a very robust negative relation at the province level between the local epidemic situation and the inflow of foreign travellers. Moreover, provinces with a historically higher share in art-tourism, and those that used to be 'hotel intensive' were hit the most during the pandemic, while provinces with a more prevalent orientation to business tourism proved to be more resilient. Entry restrictions with varying degrees of strictness played a key role in explaining cross-country patterns. After controlling for these restrictions, we observed that the number of travellers that could arrive by private means of transportation decreased proportionally less. Overall, this evidence emphasises that contagion risk considerations played a significant role in shaping international tourism patterns during the pandemic.

La recuperación del turismo internacional en España tras la pandemia

Rationale International tourism indicators in Spain are consolidating their recovery towards pre-pandemic levels, after virtually all restrictions on international travel were lifted. Against this background, the changes observed in tourists’ country of origin and travel behaviour should be analysed. Takeaways •Tourist flows are yet to fully recover 2019 levels, essentially due to the continued weakness in long-haul tourism, particularly from Asia. •However, tourism receipts have already reached pre-crisis levels, driven in part by Spain attractingmore visitors with greater spending power, as borne out by the rising proportion of higher quality hotelaccommodation. •The expectations for the next three months are somewhat cautious due to the uncertainty promptedby the deteriorating economic outlook and the upsurge in inflation. In the long-term, internationaltourism flows will be shaped by the sector’s capacity to continue improving the quality of its tourismoffering.

Antarctic tourism: spatial structure and dynamics of international tourist flows (for the seasons of 2011-2020)


 
 
 The theoretical foundations of the origin and development of Antarctic tourism are considered. The first proposals for Antarctic tourism were recorded in 1910, but it was not until the 1920s that the first tourists were able to visit the mainland. The beginning of commercial tourism to the Antarctic was laid by Lars-Erik Lindblad on his cruise liner «Explorer», which in 1966 made the first commercial tourist flight to the continent. In the 1980s of the 20th century, Antarctica was visited annually by about 2,000 tourists. In the 1990s, Antarctic tourism became a mass phenomenon, flights over the Antarctic resumed. The Antarctic Treaty system is considered. In 1959, the Antarctic Treaty was concluded, and in 1961, it established the status quo, which prohibits the making of new territorial claims and the expansion of old claims made before 1959. The treaty declares the freedom of scientific research in the Antarctic. It has been analyzed that the current lack of territorial possessions of one or another country in the Antarctic facilitates the conduct of comprehensive scientific research. It has been established that in Ukraine only one dissertation study is devot- ed to the issues of Antarctic tourism. All other works of scientists are devoted to biological, gravimetric, mineralogical, geodetic, ocean- ographic, physical, geological research of the Antarctic. It has been proven that modern directions of regional complex geographical re- search of the Antarctic are closely related not only to the provision of national interests, but also to the solution of global environmental problems. An analysis of the spatial structure and dynamics of international tourist flows to the Antarctic was conducted for the seasons 2011-2020. During this period, 389,800 people visited the continent. There is a constant increase in the number of visitors. Travel by mode of transport is considered. During the entire period of the study, the largest number of visitors (71.5% of the total number) usedcruise ships / yachts with a landing on the shore with an excursion to the mainland. An analysis of the distribution of tourists by country of origin was carried out. The Top-20 places of Antarctica, which are the most visited, are considered. During the 2016-2017 – 2019-2020 seasons, the number of visits reached 7,086. The top five are occupied by Cuverville Island (9.07% of the total number of visits during the study period), Goudier Island (8.65%), Neko Harbor (8.55%), Whalers Bay (8.24%), Half Moon Island – Chinstrap Colony (7.83%). The station «Akademik Vernadsky” ranks 13th with 194 visits, which is 2.74%. The most popular tourist destinations in East Antarctica for the 2019-2020 season have been reviewed: Amundsen Sea with ship cruises, Cape Evans with small boat cruises and shore landings, Cape Adare with ship cruises, small boat cruises and shore landings from it to the shore. It is noted that at the current stage of the development of society, it is impossible to forecast the tourist flow to the Antarctic for the coming season with the help of economic and mathematical modeling in connection with the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic.
 
 

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ІНДУСТРІЇ ТУРИЗМУ В УМОВАХ РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ

The article reveals the peculiarities of the development of the tourism industry in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The key challenges of the tourism industry in today's conditions are highlighted. The dynamics of the tourist tax for 2022 in the regional section is considered. Measures for the gradual restoration of the tourism industry and improvement of the results of the functioning of the subjects of this type of economic activity have been identified. The assessment of direct losses of the tourism industry as a result of the war is considered. The strategic priorities of the functioning of the tourism industry in Ukraine have been determined. It was determined that the complete restoration of the tourism industry in Ukraine is possible only after the cessation of hostilities and ensuring the safe stay of tourists in all regions, unhindered movement through the territory of Ukraine, restoration of all infrastructure and transport connections. The plan for the reconstruction of post-war Ukraine should provide for the active development of the tourism industry using world experience, bringing domestic tourism standards in line with international ones, creating an effective management system for this type of economic activity, implementing regionally oriented programs, introducing joint mechanisms of the state and business, forming an integrated tourist register. It was determined that the tourism industry of Ukraine suffered a negative impact as a result of a full-scale invasion of the enemy, which led to a decrease in both domestic and international tourist flows, which, in turn, has a significant impact on the state budget both for the subjects of the tourism industry and for tourists. In today's conditions, the tourism industry in most regions does not function normally due to constant shelling and occupation. However, in some safe regions, domestic tourism functions to a certain extent, as evidenced by the tax paid data in the Lviv, Kyiv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions, which occupy leading positions among other regions of Ukraine.

ТУРИСТСКИЕ ПРЕДПОЧТЕНИЯ РОССИЙСКИХ ГРАЖДАН: ДЕСТИНАЦИИ И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ

The purpose of the study is to identify the tourist preferences of Russians for the period 2004–2021 and their change under the influence of modern challenges. The study is based on the analysis of an array of statistical data on organized tourism for the period 2004–2021 in the context of federal districts and regions of the Russian Federation. The study used methods of economic analysis, general scientific, as well as geographical and statistical methods; median values were calculated. The study made it possible to form a general idea of the main vacation destinations of Russian citizens and their development trends, as well as the dynamics of tourist preferences of Russians under the influence of economic, geopolitical and other factors. It has been revealed that there are significant differences in the dynamics of domestic and international tourist flows: domestic tourism is characterized by a stable trend line, international tourism – by significant fluctuations caused by the influence of modern challenges. Among the federal districts, the North-Western is the leader in terms of intensity of both domestic and international tourism in 2019 and 2021. The North Caucasus District occupies the opposite position. Southern is the only district where there was a predominance of the intensity of domestic tourism over international tourism. 14 destinations were identified in the tourist preferences of Russians by country for the period 2004–2021. It is shown how the challenges of our time and the variety of operating factors are reflected in the dynamics, volumes and shares of Russian organized tourists receiving destinations. The results obtained allow us to form a general idea of the main areas of recreation and trends in their development, as well as the dynamics of tourist preferences of Russians at a country level. The practical application of the proposed approach will expand the possible options for management decisions.

PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOSPITALITY ENTERPRISES IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Purpose. The aim of the article is to determination of the main problematic aspects of the development of hospitality enterprises in the 21st century by the main spheres of influence. Methodology of research. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the fundamental provisions of modern economic theory, the scientific works of leading scientists in the field of hospitality. The following methods were used to achieve the goal: monographic, systematization, description – to identify and characterize approaches to defining the problems of tourism development in the 21st century; abstract and logical – for expressing one's own assumptions and forming conclusions. Findings. The article summarizes the main problematic aspects of the development of hospitality enterprises in the 21st century by the main spheres of influence. It has been determined what these are, in particular: social and economic problems related to the development of society, its values, transformations of economic relations, the impact of economic crises, etc.; the problem of dependence on transport and mobility of tourists; infrastructure problems; problems of technological support (at the level of digitalization of processes and the level of knowledge and skills of personnel regarding the use of information and communication technologies). It has been proven that social and economic problems are related to barriers to sustainable development in terms of three main components, in particular: social norms, a certain structure of values and the distribution of resources. It was established that the problems of suspension of transport, deterioration of transport connections, which countries face during viruses, economic crises, wars, strikes, political crises cause a reduction in the level of mobility of tourists, which, in turn, is a prerequisite for problems of tourist service at the level of hospitality enterprises . It was determined that problems with transport, in particular, aviation, represent a special threat for enterprises in the field of hospitality focused on international tourist flows. It is noted that transport problems are more characteristic of developing countries. It is indicated that if this issue is resolved, most countries will be able to become attractive for the growth of investments and the development of the hospitality sector. It was noted that the solution to the problems of infrastructural provision involves the creation of an infrastructure that includes both objects of the restaurant, hotel, tourist, excursion sectors, as well as objects of information and communication technologies (broadband and mobile Internet), transport infrastructure, medical infrastructure (although b first medical aid services), other additional infrastructure, the functioning of which can act as an additional factor in increasing the interest of tourists, etc. It was determined that in order to solve the problems of technological support, it is necessary to: create attractive financial and credit conditions that will enable the purchase of the latest digital technologies; increasing the level of readiness of personnel to improve digital skills and knowledge. Originality. Approaches to the identification of problems of the development of hospitality enterprises were systematized, which made it possible to substantiate the direction of their influence on the activities of enterprises and the possibilities of solutions. Practical value. Systematized approaches serve as a scientific basis for determining ways to solve the problems of development of hospitality enterprises in developed and developing countries. Key words: the field of hospitality, digitalization, social and economic problems, the problem of dependence on transport and mobility of tourists, infrastructure problems, problems of technological support, personnel skills, information and communication technologies.

МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ТУРИЗМ В УКРАЇНІ: РЕАЛЬНІСТЬ І ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

Within the article, the state of the international tourism on the eve of military events and their current impact on the international tourism is revealed. Historical aspects of the international tourism formation in Ukraine and a radical change in the positive situation after 2014 are highlighted. It is concluded that despite all circumstances, Ukraine was and remains attractive for foreign tourists. It is proved that the impact of military events in Ukraine on the domestic and global tourism industry is avery relevant area of research, which has both theoretical and practical significance.It is shown that in addition to the required restoration of the physical, mental, and spiritual health of the nation, tourism has serious economic functions related to the development of small businesses, job creation, and general activation of the economic environment of the territories, resulting in stability of tax revenues to the budget.It is noted that a very important point in modern conditions is social responsibility of representa-tives of the tourism industry and what role in the voluntary activity was and is played by representatives of the domestic tourism business, and what great importance was their personal contacts with interna-tional partners, which logistically covered international touristic flows.The factors that currently hinder the development of the inbound tourism under martial law are described, including as follows: military operations on the territory of Ukraine pose a real danger not only for tourists, but also for entire population of Ukraine, especially in the areas of active occupation and military operations; loss of a significant part of the tourist and recreational resource; damage to the infrastructure in the area of military operations;closure of airspace for Civil Aviation; destruction of communication routes on the territory of Ukraine, etc.It is concluded that the tourism industry business in Ukraine cannot only survive in extremely difficult conditions, but also be effective in terms of the ability to constantly implement the network structures based on flexible micro-integration of various enterprises (usually small) related to the tour-ism business and innovations in this area. It is noted that there is a need to find new organizational forms of such tourism, taking into account safety requirements. Emphasis is placed on the problems of forming anti-crisis business structures using diversified forms of the network micro-integration of small tourist businesses that can potentially serve international tourist flows.

Dyadic hostility, tourism, and regional trade agreements

ABSTRACT This study uses a gravity approach to investigate the effect of dyadic hostility levels on bilateral tourism flows and determine whether regional trade agreements (RTAs) attenuate the link between dyadic hostility levels and tourism flows. We used a balanced panel dataset of 189 destination countries, 200 origin countries, and 16,059 country-pairs from 2005 through 2015. The results show that while low-level dyadic hostility suppresses international tourism flows, its effect is often weak or statistically insignificant. However, the analysis shows strong evidence that high-level dyadic hostility dampens tourism flows across a range of model specifications. Furthermore, the results indicate that RTA membership helps to reverse the negative effect of both low and high levels of dyadic hostility on tourism flows.