International Tourist Destination Research Articles

Movement from emerging economies to small island states: motivations of Nigerian educational tourists in North Cyprus

Although core countries, in particular the UK, USA, Canada, and Australia, have been the most popular destinations for educational tourism, a substantial number of educational tourists have recently been travelling to other European, Asian, and African countries. There has been significant research into student mobility from developing countries to core countries, but research on student mobility between developing countries—in particular the movement from emerging economies to small island states—is scarce. North Cyprus has recently become a thriving international educational tourism destination. This study explores the factors affecting educational tourists’ decision-making, with a specific focus on Nigerian students, about whom very little is known regarding their decision to study abroad and their choices of host country and host university. Data from a qualitative study carried out in the small island state of North Cyprus is used to examine the factors that push Nigerian educational tourists away from their home country to seek tertiary education opportunities elsewhere as well as the factors affecting their host country and host institution choices. Three main themes emerged from the data analysis, namely: Studying Overseas, Country Choice, and Host Institution. The results of this study are useful for policymakers in small island states, who wish to establish or improve an educational tourism industry, as well as for university decision-makers who wish to increase their institutions’ success at attracting foreign students.

English

International tourism has been growing worldwide at substantial and sustainable rates in terms of both tourist arrivals and tourism receipts. It demonstrated broad economic significance for tourism destinations around the world. This review is carried out to describe factors determining international tourist flow to international tourist destinations. The study gives insights to improve international tourist arrivals and tourism receipts at tourism destinations worldwide by providing a comprehensive summary of the results of various works of literature on international tourist flow to researchers, policy makers and practitioners. The systematic review is conducted to provide objective, replicable, systematic, and comprehensive coverage of determinants of international tourist flow. The review process comprised framing questions for review, identifying relevant works, assessing the quality of studies, summarizing the evidence, and interpreting the findings. Factors determining international tourist flow are found to be mainly related to demand factors in generating region and supply factors in destinations. Socio-cultural factors, geographical, international mobility, demographic, technological, health risk, psychological and lifestyle, and peace and security factors significantly affect international tourist flow.   Key words: Travel, tourist flow, international tourism, destination.

Coastal Scenic Beauty and Sensitivity at the Balearic Islands, Spain: Implication of Natural and Human Factors

Coastal areas globally are facing a significant range of environmental stresses, enhanced by climate change-related processes and a continuous increase of human activities. The economic benefits of tourism are well-known for coastal regions, but, very often, conflicts arise between short-term benefits and long-term conservation goals. Among beach user preferences, five parameters of greater importance stand out from the rest, i.e., safety, facilities, water quality, litter and scenery; the latter is the main concern of this study. A coastal scenic evaluation was carried out in the Balearic Islands and focused on two major issues: coastal scenic beauty together with sensitivity to natural processes and human pressure. The archipelago is renowned as a top international coastal tourist destination that receives more than 13.5 million visitors (2019). Impressive landscape diversity makes the Balearics Islands an ideal field for this research. In total, 52 sites, respectively located in Ibiza (11), Formentera (5), Mallorca (18) and Menorca (18), were field-tested. In a first step, coastal scenic beauty was quantified using the coastal scenic evaluation system (CSES) method, based on the evaluation of 26 physical and human parameters, and using weighting matrices parameters and fuzzy logic mathematics. An evaluation index (“D”) was obtained for each site, allowing one to classify them in one of the five scenic classes established by the method. Twenty-nine sites were included in class I, corresponding to extremely attractive sites (CSES), which were mainly observed in Menorca. Several sound measures were proposed to maintain and/or enhance sites’ scenic value. In a second step, scenic sensitivity was evaluated using a novel methodological approach that makes possible the assessment of three different coastal scenic sensitivity indexes (CSSI), i.e., the natural sensitivity index NSI, the human sensitivity index HSI and the total sensitivity index TSI. Future climate change trends and projection of tourism development, studied at municipality scale, were considered as correction factors. All the islands showed places highly sensitive to environmental processes, while sensitivity to human pressure was essentially observed at Ibiza and Mallorca. Thereafter, sites were categorized into one of three sensitive groups established by the methodology. Results obtained are useful in pointing out very sensitive sceneries as well as limiting, preventing and/or anticipating future scenic degradation linked to natural and human issues.

Community liquid waste management system in Gili air tourism area and its management strategy based on a SWOT analysis

Lombok island is one of the international tourism destinations because of its topography and natural beauty which has its own charm for both domestic and foreign tourists. One of the famous marine tourism destinations on the island of Lombok is Gili Air. Most of the waste problems in Gili Air are domestic liquid waste, both from community waste and tourism business waste. This study is a descriptive exploratory study by exploring and describing the liquid waste management system by the community, hotel managers and restaurants in the tourism area of Gili Air. The observations were made in residential areas, hotels and restaurants on Gili Air. The determination of sampling areas and resource persons is determined by purposive sampling. Data were collected by conducting a survey at the research location through direct observation and interviews with informants. SWOT analysis were used to determine a liquid waste management strategy in Gili Air. Based on the study conducted in Gili Air, which includes residential areas, hotels and restaurants, the liquid waste management system is carried out individually using a septic-tank, land use management for wastewater with a septic tank placed at the side / back of the house and a waste management strategy can be implemented by establishing a communal and environmentally friendly waste management facility in the form of a Waste Final Disposal Plant (IPAL) for liquid waste. Â

Ecotourism development in Penang Hill: a multi-stakeholder perspective towards achieving environmental sustainability.

Located in one of the famous natural and cultural tourist destinations of northern Malaysia, Penang Hill serves as an ideal destination for both local and international tourists. The objective of this study was to understand and explore key stakeholders perspectives to enhance management for the aim of conservation, economic development, and recreation in Penang Hill. Data was collected from three key stakeholders of Penang Hill using semi-structured in-depth interviews. Stakeholders showed robust interests in environmental protection, cultural conservation, economic activities, awareness, and empowerment. This paper concludes by stating that Penang Hill is under strong management, and stakeholders are continuously engaged in the destination. The management authority collaborates with the key stakeholders of Penang Hill and incorporates their interests and viewpoint to ensure the ecotourism process goes smoothly and Penang Hill becomes one of the top ecotourism destinations.

A review of road infrastructure development and contemporary degradation on K’gari-Fraser Island

ABSTRACT Unpaved roads are often of poor quality in parks globally, particularly where funding and resources are limited. We review the history of road infrastructure development and provide contemporary evidence of road degradation on World Heritage listed K’gari-Fraser Island to demonstrate a need for a more sustainable transport system. Historical industry from mining and timber exploitation has established but also deeply impacted many sections of the island’s roads. Contemporary observations reveal high volumes of vehicular traffic contributing to erosion and deep-cuttings on many sections of this international tourist destination that attracts approximately 450,000 visitors per annum. Current observations of road degradation show that a more sustainable transport system should be implemented to mitigate further erosion from vehicular and weather impacts. The article provides justification for the need for sustainable transport solutions and strategies based on a history of inland sand road degradation and erosion leading to environmental impacts on K’gari-Fraser Island. Photographic evidence of varying degrees of degradation and erosion currently occurring and from past industry on K’gari’s roads is provided in this article to strengthen the argument for a more sustainable transport network.

THIS IS OUR LAND

Bali is known as one of the most popular destinations for domestic and international tourists. Beyond its beauty, Reclamation of Benoa Bay in Bali has become a rising controversial issue amongst local people, including the fishermen who live in coastal areas. This reclamation is a problematic issue since such action is considered to be a violation of Balinese local customs. Moreover, the reclamation is also believed to be destructing the local environment. A voice of rejection over this Reclamation plan has emerged since 2012 and it continues to grow among the locals, including amongst artists and musicians from and beyond Bali. The voice of rejection has resulted in the emergence of a compilation track album entitled Bali Menolak (Bali Rejects (Reclamation)) and it aims to increase awareness of the current environmental issues and social injustices occurring in Bali. Influenced by this issue, the writer intends to investigate the ideas of environmental activism of the compilation track album Bali Menolak and its impact.

Floating resort planning in Tano Ponggol with water conservation approach

The government of Republic of Indonesia built a supporting infrastructure for the growth of the Toba Lake National Tourism Strategic Area as an international tourist destination. One of infrastructure built is the Tano Ponggol Bridge, which becomes the only road connecting into that area. To help the government work program, planning accommodation becomes very urgent along with the development of tourist areas on Toba Lake. Planning a Floating Resort that has design ideas and new innovations is one solution to support government programs and tourism activities in Tano Ponggol. The method in this design starts from the site survey directly, then the data collection by observation, documentation, literature review and comparative study of similar projects and themes for the preparation of the planning concept of the Floating Resort in Tano Ponggol with the concept of a water conservation approach that will use water from Toba Lake as a support utility and can also be used as a design settlement at the resort. The application of the concept is applied to the utility system and also the design of the building that will show the process of collecting rainwater through the roof of the building and returning water to the lake.

Strategi Media Branding Pengembangan Sektor Pariwisata Kabupaten Pesisir Barat sebagai Destinasi Wisata Internasional

The phenomenon that occurs in modern society is starting tourism activities so that there must be a strategy that is in accordance with the times and can be used as management and development of tourism potential by utilizing digital media as a media for branding which is part of marketing communication. The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation of media branding strategies in the development of the tourism sector in Pesisir Barat Regency as an international tourist destination, supporting and inhibiting factors that affect media branding in the development of the tourism sector, as well as the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the tourism sector in Pesisir Barat Regency. This type of research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the implementation of the media branding strategy for the development of the tourism sector in Pesisir Barat Regency as an international tourist destination, namely the setting of annual goals, its implementation is still minimal because it is not well directed as well as the use of less massive media in an effort to branding tourism; policy formulation, namely the existence of a decree on the division of tourism villages; motivating workers with the efforts that have been made such as mutual encouragement, coordination, and evaluation in private meetings or invitations; lack of allocation of qualified human resources in the IT field. Furthermore, the supporting and inhibiting factors that influence the branding media are the role of the community which indirectly participates in branding the existing tourism potential as well as the limited quality and quantity of human resources and the lack of the role of the government. Then the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in a decrease in the number of tourists and the cancellation of events that had been prepared

The Importance of Public Education and Interpretation in the Conservation of Toba Caldera Geoheritage

This article discusses the importance of local community involvement and their appreciation concerning geotourism. The Toba Caldera is an interesting area that forms a unique, spectacular landscape and is a popular international tourist destination. This caldera has become an important Indonesian tourism icon, and a plan is being developed with respect to sustainable development within the vicinity. The authors prepared an educational outreach event consisting of class and field presentations to residents of the Lake Toba area. The course covered the evolution of the Toba Caldera and its relationship to Samosir Island, part of a resurgent dome complex (Chesner 2011). A comprehensive survey indicated that approximately 67% of the local residents and students in the course understood the geological implications of the Toba area. This number indicates a very rapid increase, when compared to 11% of those individuals who understood the volcanic geology aspect before they entered the education program. Fortunately, soon after learning the material, the residents and the students demonstrated an eagerness to preserve the Toba Caldera geoheritage site (i.e., to protect the fossil geosites and/or become involved as geotourism guides). This attitude can be considered as the key factor for the success of Toba’s geoheritage preservation, which is dependent on the awareness of local communities and their appreciation towards geoconservation, especially at fossil outcrop locations. Fossil outcrops are so important because of their limited distribution and they usually were preserved in a soft rock/formation. Another finding of this study is that 53% of the participants (most of them are young boys) became interested in geotourism guide services after learning the evolution of the Toba Caldera, citing a desire to be involved in the Toba caldera geopark program’s success. In response to the positive impact the program had on the participants, the authors assisted them in developing a responsibility to protect the geoheritage of Toba Caldera from any disrupters. In addition to the study, the authors produced a geoheritage map that displays 36 geosites. Moreover, for further advancement of public education programs, some written materials will be prepared, such as leaflets, posters, and geotourism guidelines.

Application of Box-Jenkins Models to the Tourist Inflow in Bhutan

Bhutan has now increasingly become a popular destination for many international tourists. Tourism in Bhutan is considered as one of the largest foreign earning industries. The number of tourist inflow in the country is increasing year by year. Forecasting is very necessary for administration and tourist agent for creating awareness and planning for the future development. It can also predict the future trends as accurately as possible and helps in staying one step ahead of the competition. This study aims to apply mathematical model for forecasting monthly tourist inflow from Malaysia, Singapore, China, USA, England, France, Germany, Thailand, Australia and Japan to Bhutan. The Box-Jenkins model is used to identify the parameters of Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model of monthly tourist visited data of above mentioned countries in the period 2011-2015 obtained from Tourism Council of Bhutan. An Akaike's Information Criterion, Schwartz's Bayesian Criterion and estimate variance of white noise are used throughout to test for the identification of best fit model. Further, the periodogram analysis was used to confirm the seasonal period of the model. The results showed ARIMA model for Thai, Chinese, Malaysian and Japanese, while seasonal ARIMA for American, Australian, British, French, Singaporean and German. Further, seasonal ARIMA model was obtained as the best fit model for the overall data. These models are illustrated and could possibly forecast the monthly tourist inflow of one year ahead with acceptable accuracy.

Ekonomski rast sektora turizma tokom pandemije Covid-19 2021. godine

The tourism sector around the world has been hit hard by the Covid-19 virus pandemic. The consequences of the pandemic during 2020 on the entire tourism sector have significantly reduced the income of both individuals and the collection in the state treasury. The introduced measures, as well as the mass vaccination of citizens, enabled the opening of tourist destinations during 2021, which brought long-awaited revenues to this branch of economics. The opening of tourist destinations has started the travel sector, both air, and road, rail and water transport. The aim of this paper is to analyze the current economic growth of the tourism sector and compare the current situation with the situation in 2019 and the situation during the crisis in 2020. The paper also gives an overview of the legal measures adopted in order to overcome the problems caused by the closure. The analysis of the economic growth of the tourism sector during 2021 was performed on the basis of available data and information both in the world and in the countries of the region. Also, the analysis was performed for both international tourism and domestic tourist destinations. Based on the conducted analysis, it is concluded that the number of tourists who visited the observed regions in the first half of 2021 is still lower compared to the same period in 2019.

An Analysis of Guizhou’s International Image in CNN Reports (2011-2021)

Guizhou’s economic and social development has entered the fast lane since 2012, and the leapfrog development of Guizhou and its enormous changes capture the attention of the whole world, making the international image of Guizhou become a concern for academia. Based on the statistics and analyses of the image of Guizhou created by CNN reports in the past decade, it is proposed that the international image of Guizhou should be presented more than just that of an international tourist destination, instead, it should be a multi-faceted and completely new image, which showcases dramatic changes and extraordinary achievements in the economic and social development in Guizhou. Besides, some constructive suggestions are given to enhance the international dissemination of Guizhou’s international image.

БЕЗПЕКА ДЕСТИНАЦІЙ МІЖНАРОДНОГО ТУРИЗМУ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ЗАГРОЗ

The article deals with the analysis of current threats to the development of different levels of tourism systems in the context of international tourism security, as well as the substantiation of international tourism destinations development directions in the crisis. Approaches to understanding tourism safety and security are generalized taking into account the peculiarities of international tourism development in crisis conditions. A structural and functional model of the international tourism destination has been developed. It has been established that global threats and challenges are key factors influencing the functioning of international tourism destinations, especially in times of crisis. While threats require a response from the destination and the tourist systems of which it is a part, the challenges need to be adapted first and foremost. The main global threats to the development of tourism in modern conditions have been identified. There are three groups of problems that need to be addressed in the context of ensuring the safety and security of international tourism: problems of forming the image of international tourism destinations; problems of social adaptation of foreign tourists within the destination; problems with providing feedback to foreign tourists. In the context of global threats, which in some periods intensify and cause crises in the development of tourism in many countries, the functioning of international tourism destinations requires the development and implementation of a system of measures aimed, in particular, to optimize social adaptation of tourists. The proposed system of measures aimed at ensuring the safety of tourism in international destinations, together with compliance with generally accepted norms and safety standards, will allow regional and local tourism systems to withstand crisis periods with minimal losses. The reserve option for the development of international tourism destinations during periods of intensification of global threats is the reorientation to domestic tourism. It is worth noting that this direction of adaptation is especially promising for large and diverse in natural and cultural characteristics of countries, including Ukraine.

CLUJ-NAPOCA – PREMISES OF A POTENTIALLY OVERCROWDED TOURIST DESTINATION

Nowadays, several international tourist destinations are dealing with overtourism, which means a series of malfunctions concerning activity segregation (often, located in historical centres), discomfort for the local community and even for tourists, due to extended visiting hours, etc. In the same context, in a number of cities, local authorities came up with coping strategies regarding the management of tourist flow during travelling seasons and measures to avoid overcrowding on tourist attraction areas. We started our research with the purpose of validating the hypothesis according to which the city of Cluj-Napoca is confronting an intense travelling phenomenon and its consequences upon the citizens. In order to achieve this goal, a double social inquiry was considered, aiming at, on one hand, tourist perception of overtourism in the city of Cluj-Napoca (50 validated questionnaires), and citizen opinion in what regards tourist behaviour in Cluj-Napoca (166 validated questionnaires), on the other hand. The results of the research pointed out the following: a high interest in Cluj-Napoca tourist attractions, especially the ones located downtown; a tendency towards overtourism in the month of August, due to summer events, as well as overcrowded areas throughout the historical centre; the role of local administration in promoting the city of Cluj-Napoca as a travel destination; an everyday better image of the city as a destination for worldwide tourists etc.

Destination Loyalty Towards Bali

The focus of this research was on Bali, Indonesia as an international tourist destination. The survey strategy involved self-administered questionnaires distributed to collect data and information supporting this research. The sampling method was non-probability convenience purposive sampling, which means that only those respondents who had visited Bali as a destination for more than two times for their holiday by the time the research was conducted were eligible to fill in the questionnaires. There were 300 questionnaires distributed, only 254 of which were valid. Interview was also conducted for data collection in this research. The structural equation modelling approach was used to analyze the data obtained from respondents, who had visited Bali at least two times. The outcomes of this research reveal a positive influence of push and pull motivational factors on tourist satisfaction. Moreover, a positive, significant correlation between satisfaction and destination loyalty can be seen in this research. With the aim to sustain and enhance destination competitiveness, the results of this research will be beneficial for stakeholders of Bali as a destination. This study helps stakeholders identify push and pull motivational factors in order to better prepare marketing strategies and utilize indicators of push and pull motivation that affect tourists' experience during their stay.

PERSEPSI DAN MOTIVASI DIGITAL NOMAD BERWISATA DI DESA TIBUBENENG, CANGGU, KUTA UTARA

Bali as an international tourism destination has many tourist attractions, one of which is Canggu. In 2018 nomadlist.com released that Canggu was chosen as the best destination for digital nomads. A new tourist trend has emerged where tourists who work outside the office and complete their work using electronic media such as laptops and internet connections in a coworking space and conduct tourism activities called digital nomads. This research was conducted to determine the Perceptions and Motivations of Digital Nomad travelling in Tibubeneng Village, Canggu village, Badung Regency, Bali. This research was conducted by using questionnaires to digital nomad in several coworking spaces in Tibubeneng Village, Canggu, in addition to distributing questionnaires to the nomads conducted open observation and interviews with several nomads and coworking space staff to complete the data.The results showed that the majority of digital nomads visiting Tibubeneng Village, Canggu were from Australia and Europe, most of whom worked as entrepreneurs. The indicator on the perception that gets the highest score is hospitality from the digital nomad while the indicator that gets the lowest response is the road conditions to Tibubeneng Village, Canggu. On the motivation indicator, physical motivation gets the highest score from a digital nomad while the motivation with the lowest score is showing prestige.

Modelo de evaluación de la efectividad, continuidad y conectividad del sistema de áreas protegidas costeras mediante el análisis de su flora y vegetación

Los ecosistemas litorales están fuertemente amenazados por el aumento del nivel del mar, las inundaciones y la litoralización de la población. Aunque se ha intensificado el esfuerzo por declarar áreas protegidas costeras, estas quedan fragmentadas en teselas circundadas por territorios artificalizados. La conectividad entre estas áreas protegidas es por tanto la garantía de la continuidad de los servicios ecosistémicos que proveen. Se propone un modelo para la evaluación de la eficacia potencial del sistema continuo de las áreas protegidas costeras en base al conocimiento de su flora y vegetación. El grado de efectividad pretende ser un indicador para la adopción de medidas de planificación territorial conducentes al fortalecimiento de la red como medida de salvaguarda de la biodiversidad. Para probar el modelo propuesto se ha elegido la costa de Andalucía (S de España), territorio bañado por el Mediterráneo y el Atlántico, susceptible de importantes impactos. Este segmento de costa ha sido sometido durante los últimos 60 años a fuertes presiones de origen antrópico.que han fragmentado y alterado la estructura, composición y funcionalidad de los ecosistemas litorales. Todo ello pone en riesgo tanto los valores que sirvieron para la declaración de un status de protección como la conectividad entre ecosistemas que garanticen la persistencia de sus servicios ecosistémicos. La metodología propuesta para medir la eficacia potencial del sistema se sustenta en el grado de protección legal, el valor fitocenótico y el grado de artificialización. A partir de la integración de los valores obtenidos se ha calculado la consistencia de los nodos y en definitiva la efectividad en red. La aplicación de este método pone de relevancia cuales son las áreas protegidas más vulnerables ante las deficiencias de la red, en especial por las dificultades de conectividad.

More than jedug-jedug: dynamics of discontent with tourist activity in Prawirotaman, Yogyakarta

Residents of Kampung Prawirotaman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia respond differently to night-time tourist activity. This historic batik kampung was transformed into an international tourist destination, sowing resident discontent over traffic, anti-social behaviour and noise. Conflict with religious values also features in this dynamic. Observations and in-depth interviews with residents, artists, and hotel/café owners in Prawirotaman and surrounding Islamic kampungs differentiated two phases of touristification. From the 1980s through the 1990s, batik factories were turned into lodgings primarily serving backpackers, and global practices co-existed with traditional culture. Prawirotaman became known as Kampung Bule, a neighbourhood for foreign tourists, reflecting optimism that tourism would define its identity. Then three consecutive crises (the 1998 Asian monetary crisis, the 2002 Bali bombing, and the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake) propelled Prawirotaman into the second touristification phase. Welcoming higher-end visitors brought rising prosperity, but residents became unhappy about the noise, traffic, and late-night drinking. This dynamic became more complex as residents of surrounding religious kampungs, Karangkajen and Jogokariyan, added their voices. Forming a mosque alliance, they instigated a massive crack-down on the sale of alcohol in restaurants and cafés during the New Year celebrations of 2018. This response to the impact of tourism in Prawirotaman suggests that the current level of discontent corresponds to the final stage of the ‘Irridex’ model in which the residents have become openly hostile toward tourism.

The management of labour recruitment: The hotel chains during the Spanish tourism boom, 1959–1973

This paper explores the labour management of hotel chains during the Spanish tourism boom, a period characterized by high labour shortages. Focusing on the behaviour of three prominent emerging hotel chains in the Balearic Islands, we adopt a micro-comparative approach to examine their payrolls. Our findings suggest that the economic and geographical characteristics of the areas where they operated were crucial to their decisions. Firms located in populated areas developed channels of seasonal labour that supplied migrant workers through chain migration and kinship links. Conversely, firms in areas of intense landscape transformation pursued recruitment at origin in specific towns on mainland Spain or in foreign countries. This strategy played a key role in the development of new international tourism destinations.