International Tourism Receipts Research Articles

Tourism Development Trends in the Republic of Armenia After COVID-19 Pandemic and in the Context of Russian-Ukrainian War

Covid-19 pandemic brought many problems to the world. Tourism sphere suffered a lot. In Armenia the number of tourists decreased by 81% in 2020. In 2021 and 2022 tourism sphere began to recover gradually. The Russian-Ukrainian war brought new problems to the world economy. In 2019, Russian spending on travel abroad reached US$ 36 billion and Ukrainian spending US $8.5 billion. Concerning tourism destinations, Russia and Ukraine account for 4% of international tourist arrivals in Europe but only 1% of Europe’s international tourism receipts. The number of Russian tourists to Armenia increased in 2022. The article analyzes the impact of the influx of Russian tourists to the Armenian tourism sector due to the Russian-Ukrainian war. The surveys show that Russian tourists are very satisfied with Armenia, so it is necessary to develop attractive tourist packages to different destinations in Armenia for Russians. The correlation analysis between total tourists of Armenia and restaurants and hotels revenue is 0.52, between total tourists and employment is 0.14 and between total tourists and GDP is 0.37. Tourism should contribute to the sustainable development of the country, so aggressive marketing policies should be implemented to promote incoming tourism in Armenia after pandemic.

Impact of eco-innovation and sustainable tourism growth on the environmental degradation: the case of China

Climate complexities and global warming have made sustainable development a customary topic in environmental literature. Since then, various diggings have been happening in academia. Amongst them tourism and eco-innovation receives the heap due to its contribution to economic development. The study, thereby, examines the impact of tourism, economic growth and eco-innovation on environmental degradation in China. The secondary data has been extracted from World Development Indicators (WDI) database from 1988 to 2020. The nexus among the variables have been examined using Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (NARDL) model. Findings reveal that international tourism receipts, expenditures and number of tourist arrival, GDP, national income and inflation are positively correlated with environmental degradation, while sustainability-oriented eco-innovation is related negatively in case of China. This study has provided help to the regulators while developing new policies regarding environmental degradation by controlling emissions from economic and tourism development and using sustainability-oriented eco-innovation.

Foreign Direct Investments and Tourism: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

ABSTRACT This study investigates the effect of foreign direct investments (FDI) on tourism using cross-sectional data for 135 countries and their high- and middle-income subgroups. The study takes three different tourism performance indicators into account: travel and tourism GDP, international tourism receipts, and international tourist arrivals. The findings support that FDI positively affects all three tourism performance indicators. Furthermore, this effect is observed to be at the highest level on the international tourism receipts and at the lowest level on travel and tourism GDP. These results indicate that FDI affects international tourism considerably more than it does domestic tourism; it also boosts the tourism sector of the host countries in terms of brand value or market power. In addition, the results for the high- and middle-income countries are in accordance with the theoretical expectations of neoclassical economics in that FDI affects tourism more in middle-income countries.

The Impact of COVID-19 on the Performance of the Tourism Industry: Reflections on Zimbabwe

Globally, Tourism is a key sector that contributes significantly to national economies through employment creation, export earnings, and revenue generation. The sector has steadily grown over the last decade in all source markets. In 2019, the sector experienced a downturn in performance following as the sector was heavily affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to lockdowns and travel restrictions that were imposed by different source markets to contain the spread of the disease. Like any other country, Zimbabwe was heavily affected as it also instituted the same containment strategies as guided by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). The objective of the study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Zimbabwe's Tourism industry. The findings reveal that international tourist arrivals, hotel occupancy, and tourism receipts, inter alia, declined from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Historically, crises have presented a common denominator of diminishing the desire to travel. Policy interventions that can be adopted by the Tourism industry to mitigate and recover during times of crisis include: Adopting global guidelines, Offering stimulus packages, Developing disaster recovery plans, Identifying recovery and growth strategies, Establishing communication plans, and Enforcing effective governance through collaborations

Inbound tourism and income inequality: the role of banking sector development

This study empirically confirms the nonlinear effects of banking sector development on the inbound tourism–income inequality nexus by adopting the panel smooth transition regression model for 102 economies. Findings for the full sample suggest that although inbound tourism can reduce income inequality, this effect gradually weakens as the banking sector develops. In high-income economies, an increase in international tourism receipts first exacerbates and then decreases income inequality as the banking sector develops. Moreover, a well-developed banking sector could improve income distribution. In low-income economies, the international tourism receipts–inequality nexus differs from the international tourist arrivals–inequality nexus under various levels of banking sector development. International tourism receipts initially decrease income inequality and then increase it when the banking sector develops to a certain degree. However, international tourist arrivals first deteriorate income distribution and then improve it as the banking sector develops. From a policy perspective, appropriate policies should be implemented to achieve a balance between the banking sector, inbound tourism, and income inequality in high-income and low-income economies and ensure sustainable development.

The permanent or transitory nature of shocks to tourism expenditures and receipts: Evidence from new panel stationarity tests with breaks and factors

Tourism expenditures and receipts are an important component of many countries’ balance of payments. Indeed, the determination of whether shocks to tourism expenditures and receipts are permanent or transitory in nature is relevant to understanding the appropriate policy response. This study introduces new panel stationarity tests that simultaneously model structural breaks and a common factor structure. The results from several panel stationarity tests including the new tests reject the null hypothesis of stationarity for the panel of 63 countries. Based on tests of stationarity with a common factor structure without structural breaks at the individual country level, the null hypothesis of stationarity is rejected in 24 and 26 countries with respect to per capita international tourism expenditures and tourism receipts, respectively. The inclusion of the Fourier approximation for smooth structural breaks alongside the common factor structure increases the number of rejections of the null hypothesis of stationarity to 48 and 54 countries for per capita international tourism expenditures and receipts, respectively. Hence, shocks to either tourism expenditures or receipts will likely be permanent in nature requiring a policy response in order to return tourism expenditures and receipts to their original trend path. JEL Codes: Z32, C33.

Economic and tourism growth impact on the renewable energy production in Vietnam.

High economic and tourism growth demand extensive energy production that needs the energy creation industry's attention and demands the researchers' and policymakers' emphasis. Hence, the present study examines the impact of economic and tourism growth on renewable energy production (REP) in Vietnam. The present research has taken the gross domestic product (GDP), exports, human capital, and employment rate to measure the economic growth, while international tourism receipts and expenditures have been used to measure the tourism growth. The secondary data have been extracted from 1983 to 2020 using World Development Indicators (WDI) database. The Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (NARDL) model has been applied to investigate the linkage between the constructs. The findings indicated that GDP, exports, human capital, employment rate, international tourism receipts, and expenditures have a significant and positive relationship with REP in Vietnam. These results guide the regulators while making regulations related to the extensive energy production in return for high economic and tourism growth.

Nexus Between FDI and Tourism: Empirical Evidence from Asian Countries

This research aims to look into the impact of foreign direct investment on tourism. Panel data from 46 Asian countries between 1998 and 2018 were collated for this study. The OLS, POLS, 2SLS, and GMM models were used in this study. A substantial correlation was found between between foreign direct investment and the number of international tourist departures in all models except the POLS model, and with the exception of the GMM model, there was a significant negative association between foreign direct investment and international tourism spending. In the POLS model, there is a significant positive relationship between foreign direct investment and international tourism receipts for passenger transport items, as well as expenditures for passenger transport items and international tourism receipts, and a significant negative relationship between foreign direct investment and international tourism receipts for passenger transport items. In the 2SLS model, there is a significant positive relationship with international tourism receipt. In the GMM model, there is a significant positive relationship between foreign direct investment and international tourism and a significant negative relationship between foreign direct investment and international tourism receipt, expressed in percentage of total exports.

Do national cultures matter for tourism development? Some international evidence

This research examines whether a destination’s national culture has a substantial effect on tourism development. It focuses on six national culture proportions of Hofstede (2010). To account for probable asymmetric and non-linear associations among factors, the study tests a quantile regression by utilizing panel data from 101 nations and finds that most national cultures are non-linearly and statistically significant in explaining diverse quantiles of international traveler arrivals and international tourism receipts, whereas they do not do so for travel and leisure industry returns. We show that masculinity and indulgence negatively affect traveler arrivals, while power distance positively affects traveler arrivals.

The linkage between international tourism receipts and economic development: Evidence from quantile-on-quantile approaches

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between economic growth and tourism development in eastern China. The data used in this study are from 1995 to 2019. This study adopts the quantile-on-quantile research method. The result of this study shows that the economic growth in eastern China is positively correlated with tourism development. However, among the eastern regions, the correlation between economic growth and tourism development in Hebei and Zhejiang was the weakest. Such findings may be a result of the limited importance of tourism in these two provinces. In addition, for Fujian, Hainan, Jiangsu and Liaoning, the research data suggest that tourism and economic growth display the most significant correlation during economic booms only.

COVID-19 vaccine-induced recovery and the implications of vaccine apartheid on the global tourism industry

According to United Nations, World Tourism Organization COVID-19 has had the most devastating impact on the entire global tourism value chain, which resulted in a 74% decline in international passenger arrival, a US$1.3 trillion loss in international tourism receipts, over the US $ 2trillion loss of global domestic product and placing between 100 and 120 million jobs at risk globally. While the initial impact of the pandemic was uniform across the world, the recovery was expected to be varied across the region due to inequitable access to the COVID-19 vaccine. This study seeks to examine the implications of vaccination inequity on tourism recovery in the global tourism market. The study uses secondary, archival data and harnesses the advantages of big data generated from online activities from tourists and tourism companies obtained from authoritative sources. The study found that inequitable access to vaccinations produced a skewed recovery favouring vaccinated regions concentrated in the developed world, leaving poor regions such as Africa behind. The robot system characterising the vaccine-induced recovery had also created a vaccine diplomatic nightmare that scuttled global tourism recovery efforts. To ensure sustainable recovery, there is a need to ensure global vaccination access by rechannelling some of the excess vaccines in developed countries to countries that needs them to ensure the opening up of the entire tourism global market and reduce vulnerabilities that are coming from COVID-19 variants, which poses a threat to the gains made from the current vaccination program. The study concludes that there will not be any meaningful economic recovery without a wholesale approach covering the entire global population.

Does health quality affect tourism? Evidence from system GMM estimates

This study examines the impact of health quality on tourism. We argue that the health quality of host countries is a significant factor influencing tourist decisions and destination choices. We introduce health quality as a determinant of international tourism receipts, assuming that a proxy for health quality is a set of six health measures. The analysis is conducted by employing the system GMM estimation in two panels of 44 developing and 39 developed economies over the period 2000–2016. Our results suggest that health quality has a significant effect on international tourism receipts. In particular, these are affected positively by life expectancy, and negatively by mortality and the lifetime risk of maternal death rate. The domestic general government health expenditure for developed countries has a weak positive effect on international tourism receipts, while the prevalence of undernourishment in developing countries has a strongly negative effect. Finally, the tuberculosis death rate in developing countries has a negative impact on international tourism receipts.

Significantly correlation between tourism and COVID-19: evidence from 178 countries and territories.

The high development of tourism is considered a factor that facilitates the global spread of infectious diseases. The association between tourism and the epidemic of coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear. We retrieved the data of COVID-19 in 178 countries/territories from the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University. Data on tourism indicators were collected from the World Tourism Organization. We used Spearman's correlation analysis to explore the association between tourism and the epidemic of COVID-19. We find that international tourism expenditure, international tourism receipts, international tourist arrivals, and international tourism exports were significantly correlated with the total number of cases (rs=0.86, rs=0.79, rs=0.80, rs=0.81, respectively), the daily growth of cases of COVID-19 (rs=0.84, rs=0.76, rs=0.78, rs=0.78, respectively), and the number of cases (per million persons) (rs=0.52, rs=0.53, rs=0.36, rs=0.53, respectively) (p < 0.0001 for all), especially in places with high-income. Tourism as percentage of exports was slightly associated with the total number of cases and the daily growth of cases (rs=-0.33, rs=-0.33) (p < 0.0001 for both). The clinical and public health care providers must realize the potential for the transmission of infections across regions and put more effort to prevent and respond to future infections.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Greek Tourism-Updates and Comparisons

This paper updates and compares the results obtained in Papanikos’ (2020a) paper published in the Athens Journal of Tourism, which estimated the impact of the current pandemic on international Greek tourism receipts and tourist arrivals. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to have negative effects on Greek tourism and the Greek economy. In this paper, newly released data by the Bank of Greece for the entire 2021 period are used to assess the impact on Greek tourism during the two pandemic years of 2020 and 2021. In addition, the actual data from 2020 are compared with the estimates of the three scenarios made in the 2020 paper. One conclusion that emerges from the analysis of the data on international tourism is that in 2021 Greek tourism did much better than in 2020, but still is far away from the record year of 2019. In 2021, international tourist arrivals and international tourism receipts accounted for 48% and 58% of the 2019 values respectively. Keywords: pandemic, COVID-19, crisis, tourism, Greece, economic impact

Does Tourism Affect Sustainable Development in MINT Countries?

Following the failure to achieve Millennium Development Goals by most countries in the world, Sustainable Development Goals are now at the center of developmental issues. Consequently, this study aims to examine if tourism can be an ally to sustainable development in MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey) countries between 1995 and 2018. The study uses adjusted net saving and international tourism receipts in these countries as measures of sustainable development and tourism, respectively. In achieving its objectives, the study employs the augmented mean group (AMG) estimation technique to estimate the long-run parameters. Besides, mean group (MG) and common correlated effects MG techniques are employed to check the robustness of the estimates obtained via the AMG approach. The results from the three estimators show that tourism is indeed an ally to sustainable development in MINT countries since there is a significant positive relationship between tourism and sustainable development. In other words, tourism can put the MINT countries on the path to sustainable development. This implies that any policy that will enhance the performance of the tourism industry will ensure sustainable development in MINT countries. Thus, the governments of MINT countries should focus basically on achieving sustainable tourism development, as this will translate to sustainable development in their countries.

DIGITALISATION AS A TOOL OF TOURISM RECOVERY IN EUROPEAN UNION IN POST-COVID-19

Abstract. The article discusses the significance and trends of digitalisation in tourism. Phases of digital technologies development in tourism and factors influencing the uptake of digitalisation in tourism are presented. It was found that Europe is the world’s leading tourism destination with 51 % of international tourists arrivals and 39 % of global international tourism receipts in 2019. However, the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism caused 69 % declines international tourist arrivals in Europe in 2020. This is due to the fact that since the beginning of the pandemic travel restrictions have been implemented and the external borders of the European Union have been closed. The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was studied and it was found that the share of tourism contribution to GDP in European member decreased in 2020. Countries where tourism contributed the highest share to GDP in 2020 were Croatia (10,2 %), Greece (8,7 %) and Portugal (8,1%). It has been proven that digital technologies and data play important role in combating the pandemic Covid-19 and tourism recovery. Main tools of digitalisation in tourism that help to make travel safe and healthy are digital COVID certificate, mobile applications and web sites that propose information about epidemiological situation, restrictions and requirements for travellers. Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) of European Union countries are analysed. According to DESI the most advanced countries of European Union in 2018 were Denmark (70), Finland (68), Netherlands (68) and Sweden (65), while Croatia (35), Poland (36), Slovakia (39), Bulgaria (40) and Greece (40) have the lowest scores on the index. Recommendations for tourism recovery in post-COVID-19 are proposed. Main directions of tourism recovery should be: collaboration between destination management organisations and tourism enterprises, promotion of sustainable and inclusive tourism development, implementation of innovation and digital technologies in the process of tourism services consumption. Keywords: digitalisation in tourism, digital technologies, European Union member countries, Digital Economy and Society Index, digital COVID certificate. JEL Classification F29, L83, L86, O52 Formulas: 0; fig.: 4; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 14.

THRESHOLD EFFECT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE ON TOURISM SECTOR DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM TOP 10 AFRICAN DESTINATIONS

Tourism has become an information-intensive business that heavily relies on ICT to provide information and conduct transactions for consumers of touristic products and services. Thus, ICT infrastructure would play a major role in the development of the tourism sector. This paper aims to investigate the threshold effect of ICT infrastructure on tourism sector development in top10 African tourism destinations including ; Botswana, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, Uganda. To do so, a double panel threshold regression model utilized over the period 2004 to 2017. The empirical results revealed a new perspective that there is a double-threshold effect of ICT infrastructure on the development of tourism sector, indicating a non-linear effect of ICT infrastructure on the development of tourism sector in top 10 African tourism destinations. More specifically, the empirical results reveal that ICT infrastructure weakly and positively derives the number of intentional tourism arrivals and international tourist receipts when the level of ICT infrastructure is less or equal to the first threshold, while it strongly and positively derives the number of intentional tourism arrivals and international tourist when the level of ICT infrastructure is less or equal to the first and second thresholds. Thus, this paper provides important implications for policy makers, in that maximizing the benefits from information technology in developing tourism sector can be achieved when its level between certain critical threshold values.

The impacts of ICTs on tourism development: International evidence based on a panel quantile approach

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have transformed the travel and leisure sector worldwide, yet until now there are no studies presenting international evidence of the different impacts of ICTs (i.e., Internet usage, secure Internet servers, mobile cellular subscriptions, high-technology export, communications as well as computer, and fixed broadband subscriptions) on tourism development (i.e., international traveler arrivals, increased international tourism receipts, and travel and leisure sector returns) by considering countries with different tourism development processes (e.g., high or low tourism development quantile). It is possible that ICTs have diverse or non-linear impacts on countries undergoing varying tourism development processes. Using international data based on a new panel quantile approach, this research thus aims to explore whether ICTs affect tourism development and looks into the possible asymmetric and non-linear relationships among the many variables. Results show that increasing mobile cellular subscriptions, secure Internet servers, and fixed broadband subscriptions have greater positive effects on traveler arrivals. ICTs also asymmetrically and non-linearly influence tourism across different quantiles. Non-global financial sub-periods and developing nations gain benefits from ICTs’ establishment. Lastly, there are geographic differences in the ICTs-tourism nexus.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on foreign tourism in European countries

The subject of this study is the COVID-19 pandemic that has shaken the world’s tourism industry since March 2020. The aim is to propose the use of the Perkal index to assess the impact of the pandemic on tourism in European countries. Five variables from the UNWTO and Eurostat were used in the research and they concerned thirty European countries. These variables are: data on the percentage change in nights spent at tourist accommodation establishments, percentage change in international tourist arrivals, percentage change in international tourism receipts, percentage change in persons employed in tourism, and percentage change in net occupancy rate of bed-places and bedrooms in hotels and similar accommodation. On the basis of the Perkal index value, it is evident that the crisis of 2020 affected the countries located in the Mediterranean (including Italy and Greece) to a largest extent. On the other hand, the pandemic least influenced the Scandinavian countries, the Baltic countries and those located in the central part of the European continent. The proposed index allows to evaluate changes in a time series system and enables comparative analysis between territorial units. In both international and domestic comparisons, the impact of COVID-19 on tourism assessment index may be a useful analysis tool and is likely to be widely used in the future.

TOURISM-LED GROWTH HYPOTHESIS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN KENYA

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze tourism-led growth hypothesis in Kenya’s economy. &#x0D; Materials and Methods: The descriptive research design was adopted. This study targeted international tourism receipts, employment, economies of scale and capital investments in tourism related economic activities that included hotels and food service activities, wholesale and retail trade, transport and information communication and travel agencies, entertainment and recreation in the period 1980 to 2019.The study used purposive sampling. a sample size of data for 40 years from 1980 to 2019 was used. The data were collected from KNBS, the World Bank and WTTC using a secondary data collection sheet. Using real GDP per capita as the dependent variable and international tourism receipts, tourism related employment, economies of scale and capital investments as the independent variables, the study used regression and vector error correction (VEC) to carry out the analysis. The analysis was systematic and begins with diagnostic tests that included Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test, Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey test for homoscedasticity, Jarque-Bera normality test, VIF multi-collinearity test, Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root test and Johansen Co-integration test and finally the regression and the vector error correction analysis. Data analysis was done using E-views software.&#x0D; Results: The study results showed that international tourism receipts, tourism related employment and economies of scale positively influence real GDP per capita in both short run and long run equilibrium. Capital investments negatively affected real GDP per capita in the long run but had a positive effect in the short run equilibrium. Granger causality test presented a bi-directional causality between international tourism receipts, tourism related employment, economies of scale and capital investments and real GDP per capita.&#x0D; Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The country should enact policies that promote tourism related activities because the benefits derived from tourist expenditures positively influence the growth of the economy. Institutions such as Brand Kenya, Tourism Promotion Council, the Ministry of Tourism and recruitment of international tourism ambassadors should be strengthened to ensure more foreign tourists are attracted into the country.