International Tourism Receipts Research Articles

Increasing Security Levels in the Tourism and Air-Transport Industries Could Enhance African People’s Quality of Life and Tourism Demand

The aims of this study are to analyze the tourism and air-transport industries in Africa and determine how African governments could improve the safety of tourists and local communities in this region to improve resident quality of life and tourism demand. Indeed, this study tries to improve African people’s lives through the tourism and travel sectors so that they can thrive in terms of their quality of life and happiness. The findings of the current study reveal that Morocco, Egypt, South Africa, and Tunisia are the most visited countries by international tourists; in fact, these four countries are the ones that generated the most income from international tourism in the period analyzed. Moreover, the results suggest that the tourism and air-transport industries in Africa could improve national economies, infrastructure, and resident quality of life thanks to international tourism receipts and increasing security levels around travel and tourism activities. Obviously, the tourism industry cannot be developed when there is constant insecurity, terrorism, and perpetual armed conflicts, as is the case in Nigeria, Somalia, DR Congo, Libya, Mali, and Cameroon, among many others. Security is the most important factor for a tourist destination because the safety and security of residents and tourists are the primary factors affecting tourism growth. The novelty of this research resides in its willingness to improve African people’s quality of life through air-transport and tourism activities, providing security guarantees for tourist and resident safety. This manuscript also contributes to enhancing and bootstrapping the literature on security in the travel and tourism sectors industry, particularly in Africa, where security is a priority more than a necessity.

AN IMPACT ANALYSIS OF TOURISM AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN INDIA

The tourism sector exerts a substantial and diverse influence on India's economic growth. Renowned for its rich cultural heritage, historical landmarks, and natural splendor, India has emerged as a favored destination for both domestic and international travelers, drawing millions annually. The study aims to highlight the following factors: per capita GDP, international tourist receipts, trade openness, and gross capital formation. The study employs the Heteroscedasticity Test, Normality Test, Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test, and CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) to examine the contribution of tourism to economic growth in India, comparing major countries from 2003 to 2020. The paper aims to provide an impact analysis of the relationship between economic growth and tourism in India, examining the multifaceted dimensions of this symbiotic relationship.

Analysis of the Effect of Foreign Direct Investment, International Tourism Receipts, and Exchange Rate on GDP in ASEAN-4

The dynamically evolving global economy creates great challenges for policy makers. Southeast Asia as a regional economic driver seeks to strengthen strategic measures through ASEAN. However, economic fluctuations become a problem as the economy grows in the region. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of Foreign Direct Investment, International Tourism Receipts, and Exchange Rate on Economic Growth in four ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines). The methodology used is panel data regression with a time span from 2013 to 2022, focusing on four ASEAN countries. The independent variables in this study are foreign direct investment, international tourism revenue, and exchange rate, while the dependent variable is gross domestic product. The results showed that the variables of international tourism receipts and exchange rates had a significant effect on economic growth, while the variable of foreign direct investment had no effect on economic growth.

Can tourism contribute to gender equality? Evidence from South American countries

The research examines the causal relationship between tourism and gender equality for 10 South American countries in the period 2006-2019. Panel data modelling has been used to account for unobservable heterogeneity derived from time series and cross-sectional data. Estimates of the gender equality index have been made for both fixed and random effects for four models, considering as explanatory variables international tourism receipts (% of exports) which were kept constant in each of the estimates, in addition to real GDP per capita (model 2), education expenditures (model 3) and female labor participation in agriculture, industry and services (model 4). Based on the estimates we selected, through the Hausman test, those with fixed effects in three of the four models, which were corrected for the presence of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity problems. The results show that tourism has a positive and significant effect on gender equality. With respect to the control variables, education expenditure and GDP per capita are found to be statistically significant, showing a direct relationship with gender equality, similarly to international tourism receipts. An inverse relationship is identified between gender equality and women's labor participation in agriculture and services.

The driving effect of the Euro on inbound tourism: multiperiod DID method

The introduction of the euro has greatly increased the amount of inbound tourists. The paper employs a multiperiod difference-in-differences (DID) model aimed at investigating the impact of the introduction of the euro on inbound tourism in 19 member states of the European Monetary Union (EMU) during 2002–2018. The results show that the euro has a significantly positive impact on international tourist arrivals and international tourism receipts in euro area countries. Moreover, there are also quantile differences in this effect. With increasing quantile levels, the quantile regression coefficients of the euro on international tourist arrivals are increasing, and the quantile regression coefficients of the euro on international tourism receipts are decreasing. Furthermore, the impact of the euro on international arrivals and international tourism receipts has been on the rise as the increase in the number of years of Eurozone accession, but the rate of growth is slowing, and the impact of the euro on inbound tourism has fluctuated with the European debt crisis. These results highlight that although the euro has a positive and significant effect on both international tourist arrivals and international tourism receipts, they are found to have different patterns and trends through the decomposition of quantile regression and segmented regression.

Impacts of Weather Variability on the International Tourism Receipts—Evidence from Ethiopia (1995–2019)

Every economic sector is susceptible to the direct or indirect effects of weather variability, and the tourism sector is no exception. In fact, the tourism industry is considered to be more vulnerable to the effects of weather variability than the general economy, with changes in weather patterns, extreme events, and environmental degradation offering substantial obstacles. Ethiopia’s tourism industry, like many others, faces challenges from weather variability. This study investigates the short- and long-term effects of weather variability on Ethiopia’s international tourism receipts. Utilizing data from 1995 to 2019, the research employs a vector error correction model to analyze the relationships between weather variables (temperature, rainfall), economic factors (GDP growth, inflation), political stability, and tourist arrivals. The findings reveal that in the long run, higher temperatures, rainfall, and inflation have negative impacts on tourism receipts, while political stability and past tourist arrivals have positive effects. Short-term trends mirror these, with the addition of GDP growth not showing a significant impact. To ensure the sustainability of tourism in Ethiopia, the study emphasizes the importance of understanding weather’s influence, developing adaptation strategies, and promoting sustainable tourism practices.

Towards Efforts to Equalize Income in Africa: The Role of Tourism Development

ABSTRACT A vast literature has investigated the nexus between tourism and income inequality in developing and developed countries. Unfortunately, the literature on the impact of tourism on income inequality in Africa is sparse. Hence, this study examines the influence of tourism on income inequality in 30 African countries over the period 1996–2020. In addition to international tourism arrivals and international tourism receipts which have been widely used by previous studies, this study uses a plethora of tourism indicators, namely business tourism spending, leisure tourism spending, internal travel and tourism consumption, domestic tourism spending, and visitor exports. Moreover, unlike previous studies that have extensively used the Gini index with its inadequacy as a measurement of income inequality; this study uses the Atkinson index and Palma ratio to capture extreme points of the inequality distribution. The empirical evidence is based on the panel-corrected standard error (PCSE) estimation technique. The results reveal that tourism contributes to the equalization of income in Africa, contingent on the type of tourism. Policy implications are discussed.

The mediating effect of economic factors and energy consumption between tourism and carbon emissions in ASEAN countries

This study aims to investigate the mediating effect of economic factors including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the energy factor represented by Energy Consumption (EC) on tourism, for which the International Tourism Receipts (ITR) and the carbon emissions (CO2) relationships of ASEAN Countries are proxies by employing panel data of ASEAN countries from 2000 to 2019. The results will be analyzed using the panel ARDL method. The study revealed that there was a relationship between the mediating effect of GDP and EC. However, there only EC partially mediated the impact of TP on CO2. Moreover, there was a long run relationship between TP and GDP, FDI and EC and the impact of TP GDP, FDI and EC on CO2 in the positive direction. To reduce the impact of tourism on CO2 emissions, governments in ASEAN countries may need to design policies that adopt the guidelines of Muslim countries.

The Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators on Medical Tourism: A Global Perspective

Medical tourism is an expanding global phenomenon stimulating economic development driven by a combination of multiple macro and socioeconomic factors. The study aims to investigate whether the development of medical tourism globally is associated with specific macroeconomic indicators. The association of Medical Tourism Index (MTI) is explored with Gross Domestic Product (GDP), healthcare spending and international tourism receipts. A countries’ grouping method and an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model were used. MTI was used as the outcome variable, while macroeconomic indicators as potential predictors. The grouping of countries showed that European and Asian countries as well as Canada excel high ranking in all indicators. However, the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC) that exhibit high performance in GDP, rank below the MTI average. Caribbean and Latin American countries are ranking high in the MTI but fall below the average in all the indicators. The OLS analysis showed a positive correlation between the score of the MTI and health expenditure and no correlation among MTI, GDP and international tourism receipts, a finding also supported by the grouping analysis. Taking into consideration the similarities and disparities found among countries regarding the macroeconomic indicators mostly impacting medical tourism, it seems that there is a consensus on their relationship but not clearly identified rather due to a variety of social, cultural and ethical factors that dominate in each country. Further research is needed in order to obtain more robust and comparative evidence.

Tourism Sector Development and Economic Growth in OIC Countries

This study aims to examine the impact of the tourism sector on economic growth in 53 OIC member countries. This study uses 4 independent variables namely population, open trade, inflation, and international tourism receipts. The data used is annual panel data from 2010 to 2021, obtained from SESRIC OIC. The analysis method applied in this study is static panel data regression. The results showed that all independent variables, such as population, open trade, inflation, and international tourism receipts, have a significant influence both simultaneously and partially on the economic growth variable (GDP). The tourism sector stimulates other industries through direct, indirect, and induced impacts, contributes to job creation, and causes positive economies of scale. In addition, investments in the tourism sector can positively impact tourism performance indicators such as travel and tourism GDP, international tourism receipts, and international tourist arrivals.

Exploring The Impact of Tourism Development and Governance on Economic Growth of Developing Economies: Evidence from Driscol-Kraay Approach

This study undertakes a comprehensive panel data evaluation of 28 developing countries to explore the interconnected dynamics of tourism development, governance, and economic growth in developing economies. GDP is used as a proxy for economic growth and taken as dependent variable while International tourism receipts are used as tourism development and governance stability (GS) was used for governance. FDI and labor force are taken as control variable. In this study, analysis is based on descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, Breusch and Pagan cross section dependency test and second generation unit root tests (occurrence of cross-sectional dependency) have been applied. Moreover, Driscoll and Kraay (DK) standard error (based on fixed effects estimation) technique are used because of Heteroskedasticity, Autocorrelation, and Cross-sectional dependency. The findings indicate a robust positive influence of both tourism development and governance on the economic growth of developing economies. Nevertheless, effective policy interventions are imperative to address governance challenges prevalent in these economies.

Confirming the Receipts of International Tourism in Indonesia after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analyzed with Macroeconomic Indicators

This study aims to analyze International Tourism Receipts in Indonesia with the variables of International Trade, Inflation, and Exchange Rates during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis technique used to answer the problem is regression analysis using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method. This type of research data uses secondary data obtained from the World Bank, Central Statistics Agency, and Bank Indonesia during the 2002-2022 period. The results of research analysis show that 1) the International Trade variable has a significant negative effect on International Tourism Receipts in Indonesia during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The stability of international trade fluctuates, tends to decrease, but after the COVID-19 pandemic and the relaxation of social distancing policies, there has been an increase in international tourism. 2) The Inflation variable has a significant negative effect on International Tourism Receipts in Indonesia. A higher inflation rate increases living and travel costs, then reduces tourist interest. 3) The exchange rate variable has a significant and positive effect toward international tourism receipts. The increase of dollar exchange rate against the rupiah, will increase tourist interest in Indonesia. The implications of the results of this research are important for stakeholders and tourism sector companies so that they can continuously increase International Tourism Receipts in Indonesia through keeping macroeconomic indicators consisting of International Trade, Inflation and Exchange in Indonesia.

The linkage between tourism and housing prices of China’s leading megacities: Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou

ABSTRACT The main goal of this study is to look at the relationship between tourism and housing prices (HPs) in three important Chinese cities: Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. We use a unique statistical approach called quantile-on-quantile (QQ) to examine this connection. The findings of the study show a favorable relationship between tourism and HPs in these megacities, with notable variances reported across different quantiles within the cities. For each metropolitan center, these findings have substantial policy ramifications. In a number of important ways, our research adds to the body of information in the existing literature. First, this paper illuminates the fascinating dynamics of China’s tourism sector. Second, it is the first inquiry to look at how tourism-related activities and HPs are related using the QQ approach. To give a novel perspective to the investigation, this paper uses the QQ technique to ascertain how actual international tourism receipts and HPs are related.

Pastoralism and Tourism in Eastern Africa—Quantitative Analysis from 2004 to 2018

Eastern Africa is a relatively dry area, with a considerable pastoralist population, which is among the poorest segments of society. Pastoralism is a form of subsistence lifestyle, and while pastoralists produce a large proportion of the region’s livestock products, they are not covered well by statistical recording. Pastoralists are experts in keeping livestock in arid rangelands, but they often suffer from land alienation, environmental degradation, and conflict with other land use intentions. The semiarid rangelands in Eastern Africa are home to spectacular savanna wildlife populations, attracting substantial conservation and tourism revenues. Estimations indicate that pastoralism generates significant economic values in the national income due to livestock production and maintenance of tourism attractions. To assess this contribution, the concept of total economic valuation (TEV) is applied. The main aim of the paper is to analyze the contribution of pastoralism to the tourism-related GDP of Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, where considerable numbers of pastoralists live. Because of the lack of statistical data on pastoralism, the second objective is to construct a database of indicators that measure the extent of pastoralism for these countries for 2004, 2014, and 2018. The methodology includes the construction of the above database using secondary sources, and then to apply correlation and regression analysis on this database and the economic and tourism performance data series of the studied four countries. The results of the analysis showed that the extent of pastoralism is positively related to GDP and to value added by tourism and agriculture, and international tourism receipts are positively related to pastoralism’s contribution to GDP. The tourism competitiveness index (TTCI) was found to be negatively related to the size of the pastoralism sector. The policy implications of our findings are that pastoralist societies are increasingly important not only for their marketed economic output, but for their services provided to tourism and to the environment; therefore, instead of neglecting them, they should be more in the focus of development.

What is the Role of Tourism, Foreign Direct Investment, and Institutions in Economic Growth in ASEAN?

This type of research is quantitative descriptive. This study looks at the impact of tourism, foreign direct investment, and institutions on economic growth in ASEAN. The scope of this research is 10 ASEAN member countries from 2003-2021. This study uses five independent variables: international tourism receipts, Feign Direct Investment (FDI), the rule of law, government effectiveness, and regulatory quality. The dependent variable is GDP as a proxy for economic growth. The data used is secondary data sourced from the World Bank. The analytical method used is the panel data regression analysis method. Based on the results of this study, it was found that international tourism receipts, foreign direct investment, the rule of law, government effectiveness, and regulatory quality together affected GDP as a proxy for economic growth in ASEAN countries in 2003-2021. Partially, international tourism receipts, the rule of law, and government effectiveness positively and significantly affect economic gr. In contrast, FDI and regulatory quality have yet to influence economic growth in ASEAN countries from 2003-2021.

The impact of tourism development on social welfare in Africa: quantile regression analysis

ABSTRACT The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the tourism sector which has resulted in unemployment, high rate of income inequality and poverty, and ultimately undermined social welfare improvement. Hence, to provide a better post-COVID-19 plan recovery, it’s important to promote tourism sector development which can promote inclusive growth by reducing gender inequality, income inequality and poverty. This study empirically examines the influences of tourism development on social welfare in 45 African countries during 1996–2020. The empirical evidence is based on quantile estimation techniques. The results reveal that tourism development (indicated by international tourism receipts and international tourist arrivals) appears to increase the human development index, meaning that tourism development can contribute to improving social welfare in the continent. Policy implications are discussed.

UNWTO World Tourism Barometer and Statistical Annex, May 2023

International Tourism – 2023 starts on a strong note with the Middle East recovering 2019 levels in the first quarter International tourist arrivals reached 80% of pre-pandemic levels in the first quarter of 2023 (-20% compared to the same quarter of 2019) boosted by strong results in Europe and the Middle East, compared to a 66% recovery level for the year 2022 overall. International tourism grew 86% in Q1 2023 compared to the same period last year, showing continued strength at the start of the year. An estimated 235 million tourists travelled internationally in the first three months, more than double those in the same period of 2022. The Middle East saw the strongest performance (+15%) and is the first world region to recover pre-pandemic numbers in a full quarter. Europe reached 90% of pre-pandemic levels in Q1 2023, supported by robust intra-regional demand. Africa and the Americas reached about 85% of 2019 levels in the first three months of 2023, while arrivals in Asia and the Pacific climbed to 54% of pre-pandemic levels. By subregion, Southern Mediterranean Europe (+1%) and North Africa (+4%) both recovered 2019 numbers. International tourism receipts recovered the USD 1 trillion mark in 2022, growing 50% in real terms compared to 2021, and reaching 64% of pre-pandemic levels. Strong results are expected in the coming Northern Hemisphere summer season backed by robust pent-up demand, the sustained recovery of air connectivity, and the recent reopening of China and other major Asian markets and destinations. The UNWTO Panel of Experts survey indicates that almost 70% of experts expect better performance in May-August 2023. Yet, most continue to believe international tourism will not return to 2019 levels until 2024 or later. In response to the challenging economic environment, tourists are expected to increasingly seek value for money and travel closer to home this year.

Domestic tourism as a recovery strategy in the face of COVID-19: Insights from South Africa

Orientation: This article drew from an interpretivist research orientation.Research purpose: This study aimed at contextualising domestic tourism as a strategic tool with which the tourism sector can recover from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in South Africa.Motivation for the study: The impact of COVID-19 on the economy, and tourism in particular, has been devastating in South Africa. Given the historical overreliance on international tourism receipts, the importance of domestic tourism was highlighted during the reduced lockdown levels. This study was therefore motivated by the potential of this market to offset some of the losses to international tourism in times of uncertainty.Research design, approach and method: This study involved a qualitative research design where in-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with purposefully selected key resource stakeholders (n = 20) in domestic tourism. These interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed.Main findings: The study found that the stakeholders were satisfied with how the government initially dealt with the pandemic, although they were very critical of the lack of communication. Additionally, they noted that domestic tourism is an important springboard for recovery in the country but only if effective collaboration between the private and public sectors is enhanced.Practical/managerial implications: Recommendations are made for more communication amongst stakeholders, which in turn will result in better collaborations and ultimately achieving effective use of domestic tourism as a cornerstone for further development and recovery.Contribution/value-add: This study makes a modest contribution to tourism research, especially in the face of external shocks such as that of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Re-visiting the causal relationship between tourism and economic growth in India: specific to general modelling approach

PurposeTourism–economy relationship in India has been studied extensively in the past literature using a single equation approach. However, the present paper diverted from this trend and examined the tourism–economy relationship using the specific to general modelling approach over the 1990–2018 time period. The study also accounts for the influence of merchandise trade, capital formation, foreign investment inflows and inflation on economic growth to achieve the robustness of the coefficient estimates.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve the objective, the study utilised a specific to general modelling strategy. First, the regression equation includes only three core variables: gross domestic product (GDP), international tourist receipts and international tourist expenditures. Next, the authors include other control variables in the regression equation one by one, leading us to test five model types for investigating the cointegration among the variables. As for the estimation technique, the authors employed autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach.FindingsThe paper's findings highlight that tourism receipts and expenditures exert a positively significant impact on economic growth. Moreover, including the additional independent variables does not substantially change the tourism and economic growth relationship. The existence of one-way causality from tourism expenditures to economic growth supports the tourism-led growth hypothesis. These findings highlight the rationale for intervention by the government and policymakers to promote tourism potential and facilities to accelerate the overall growth performance of the country. While the existence of one-way causal effect from economic growth to tourism revenues supports the growth-led tourism development hypothesis, implying that economic expansion is necessary for tourism development.Research limitations/implicationsThis research article tried to present a comprehensive picture of India's tourism–economy relationship. However, the present study is organised as an aggregate economy-level analysis. It assumed that the aggregate tourism sector is homogenous. However, different tourism sectors exert different levels of influence on the economy. The authors expect future research can take the disaggregated analysis of the tourism–economy relationship.Practical implicationsThis study provides valuable insights into the tourism-led growth hypothesis in India. The study highlights comprehensive intervention by the government and policymakers for accelerating tourism development to invigorate the overall growth performance of the country over the long run. The principal recommendation emerging from the present research is that the tourism growth potential can be depended upon to stimulate the economic performance of the Indian economy.Originality/valueThe present study diverted from the previous empirical studies by following a specific to general modelling strategy. First, the regression model includes only three core variables such as economic growth, tourism receipts and tourism expenditure. Next, the authors include other control variables in the regression equation one by one, leading us to test five model types for investigating the cointegrating relationship among the variables. GDP growth rate is used as a dependent variable in all five specifications. The idea is to expand the model to capture every feature of the data generating process.

The Symmetric and Asymmetric in the Nexus Tourism and Economic Development in China

To account for potential asymmetries in the relationship, this study applies new bootstrap symmetric and asymmetric multivariate panel Granger causality test to examine the causal relationship between international tourism receipts (ITRs) and economic growth in China for the period from 1995 to 2019. The result supports evidence for the symmetric causality in Henan, showing significant one-way Granger causality from ITRs to real gross domestic product (RGDP). They also indicate that Hunan has significant one-way Granger causality from RGDP to ITRs. These results denote that the hidden tourism-led growth hypothesis is valid in Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei and Jiangxi.