International Terminology Research Articles

TCM-Centric Innovations in WHO's International Standard Terminologies: A Qualitative Exploration

Abstract: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is increasingly recognized worldwide as a valuable complementary and alternative medicine. To facilitate global research and collaboration in this field, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Chinese Medicine on March 3, 2022. This international terminology translation standard, IST 2022, goes beyond conventional translation by embracing three innovative features: 1) It reflects TCM's foundational philosophy of unity and opposition, emphasizing the interconnectedness among TCM terms during translation. This approach transcends individual term translations to explore the interrelationships among them. 2) It meticulously preserves the integrity of TCM theory. It achieves this by retaining transliterations for unique TCM terms that possess distinct features, thus upholding the essence of TCM. 3) It employs innovative Xiang (Image) cognition, a concept rooted in traditional Chinese thought by helping readers grasp visual and mental imagery associated with each term. This study presents a qualitative analysis based on interviews with 11 TCM translation experts, examining their perspectives on these features and their translational preferences across IST 2007 and 2022 versions. The findings contribute to the standardization and global harmonization of TCM terminology, advocating for clarity, precision, and the advancement of TCM in the international healthcare arena.

POMENOVANIA SIVEJ FARBY V SLOVENČINE V KONTEXTE SLOVANSKÝCH JAZYKOV SUSEDNÝCH AREÁLOV

: The study presents linguistic material which, from a diachronic and synchronic point of view, presents the way the Slovak language names the colour grey, and also the figurative meanings that Slovak colour names denoting the colour of ash are able to express in comparison with other Slavic languages of neighbouring areas, i.e. Czech, Polish and Ukrainian. The conclusions presented in the study are based on the results of a comparative and contrastive analysis of linguistic material obtained by excerpting from collections of folklore, a historical dictionary, a dictionary of Slovak dialects, and textual corpora of contemporary Slovak, Czech, Polish, and Ukrainian, coupled with a quantitative characterization of the use of the given colour names in these genetically related languages. The analysed linguistic material is the basis for conclusions concerning the differences in the use of colour names denoting grey colour in the formation of multi-word names in Slavic languages and in the adoption of international terminology in which these names occur. A comparison with Slavic languages whose areas are located in the geographical neighbourhood of Slovak shows that the richness of lexical meaning of words denoting grey colour and their use in multi-word naming of terminological and non-terminological character may be wider in other languages than in Slovak. Compared to other Slavic languages, in Slovak the competition of two adjectives denoting grey colour can be observed not only in the basic meaning, but also in figurative meanings and in multi-word denotations of terminological and phraseological character.

Development of a data dictionary on viral hepatitis for the Philippines

Abstract The considerable difference between the reported number of actual and estimated viral hepatitis cases in the Philippines can be attributed to the lack of reliable data. Since viral hepatitis is endemic in the country, efficient disease control depends on access to quality data. The rapid adoption of electronic medical records in different facilities in the country offers opportunities for access to such data but raises concerns about its standardization for analysis. This study presents the steps taken toward the adoption of a standardized data dictionary for viral hepatitis, referencing existing international terminology standards. A series of workshops were conducted to gain consensus among subject matter experts such as epidemiologists, hepatologists and informaticists. These workshops provided context to the different stakeholders through a shared understanding of viral hepatitis care processes and transforming these into computable representations. Using Department of Health-approved paper forms for viral hepatitis surveillance, a multidisciplinary team mapped the 125 unique data elements to various international standard code sets. The output was a draft Philippine Viral Hepatitis Data Dictionary—a prerequisite for the semantic interoperability of data from different electronic medical records.

International Experience and Prospects for the 3D Concrete Printing Development

The concept of Industry 4.0, which is considered the fourth industrial revolution, includes the collective concepts of technologies such as the Internet of Things, virtual and augmented reality, information modeling technologies, printed electronics, artificial intelligence, etc. One of the most dynamically developing technologies within Industry 4.0 are additive technologies, including additive construction production (construction 3D printing) using concrete as an extruded material (3D Concrete Printing technology or 3DCP in international terminology). The article presents an overview of international experience in the development of 3D construction printing based on publications presented in the international Scopus database. The main vectors for the development of additive technologies, including 3D construction printing, as well as promising research in this area, are determined.

Sex differences in adverse events from systemic treatments for psoriasis: A decade of insights from the Swiss Psoriasis Registry (SDNTT).

Psoriasis is a disease that often requires prolonged systemic treatment. It is important to determine the safety of available therapies. There is currently little insight into sex-specific differences in the safety of systemic psoriasis therapies. To examine the real-world, long-term safety of systemic psoriasis therapies with sex stratification in drug-related adverse events (ADRs). Ten-year data from adults with moderate-to-severe psoriasis requiring systemic treatment (conventional systemic therapies [CST], biologics) were obtained from the Swiss psoriasis registry (SDNTT). ADRs were categorized according to the international terminology Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). Safety was assessed by calculating event rates per 100 patient-years (PY). We used descriptive statistics for patient and disease characteristics, and binomial and t-tests to compare treatment groups and sex. In total, 791 patients (290 females) were included with a mean age of 46 years. 358 (45%) received CSTs and 433 (55%) biologics; both groups had similar baseline characteristics except for more joint involvement in patients using biologics (26.86% vs. 14.8%, p < 0.0001). CSTs were associated with a 2.2-fold higher ADR rate (40.43/100 PY vs. 18.22/100 PY, p < 0.0001) and an 8.0-fold higher drug-related discontinuation rate than biologics (0.16/PY vs. 0.02/PY, p < 0.0001). Trends showed non-significant higher serious adverse event rates per 100 PY for biologics (8.19, CI 6.87-9.68) compared to CSTs (7.08, CI 5.39-9.13) (p = 0.3922). Sex stratification revealed a significantly higher overall ADR rate for all treatments in females (1.8-fold for CSTs [57.30/100 PY vs. 31.69/100 PY] and 2.0-fold for biologics [27.36/100 PY vs. 13.9/100 PY], p < 0.0001), and drug-related discontinuation rates for most CSTs in females. Females were associated with a significantly higher rate of ADRs and drug-related discontinuation rates. Sex stratification should be taken into consideration when designing studies in the patient-tailored management of psoriasis.

The role of collective-contractual regulation in ensuring the right of agricultural workers to a safe and healthy working environment

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to investigate changes at the international standards level: the inclusion of the right to a safe and healthy working environment in the fundamental principles and rights at work worldwide. This also caused the need for appropriate adjustments to the national legal framework. The second factor of relevance of the study is the novelties of national legislation on collective and contractual regulation of labour and related relations. Analysis of the impact of such changes on the settlement in collective contracts and agreements of the issue of a safe and healthy working environment for people engaged in agriculture, identification of problematic aspects and development of proposals for their overcoming define the purpose of the study. The achievement of this goal was facilitated by the use of a set of methods of scientific knowledge: philosophical (dialectical), general scientific (analysis, synthesis), and special scientific (formal-legal, comparative-legal). As a result of the study conducted, compliance with international standards of changes implemented in Ukrainian legislation regarding the conclusion of collective contracts and agreements was determined. It is proposed to extend the scope of collective agreements to all those who work in agriculture, including members of farms and agricultural cooperatives, to guarantee a safe and healthy working environment and to the work of the most vulnerable categories of workers (women, minors, persons with disabilities). The need to replace the term “labour protection” in Ukrainian legislation with “safety and health of employees at work” is justified since it is more consistent with the object of protection and correlates with international terminology. It is established that the norms of the current industry agreement do not correspond to the needs of the present. It is recommended that the development of the new document reflect in more detail the specific features of measures for the safety and health of employees at work, due to the specific features of production processes in agriculture and the realities of war and post-war times. The results obtained fill the gap in scientific research of the relevant issues, are valuable from the standpoint of the opportunity to apply them in the further reform of legislation on the field of collective-contractual regulation in agriculture, and will also be useful for the preparation of collective agreements of agricultural entities

The (In)application of National Treatment in Certain Tax Measures in Brazil

This article aims to demonstrate the need for the application of the principle of non-discrimination in taxation on the consumption of imported goods compared to similar national goods in the Brazilian Judiciary. The principle of non-discrimination is the international terminology applied to the well-known principle of tax equality, provided for in the Brazilian Constitution and GATT rules. At the international level, the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) has interpreted the application of the principle to all taxes levied on the consumption of goods without any exception. Thus, the principle covers both domestic taxes and so-called border taxes imposed in an equivalent manner to domestic taxes. However, in recent national disputes, the Brazilian Judiciary has been reluctant to recognize this principle to Social Contributions, requiring necessary alignment and a better understanding of GATT’s customs taxation rules. Non-Discrimination, Customs Taxation, National Treatment, WTO, Domestic Review

The Determinants of Electoral Registration Quality: A Cross-National Analysis

ABSTRACT Electoral registers provide the definitive record of who can participate in an election, but there is often thought to be considerable variations in their quality cross-nationally. This leads to concerns about eligible voters being de facto disenfranchised on election day; but also ineligible voters or fictitious names appearing on the roll which can enable electoral fraud. In either case, the legitimacy of the election can be questioned. The electoral register is also used for other purposes such as drawing electoral boundaries. This article introduces some common international terminology for electoral register quality and a conceptualisation of the different ways in which an electoral register can be compiled. It then introduces a new global dataset on registration procedures (n = 159). The article hypotheses that automatic voter registration, as well as organisational and structural factors, strongly affects accuracy and completeness. The results show that automatic voter registration increases the completeness of the electoral register and also has a positive impact on accuracy. The organisational performance of the electoral management body was also shown to have positive effects on completeness and accuracy, suggesting an additional means of improving electoral registers beyond the registration model, which also rest in the hands of policy makers.

Audit of radiology reports of patients with neoplasms performed on computed tomography

Background: Evaluation of the peculiarities of radiology reports of patients with neoplasms of the abdomen and pelvis to optimize clinical imaging management. Material and methods: The study included 104 patients, divided into two groups, experimental group (L2) and control group (L1), repeatedly investigated by computed tomography in 2009-2019, a total of 440 examinations, of which 120 prospective examinations and 320 retrospective examinations, aged between 25 and 85 years, with primary tumors of the abdomen and pelvis. Results: Four specific descriptive criteria were analyzed from radiology reports and were obtained the following results: specification of the scanning protocols in radiology reports (0% for L1 and 95.3% for L2), specifying the reason for the examination in radiology reports (100% for L1 and 26.0% for L2), use of international terminology in radiology reports (0% for L1 and 74% for L2), patient follow-up in radiology reports (88.5% for L1 and 59.8 % for L2). Conclusions: Following the SWOT analysis of the radiology reports, has been developed a standardized model for describing CT images of patients with oncological pathologies of the abdomen and pelvis. The decision-making process was built on Strengths, eliminating Weaknesses, exploiting Opportunities and removing Threats.

Contributions to the interpretation of the concept of autonomy in the light of the model change in Hungary

The notion of university autonomy is a principle that is often invoked in higher education discourse, despite the fact that its precise content needs clarification. Although there is a rich domestic and international literature on the autonomy of higher education over the historical period, the principles set out therein cannot provide the necessary starting point, since the concept of autonomy varies from one historical period to another and cannot be regulated definitively. Due to the model changes in Hungary, the concept of autonomy has come to the fore again, so it is necessary to examine what is generally understood by the concept in the Hungarian literature and to what extent it is in line with international terminology. To this end, this study reviews the domestic constitutional court case law on the concept of autonomy and its changes, and then discusses the international standards of university autonomy, as defined by the European University Association, its components and the aspects of international comparative studies. It then discusses the position of Hungarian higher education institutions among European universities and, points to possible changes.

EXAMINATION OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS AFFECTING SPORTS PERFORMANCE IN THE CONTEXT OF ATHLETE EXPERIENCE

Introduction: In our research, we investigated the components, executive functions, and cognitive abilities underlying decision-making in sports performance using a computer-based test system. To define the athlete experience, we classified athletes according to an exact, unambiguous definition following international terminology, based on their performance, achievement, playing age, and sport's popularity. We hypothesize that team athlete with significant athletic experience will perform better on the executive function test. &#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on team athletes N=52. The VTS-DT test was used to measure executive function. The classification of athlete experience was based on an internationally accepted taxonomy defined with scientific precision (SWANNN, 2015). &#x0D; Results: When classified by athlete experience, the athletes we studied fell into amateur and elite categories. The DT/S2 scores of the two groups were compared based on each factor. We obtained trend-like correlations for the factors 'number of reactions', 'number of stimulations,' and 'number of good responses. Correlation analysis was performed between the factors on a group-by-group basis. When examining the relationship between reaction time, we found that there is a strong relationship with the number of stimulations (amateurs: r = -0.80; elite athletes: r = -0.87) since the faster someone is (i.e., the less reaction time), the more times they can respond to stimulations. Looking at the results for elite athletes, we also observe a moderately strong relationship between reaction time and the number of good responses (r = -0.68). We may suggest that experienced athletes could produce better responses faster than less professional athletes.&#x0D; Conclusions: Our hypotheses were partially confirmed, as we found a trend-like correlation that elite athletes scored higher on the DT test, which examined athletes' executive functions in a complex, adaptive way. Our research demonstrates that, on the one hand, it is worthwhile for coaches to build on experienced athletes when assembling a team, in addition to the momentum of young athletes, and that the development of executive functions and cognitive skills can improve the performance of athletes.

Early recovery period of patients after the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19: somatic and psychopatological symptoms

After the first cases of COVID-19 were identified, the symptoms in these patients were found to persist for several weeks after the acute infection. Soon, in the spring of 2020, a post-COVID syndrome was described. Mild to moderate COVID-19 lasts for about two weeks in most people. But for others, health problems persist even after patients have recovered from the acute phase of the disease. These patients no longer have live coronavirus in their bodies. When examining such a patient, the test for coronavirus will be negative, but the patient can be seriously weakened, with reduced quality of life and working capacity. These symptoms have several names. In international terminology, there is a term PASC, literally post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2. More common terms are post-COVID or post-COVID syndrome, long-term COVID or long COVID.

THE BETHESDA SYSTEM FOR REPORTING THYROID CYTOPATHOLOGY WITH HISTOPATHOLOGIC CORRELATION: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF LOWER ASSAM

Background: Fine needle aspiration is currently the preferred screening test for guiding the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules as it is quick, assessible, inexpensive, relatively painless with quite accurate diagnosis. The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC) was introduced in 2007 in an attempt to standardize international terminology and to categorize morphological criteria in ne-needle aspirations (FNAs) from patients with thyroid nodules. It introduced 6 diagnostic categories for FNA results and assigns a malignancy risk and recommendations for patient management for each category. To categorize theObjectives: thyroid swelling following The Bethesda system for reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) and to correlate with nal histopathological reports wherever available. : 99 patients underwent FNAC in our institute from the period of January 2019 to July 2020,Materials and Methods and were categorized according to the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Results: The 99 cases taken up for FNAC were categorized according to The Bethesda system for reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) as Non-diagnostic or unsatisfactory at 6.06%, Benign at 81.81%, Atypia of undetermined signicance at 0%, Suspicious for a follicular neoplasm at 4.04%, Suspicious for malignancy at 2.02%, Malignant at 6.06%. The sensitivity, specicity, positive predictive value (PPN), negative predictive value (NPN), and accuracy of FNAC in diagnosing thyroid malignancy were calculated as 66.67%, 100%, 100%, 93.33% and 94.12% respectively. The BethesdaConclusion: system for reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) helps in standardization of thyroid ne needle aaspiration reporting. This leads to timely and adequate intervention for the patient and also minimizes unnecessary thyroid surgeries

ТРУДНОСТИ ПРЕПОДАВАНИЯ КИТАЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА СТУДЕНТАМ ГУМАНИТАРНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ В РОССИЙСКИХ ВУЗАХ И СПОСОБЫ ИХ ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ

tatement of the problem. The importance of studying the difficulties of teaching Chinese to students of the humanities in Russian universities is due to the current international situation and the need to improve the system of training humanities graduates in accordance with the requirements of the time. The purpose of the article is to study modern ideas about the difficulties of teaching Chinese to students studying in Russian universities in the Humanities. Methodology (materials and methods). In the course of the study, the author used such methods as study, systematization, as well as analysis of special literature, observation, description, analysis of teaching experience. Materials: scientific publications concerning the problems and features of teaching Chinese to humanities students in Russian universities. Research results, conclusions, author’s contribution. Difficulties in teaching Chinese are revealed. This is associated with the lack of a unified international terminology, an insufficient number of hours allocated for the study of a foreign language. The author formulates a list of recommendations aimed at eliminating the existing difficulties.

An International Terminology for Endometriosis, 2021.

Different classification systems have been developed for endometriosis, using different definitions for the disease, the different subtypes, symptoms and treatments. In addition, an International Glossary on Infertility and Fertility Care was published in 2017 by the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ICMART) in collaboration with other organisations. An international working group convened over the development of a classification or descriptive system for endometriosis. As a basis for such system, a terminology for endometriosis was considered a condition sine qua non. The aim of the current paper is to develop a set of terms and definitions on endometriosis that would be the basis for standardisation in disease description, classification and research. The working group listed a number of terms relevant to be included in the terminology, documented currently used and published definitions, and discussed and adapted them until consensus was reached within the working group. Following stakeholder review, further terms were added, and definitions further clarified. Although definitions were collected through published literature, the final set of terms and definitions is to be considered consensus-based. After finalisation of the first draft, the members of the international societies and other stakeholders were consulted for feedback and comments, which led to further adaptations. A list of 49 terms and definitions in the field of endometriosis is presented, including a definition for endometriosis and its subtypes, different locations, interventions, symptoms and outcomes. Endometriosis is defined as a disease characterised by the presence of endometrium-like epithelium and/or stroma outside the endometrium and myometrium, usually with an associated inflammatory process. The current paper outlines a list of 49 terms and definitions in the field of endometriosis. The application of the defined terms aims to facilitate harmonisation in endometriosis research and clinical practice. Future research may require further refinement of the presented definitions. A consensus based international terminology for endometriosis for clinical and research use.

Expressiveness of an International Semantic Standard for Wound Care: Mapping a Standardized Item Set for Leg Ulcers to the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine-Clinical Terms.

BackgroundChronic health conditions are on the rise and are putting high economic pressure on health systems, as they require well-coordinated prevention and treatment. Among chronic conditions, chronic wounds such as cardiovascular leg ulcers have a high prevalence. Their treatment is highly interdisciplinary and regularly spans multiple care settings and organizations; this places particularly high demands on interoperable information exchange that can be achieved using international semantic standards, such as Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine–Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT).ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the expressiveness of SNOMED CT in the domain of wound care, and thereby its clinical usefulness and the potential need for extensions.MethodsA clinically consented and profession-independent wound care item set, the German National Consensus for the Documentation of Leg Wounds (NKDUC), was mapped onto the precoordinated concepts of the international reference terminology SNOMED CT. Before the mapping took place, the NKDUC was transformed into an information model that served to systematically identify relevant items. The mapping process was carried out in accordance with the ISO/TR 12300 formalism. As a result, the reliability, equivalence, and coverage rate were determined for all NKDUC items and sections.ResultsThe developed information model revealed 268 items to be mapped. Conducted by 3 health care professionals, the mapping resulted in moderate reliability (κ=0.512). Regarding the two best equivalence categories (symmetrical equivalence of meaning), the coverage rate of SNOMED CT was 67.2% (180/268) overall and 64.3% (108/168) specifically for wounds. The sections general medical condition (55/66, 83%), wound assessment (18/24, 75%), and wound status (37/57, 65%), showed higher coverage rates compared with the sections therapy (45/73, 62%), wound diagnostics (8/14, 57%), and patient demographics (17/34, 50%).ConclusionsThe results yielded acceptable reliability values for the mapping procedure. The overall coverage rate shows that two-thirds of the items could be mapped symmetrically, which is a substantial portion of the source item set. Some wound care sections, such as general medical conditions and wound assessment, were covered better than other sections (wound status, diagnostics, and therapy). These deficiencies can be mitigated either by postcoordination or by the inclusion of new concepts in SNOMED CT. This study contributes to pushing interoperability in the domain of wound care, thereby responding to the high demand for information exchange in this field. Overall, this study adds another puzzle piece to the general knowledge about SNOMED CT in terms of its clinical usefulness and its need for further extensions.

Mythological References of Greek and Latin Doublets and Terminology

The investigation of the process of establishing the Greco-Latin doublets implies the presence of mythological sources, which offer elucidations from the origin and are important in their semantic-functional design. In this article, we propose the analysis of the Greek-Latin doublet &lt; lat. umbilicus, i, m and &lt; gr. omphalos, es, f „umbilical” (national and international dimensions), a representative doublet in medical terminology, but also modestly productive. Each of the components of the doublet requires personalized investigations (diachronic, synchronic aspects): the Latin component is included in the fundamental vocabulary of the Romanian languages (national terminology); Greek component – in the mass of vocabulary (international terminology). Neological lexical creations (formed on the basis of Greco-Latin doublets) correspond to a universal dimension of the conscious creativity of scientists and denominate specialized medical knowledge.

Гармония нон-конформизма: о терминотворчестве Ю.А. Сорокина

The article discusses the terminological neologisms of Yu.A. Sorokin as both special lexical and text units. Yu.A. Sorokin had a peculiar predilection to creating terms based on the Greco-Latin derivational morphemes. He treated them creatively introducing new elements and reinterpreting the standard ones, for instance creating new correlative pairs. One of the favorite terminological models of Yu.A. Sorokin was emic which allows to briefly identify the category-forming entities. It is noted that, Yu.A. Sorokin rarely gave precise definitions to his terminological creations and did not worry about their general availability (the sapienti sat principle). Presenting thoughts in the form of postulates, he used the principle in medias res, i.e., he introduced a term / terms to the text without any expositional preparation. The article concludes that the term creation of Yu.A. Sorokin, that may be perceived as non-conformist at first, is quite harmonious in fact. To see that, one just needs to turn to the texts. Yu.A. Sorokins term-generating genre / type of text is a postulate and / or a manifesto, i.e., a text with a focus on concentration and suggestion. Hence, there follows a non-definitive way of presenting a term and terminological amplification, with the author using familiar international terminology, correlative terminological pairs and constellates, parenthetical inserts and graphic tools as cognitive clues for the addressee.

Thyroid FNA terminology: The case for a single unified international system for thyroid FNA reporting.

The use of reporting terminologies for thyroid FNA cytology enables standardisation and international alignment of the reporting of thyroid cytology results, which is essential. There are currently three major internationally recognised systems: Bethesda (TBS), UK RCPath (Thy), and Italian (TIR). A fourth terminology system used in Japan has identical categories to TBS but with different nomenclature. The aim of this review is to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the TBS, UK RCPath, and TIR systems, and to make the case for international terminology harmonisation and standardisation.

Analysis and Related Suggestions on the Whole Process Engineering Consulting Service Mode at Home and Abroad

This paper first introduces the basic connotation of China’s whole process engineering consulting. Immediately, analyze the organization model, service procurement model and charging standards of foreign whole-process engineering consulting (international terminology full-life cycle engineering consultant). Second, discuss the government’s role in the development of engineering consulting from two aspects: service management and market access. Finally, combined with the above analysis, the specific problems faced in the implementation process of the whole process engineering onsulting are compared. Provide relevant suggestions on how companies and individuals respond to industry development trends.