International Technical Assistance Research Articles

КЛЮЧОВІ ПОНЯТТЯ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ У СФЕРІ БЕЗПЕКИ І ОБОРОНИ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the content of such key concepts of international aid in the paradigm of defense capability of Ukraine as “international aid”, “international technical aid”, “military aid”, “humanitarian aid”, “charitable activity”. It was found that the system of ensuring the defense capability of the state is not limited by internal resources, but actively attracts external resources for the needs of the security and defense sphere. It is pointed out that there is no concept of “international aid” in the legislation of Ukraine, but the definition of the content of international technical aid, humanitarian aid and charitable activities. It was determined that the concept of “military aid” is also absent in national legislation, but in scientific doctrine it is considered as a type of international aid, and in conditions of armed aggression as assistance to Ukraine in ensuring the realization of its national interests. Forms of providing military aid to Ukraine by partner countries were considered. It was noted that the meaning of the concept of “military aid” is not limited to the provision of weapons and military equipment, but also includes the training and training of military personnel, the construction of infrastructure facilities, the provision of assistance in the development of battle plans, etc. It was emphasized that today military aid is provided by donor countries as international technical assistance, humanitarian aid or charity in accordance with the terms of the concluded agreement. A conclusion was drawn on the expediency of the legislative separation of military aid, as well as the development of a regulatory basis for its attraction, accounting, distribution, and use, which, taking into account the volume and importance of such aid to support Ukraine’s defense capabilities, will simplify its receipt from donor countries. Keywords: international aid, international technical aid, military aid, humanitarian aid, charitable activity.

Adopting a WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control-Based Tobacco Control Law in Ethiopia: Sustained Transnational Health Advocacy and Multi-Sectoral Institutionalized Support.

The objective of this study was to document how Ethiopia adopted a WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)-based tobacco control law. We analyzed publicly available documents, including news media articles, advocacy reports, and government documents. We triangulated these findings by interviewing nine key stakeholders. Data were analyzed to construct a historical and thematic narrative and analyzed through a retrospective policy analysis. Local and international health advocacy efforts helped introduce and support WHO FCTC-based legislation by (1) educating policymakers about the WHO FCTC, (2) providing legal assistance in drafting legislation, (3) generating local data to counter industry claims, and (4) producing media advocacy to expose industry activity. Health advocates worked closely with government officials to create a multi-sectoral tobacco committee to institutionalize efforts and insulate tobacco companies from the policymaking process. Japan Tobacco International bought majority shares of the government-owned tobacco company and attempted to participate in the process, using standard industry tactics to undermine legislative efforts. However, with health advocacy assistance, government officials were able to reject these attempts and adopt a WHO FCTC-based law in 2019 that included 100% smoke-free indoor places, a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, and large pictorial health warning labels, among other provisions. Sustained local health advocacy efforts supported by international technical and financial assistance can help establish WHO FCTC-based tobacco control laws. Applying a standardized multi-sectoral approach can establish coordinating mechanisms to further institutionalize the WHO FCTC as a legal tool to build support with other government sectors and insulate the tobacco industry from the policymaking process.

Financing of the armed forces of Ukraine under the conditions of the state of martial: the European integration vector

In the conditions of Russian aggression, the state of funding of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is important in view of the direct impact on the outcome of hostilities, the future of European countries, and on the further advancement of Ukraine through European integration.
 The basis of the administrative and legal regulation of the financing of the security and defense sector, including the Armed Forces, is: the Military Security Strategy of Ukraine, the National Security Strategy of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On National Security of Ukraine”, annual laws “On the State Budget of Ukraine”.
 As a result of the conducted analysis, it was established that during 2016–2021, budget financing of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine amounted to 2.1–2.4% of GDP or 2.5–2.9 billion dollars. the USA, while the amount of expenditures for similar purposes in the USA is 600–650 billion dollars, in China – 215–250 billion dollars, in the aggressor country – 70 billion dollars. Only in 2022, the specified volume of expenditures in Ukraine reached 21%, approximately the same amount is planned to be financed in 2024 (1,693 billion UAH).
 Among the main problems in the field of financing the Armed Forces, the following are highlighted: the budget of Ukraine is not a development budget; the amount of budget expenditures depends on charity, humanitarian and international technical assistance; inefficient structure of defense budget expenditures; lack of objective opportunities for growth of own income sources.
 These shortcomings became one of the reasons for Ukraine’s unpreparedness to protect its borders and significant losses during the Russian aggression during 2022-2023. This convinces of the need to comply with the current legislation of Ukraine, which combines the administrative-legal and financial- legal principles of regulation of the sphere of security and defense in Ukraine, including the Armed Forces. It is possible to achieve an increase in the volume of income sources in Ukraine through the modernization of the defense-industrial complex. Transfers from the EU remain important and necessary - this confirms the necessity of the European integration vector for the further development of our Another way to overcome the identified problems is the attraction of direct foreign investments for post-war reconstruction through the removal of regulatory levers. Along with state domestic financing and attracting private capital, Ukraine will need financing of infrastructure projects from relevant EU funds (as public funds), which requires maximum transparency, accountability and control.

Coffee breeding in a time of crisis: F1 hybrids in Central America since 1990

Social Impact StatementCentral America is renowned for producing some of the world's finest coffee, prized for its quality and flavor. With coffee being a major export crop for many countries, the region's economic, social, and cultural well‐being is closely linked to the success of its coffee industry. Coffee breeding supports the industry's long‐term sustainability and competitiveness by developing new varieties that are more productive, disease‐resistant, climate resilient, and adapted to the coffee producer's realities. Ongoing efforts in coffee breeding have significant implications for the livelihoods of thousands of coffee farmers and their families, the economies of Central American countries, and the preservation of the region's rich coffee tradition and culture.Summary The central objective is to understand how coffee breeding programs have evolved to help coffee farmers adapt to the rapidly changing economic, political, institutional, and environmental conditions since 1990. Before then, coffee breeders focused primarily on productivity, developing dwarf varieties bred for intensive monoculture production. Since 1990, breeders have shifted their work to address climate change, new diseases and pests, a growing industry interest in cup quality, and unprecedented price volatility. Much of the breeding work has shifted from public institutions to international technical assistance agencies, international non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), and private companies. Their new programs focus on developing F1 coffees designed for agroforestry production and, which, can be developed quickly in response to changing conditions. This case study also complicates narratives about the place of hybrid coffees in agricultural modernization during the 20th and 21st centuries. Analyze documents produced over the past 30 years by key breeding organizations, governments, trade organizations, to assess the evolution of breeding programs in historical context, and the progress of the new coffees in the field. Some F1 hybrids have shown considerable promise, but challenges surrounding their propagation, distribution, and cost—as well as their suitability for the specialty coffee market—have so far prevented farmers from adopting them on a large scale. The switch to F1 coffee breeding represents a deep strategic shift in coffee breeding in Central America, more attuned to the needs of coffee farmers. While the F1 coffees can help farmers address many of the farmers' technical challenges, cost and logistical issues remain a challenge.

Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network deployments during the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO Western Pacific Region.

The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) has responded to more than 100 outbreaks during the past 23 years. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic presented unprecedented operational constraints that challenged GOARN's core mission to rapidly deploy technical experts from its partners to support national in-country responses to public health emergencies. This paper describes the type and duration of GOARN deployments to and within the World Health Organization's (WHO's) Western Pacific Region during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite strict border closures and ever-changing vaccination and quarantine requirements, GOARN continued to deploy international technical assistance to strengthen COVID-19 response operations within the Region, as requested. Data were analysed from the GOARN Knowledge Platform about deployments to and within the Region for responses to the COVID-19 pandemic between 1 January 2020 and 5 May 2023. Data were available about deployment duration, technical role requested, country or area, partner organization and deployed expert's demographics. Feedback from postdeployment briefings with the experts was collected and thematically analysed to determine ongoing needs and gaps to help improve deployment operations. There were 72 experts deployed on 89 missions through GOARN to 12 countries and areas in the Region, for a total of 4558 field days, to support the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The volume of requests for assistance from countries and areas in the Region to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic uncovered a deficit in human resources available for domestic response to outbreaks and the reliance on international assistance. Strengthening the in-country capacity of ready-to-respond public health emergency staff is critical to meet the needs for outbreak response. The ongoing demand for technical experts to support national responses means that these lessons may have immediate implications.

Digital Services as Tools for Implementing the ‘Public Participation 2.0’ Concept in Post-War Recovery in Ukraine

The article presents an attempt to solve the complex problem of the formation and implementation of the state policy of digitization in the post-war and post-war reconstruction of Ukraine by highlighting the practical aspects and risks of using digital services as tools for the implementation of the concept of “public participation 2.0”. It was found that an effective tool for solving the problems of post-war and post-war reconstruction of Ukraine is a target plan aimed at: compensation for the losses caused by the war; acceleration of socio-economic recovery and growth; improving the quality of life. The strategic goals of the recovery plan of Ukraine in the direction of digitalization include the following: formation of a developed digital economy / IT industry; restoration and development of digital infrastructure; citizens and businesses have access to high-quality, affordable and convenient public services, digital solutions and electronic identification; strengthening cyber security and resilience of digital infrastructure; involvement of a public initiative with the support of international technical assistance, as well as business projects using web technologies. Among the key problems and associated risks of the implementation of the concept of “Public Participation 2.0” and the implementation of technological solutions based on Web 2.0 in the processes and projects of reconstruction in the war and post-war period, the emphasis should be focused on the problems of duplicating the functionality of various institutions and information content. Authors stressed on inconsistency of interaction with the final beneficiaries, which leads to excessive regulation, untimeliness of operational decision-making and response to requests, as well as to the irrational use of resources aimed at the post-war restoration of facilities and infrastructure with using modern digital technologies. It has been proven that digital technologies, in particular, Web 2.0 technologies, should become the driver of post-war modernization of Ukraine, and a special role in this process belongs to public authorities, territorial communities and proactive public structures, as direct subjects of reconstruction processes in the war and post-war period. They are tasked with creating comprehensive recovery plans for their territories; their executive bodies create various advisory bodies, commissions and advisory councils, which adopt, or contribute to, transparent, impartial and professional decision-making on compensation for destroyed real estate objects, since reconstruction projects that are already being implemented are usually supported by budgets communities. A clear understanding is offered regarding the further capabilities of using the “Public Participation 2.0” model and Web 2.0-based solutions in projects of in the wartime and post-war recovery in Ukraine, which consists in optimizing and increasing efficiency of digital services and applying more productive communications with communities

СУЧАСНІ ФОРМИ СПІВПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ З МІЖНАРОДНИМИ ФІНАНСОВИМИ ІНСТИТУТАМИ

In this article, the importance of modern forms of Ukraine’s cooperation with international financial institutions (IFSs) is discussed. The author systematised IFIs by classification criteria and looked into the main forms of financial cooperation between the government of Ukraine and IFIs. The analysis indicates that in today’s global economic system, the most common form of cooperation between governments and IFIs lies in lending. The structural and dynamic analysis of the forms of financial assistance from IFIs to Ukraine also confirmed this. The analysis of the cooperation between the Ukrainian government and IFIs also confirmed that loans from IFIs are the main source of long-term financing for socio-economic development projects in Ukraine’s priority sectors. Additionally, the author analyses the aspects of Ukraine’s cooperation with the IMF, the World Bank Group, and the IBRD, and identifies the areas of use of credit and investment resources in 2020-2023. Hence, the borrowed credit resources received by Ukraine from the IMF are used to service external debt, finance the budget deficit and deficits in the balance of payments and trade. In times of crisis for Ukraine’s economy, the IMF’s loans help replenish the NBU’s foreign exchange reserves, maintain the stability of the national currency, and optimize the monetary policy of the National Bank of Ukraine which stimulates lending to the real economy. Ukraine used the loan resources from the IFIs of the World Bank Group to cover the budget deficit, to implement institutional and structural reforms as well as long-term investment projects. The author also defines the importance and role of international technical assistance in the framework of Ukraine’s cooperation with IFIs, proving that international technical assistance is provided to Ukraine on a free and non-refundable basis by donor countries and international institutions. In conclusion, the author underlines the expected risks and necessity of this cooperation.

Strategies for improving the protection of weapons and military equipment

Purpose: there are directions strategies for improving the protection of weapons and military equipment.
 Method: for the purpose of the research of development and the primary design features of armored combat vehicles, international technical assistance aimed at ensuring protection against weapons of destruction. The classification of armored combat vehicles by weight and dimensions and the peculiarities of approaches to increasing their level of protection are outlined. The experience of the Republic of South Africa, NATO member states, the Russian Federation, and the defense industry of Ukraine in developing armored combat vehicles with an increased level of protection is examined.
 Findings: the article explores analyze the trends in the development of weaponry and military equipment received as part of international technical assistance, specifically focusing on ways to enhance their protection against means of destruction.
 Papertype: theoretical.

The Transformation of Coastal Governance, from Human Ecology to Local State, in the Jimei Peninsula, Xiamen, China

The coastal zone, situated at the sensitive interface between land and sea, serves as a pivotal area of human economic activities. As one of China’s economic special zones, Xiamen exemplifies the comprehensive trajectory of coastal governance in China. However, there are still research gaps in the human ecological transitions in coastal governance. This study adopts the research approach of scale politics and the local state, with the purpose of explaining the governance model of the coastal zone transformation. Sources include interviews with fishers, direct observation, participant observation, and content analysis. The study demonstrates how local governments strive to maximize the profits of scenic tourism, by (1) appropriating the international scale, absorbing international aid and technical assistance; (2) confiscating the access rights of the coastal zone; and (3) vertically integrating all relationships from local to international organizations to create new governance patterns. Xiamen’s coastal landscape not only presents the meltdown of human ecology under local state governance but also demonstrates a keen adaptation to the shifting dynamics of the international tourism market. From the theoretical perspective of the local state, this paper effectively points out the political characteristics of local government and bridges the loss of cultural ecology in the transformation of governance patterns.

Displaced higher education institutions: new challenges and prospects

The aim of the article is to elaborate directions for the development of displaced higher education institutions (HEIs) based on the study of the impact of hostilities. The study analyses the main consequences of hostilities for higher education in Ukraine. The study reveals: large-scale displacement of higher education institutions as a result of hostilities; significant destruction and damage to the material and technical base of higher education institutions; reduction of the staff of teachers and employees of higher education institutions and the contingent of applicants/students; deterioration of the psycho-emotional state of participants in the educational process. During the period (2014-2022), there were some negative changes in a number of displaced HEIs, which were not always able to restore their human resources, production facilities and libraries. The number of teachers, applicants and students in these higher education institutions has sharply decreased. Many of the displaced universities have significantly deteriorated their positions in Ukrainian university rankings. The war has complicated access to education, deepened educational inequality, and negatively affected the quality of the educational process and students' academic performance compared to existing standards. A comparison of the displacement of Ukrainian higher education institutions as a result of hostilities in 2014-2015 and in 2022 revealed a difference in the scale of displacement, the directions of national and international assistance to higher education institutions, and the model of displacement. It is established that in the process of relocation of higher education institutions, a special role was played by changes in the regulatory mechanism of higher education management through the adoption of new and improvement of existing regulations. The author describes the regulatory documents adopted by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine in connection with the introduction of martial law: those aimed at minimising losses from Russian aggression; those on relocation of higher education institutions and their separate structural subdivisions; and orders amending existing documents. For further development, the displaced higher education institutions should choose development directions. The choice of direction and strategy should take into account the type of resources used (budgetary resources; international technical assistance, a combination of budgetary and international resources); existing opportunities and threats. It is proposed to implement: the choice of the direction of further development of displaced HEIs depending on the type of resources used; digitalization of management and educational processes. Changes in the state of higher education necessitate the development of strategies for the further functioning of displaced higher education institutions, as well as the adjustment of the existing Strategy for the Development of Higher Education in Ukraine for 2022-2032.

МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ДОСВІД ПОВОЄННОГО ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ПРОМИСЛОВОСТІ

Розкрито історико-економічні передумови, окреслено контури політики макроекономічної стабілізації і промислового розвитку, що була імплементована для повоєнного відновлення країнами Європи, Азії, Африки, які переживали війни і конфлікти у ХХ–ХХІ ст. Виокремлено чинники, які визначали траєкторію промислового відродження в кожній країні: глобальні, інституційні, макроекономічні, ресурсні, інноваційно-технологічні тощо. Оцінено результати впровадження «плану Маршала» в європейських країнах і Японії, а також інших видів міжнародної допомоги для постраждалих країн. Відзначено множинність поведінкових патернів держави, які обумовлювали обрання конкретного напряму промислового відродження: реструктуризація промислового сектору (Європа), інноваційно-технологічна модернізація (Ізраїль, азійські країни), великі промислові проєкти (Єгипет) або відстороненість держави від суттєвого втручання в структурні трансформації економіки (країни Західних Балкан). Виявлено визначальну роль формування сприятливого бізнес-клімату в повоєнний період для стимулювання припливу інвестицій у промисловий та інші сектори економіки, а також позитивний вплив державних інвестицій у розбудову фізичної інфраструктури та інноваційної екосистеми. Визначено, що повоєнне відновлення промисловості відбувалося швидко і мало стабільні результати в країнах, де було сформовано ринкові засади господарювання і стійкі інститути (Західна Європа); у азійських країнах процес відновлення мав короткострокові успіхи після Другої світової війни, але промислова модернізація фактично тривала десятиліттями внаслідок відмінностей у стратегіях економічного розвитку різних урядів. Недостатня увага держави до промислового сектору часто була причиною деіндустріалізації і слабкого інноваційного розвитку держави (країни Західних Балкан). Встановлено, що очікувана міжнародна фінансова і технічна допомога рідко направлялася безпосередньо на підтримку промислового сектору, що спонукало держави акумулювати власні ресурси, зберігати державну форму власності на великі промислові об’єкти всупереч цілям приватизації або створювати умови для залучення іноземних інвестицій, формуючи експортоорієнтовану модель економіки.

Development support of agricultural cooperation in Ukraine by public institutions

Problem statement. It is important to encourage entrepreneurial activity in various areas for the development of rural areas. One of the means of boosting local economic development is to promote the formation and development of agricultural cooperatives. Analysis of recent research and publications. In order to create effective conditions for the development of agricultural cooperatives, scientists and experts suggested the following ways: informational support of the agricultural cooperative movement by the state; easing tax pressure; strengthening cooperation between agricultural cooperatives and higher education institutions; using international experience of cooperation between commodity producers; development of advisory and consulting services in the field of functioning of agricultural cooperatives, etc. Under the conditions of war and in the post-war period, the proposals given by FAO specialists are relevant, in particular: to include small landowners and cooperatives, especially those located in the affected areas, in sustainable production chains. In general, a wide range of experts and scientists considered the topic of the activities of agricultural cooperatives in Ukraine. At the same time, the practice of cooperatives functioning in Ukraine and changes in legislation require reasonable proposals to support the development of agricultural cooperation. Highlighting the previously unsolved parts of the general problem. Opportunities detection for support from various public institutions and improving legislation are important areas of research regarding the further development of agricultural cooperation in Ukraine. Presentation of the main material. In November 2020, the updated law of Ukraine “On agricultural cooperation” came into force. The new law defines that members of an agricultural cooperative can choose whether to be a profitable organization or to work with no purpose of making a profit. The generated profit can be reinvested in promising business initiatives. The additional opportunities that producers receive through participation in agricultural cooperatives are primarily related to facilitating the product’s sale. One of the advantages is the possibility of joint financing by participants of agricultural cooperatives of product storage processes. Various public institutions can contribute to agricultural cooperation development in accordance with their capabilities. Thus, experts suggest that the Agricultural Exchange consider the possibility of accreditation of agricultural cooperatives under a simplified system and provide them with holidays to pay the exchange fee. There is a positive experience of assistance in the formation and development of agricultural cooperatives by advisory services. Agricultural cooperatives receive additional opportunities to access material and financial resources thanks to international technical assistance. The result of such assistance is not only an increase in revenues to local budgets from the operation of business entities but also the creation of new jobs and the unification of people living in territorial communities. It will be advisable to identify in the territorial community a person, responsible for consulting and training on agricultural cooperation in the context of expanding the powers of local self-government bodies. An example of cooperation between public organizations, experts, and local governments is their participation in the EU4Business International Technical Assistance Program: Competitiveness and Internationalization of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in 2021–2022. It is also planned to conduct a series of training on the development of entrepreneurship, including agricultural cooperation at the following program stages. Conclusions and prospects for further research. Since local self-government bodies and public organizations are the closest to entrepreneurship, their activity and communication with the population of rural areas can contribute to the expansion of the development of agricultural cooperation. Expert consulting services in the field of agricultural cooperation development can be provided by educational institutions, advisory services, various public organizations, and other public institutions. Further research should be directed to the dissemination of the territorial communities' experience where agricultural cooperatives are successfully functioning.

International technical assistance to Ukraine: status and prospects

The article is dedicated to monitoring the inflow and utilization of international technical assistance to Ukraine, focusing on assessing the effectiveness of project implementation and the potential for post-war recovery. The article may be of interest to researchers and practitioners in project management, central and local executive authorities, as well as organizations working with international technical assistance. The relevance of the study is determined by the significant increase in foreign aid to the country in 2022-2023 compared to previous years, approximately eightfold. The aim of the work is to critically analyze the effectiveness of international technical assistance utilization and identify ways to improve these procedures. The main research tasks included analyzing the existing system of managing international technical assistance to Ukraine, ethical standards, and visual content policies. Based on the identified problems, suggestions were made to enhance its effectiveness. Methods. A complex set of complementary methods of scientific cognition was used, including methods of decomposition, systematization, and integration; statistical, critical, and comparative analyses. The results of the work include a critical analysis of the coordination system of international technical assistance and its utilization effectiveness, in accordance with Ukraine's normative and legal framework. The article provides statistical data on the volume and dynamics of the growth of international technical assistance to Ukraine from 2010 to 2023, analyzes statistical data on the utilization of funds by Ukrainian recipients by categories. Ethical standards and visual content policies in working with international technical assistance were analyzed. Scientific novelty. The work further develops methodological approaches to substantiating ways to improve the effectiveness of managing international technical assistance in Ukraine. Practical significance lies in improving methodological approaches to working with international technical assistance to ensure efficient resource utilization, sustainable development, loss reduction, compliance with ethical standards and visual content policies, and an increase in the number of successfully implemented projects. The research results can be effectively utilized in the development of a domestic methodology for managing international technical assistance, improving the legal mechanism of planning, mobilization, utilization, monitoring, and efficient functioning of the control system in this field.

Integrity and credibility issues in strategic information on MSM and transgenders in Eastern Europe and Central Asia countries

The article describes the results of an expert survey of activists from two HIV-vulnerable communities (men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender people), as well as public health professionals from seven countries in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region regarding the state of strategic information (SI) regarding MSM and trans people in the context of HIV at the national level (quality, integrity, relevance and use of data). An analysis of scientific literature on studies of these communities was also used. According to the level of completeness and quality of SI, the studied countries can be ranked in descending order as follows: Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Armenia, North Macedonia, Belarus, Estonia. At the same time, information about transgender people is available only in Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine. The integrity, relevance and use of strategic information in countries mostly depend on the availability of international financial and technical assistance resources, as well as the institutional capacity of organizations of vulnerable communities, in particular in the area of advocacy of the interests of the communities they represent in state authorities. The quality of the available information is also determined by other factors: differences in the definitions of the studied communities (in particular, the inclusion of trans women in the group of men who have sex with men), failure to take into account migration processes, the size and structure of general populations (mostly unknown), the impossibility of constructing non-random samples of sufficient size or insufficient quality of construction of pseudo-random samples, lack of coverage of the entire territory of the respective countries (only the capital and sometimes large cities), etc. In general, with few exceptions, the strategic information available in the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region on MSM and trans people in the context of HIV is incomplete, underutilized and of limited validity.

FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES IN CONDITIONS OF INSTABILITY

The article focuses on issues of development of foreign economic activity of domestic enterprises in the existing conditions of instability, including those caused by the consequences of a full-scale war. Factors contributing to the activation of international business of domestic business entities have been identified and analyzed. The purpose of the research is to identify and analyze the factors of development of international activities of Ukrainian enterprises in conditions of instability. It has been proven that methodological and applied developments in the field of researching the environment of the international economy are always relevant and constantly require new research and developments, especially in terms of refining the methodology for identifying and analyzing factors influencing the activation and development of the international activities of Ukrainian enterprises in conditions of critical economic and social -social instability. Emphasis was placed on the fact that, in a difficult situation, the entities responsible for the development of Ukrainian business at the current stage are the enterprises themselves and the state; therefore, issues of private-public policy in the sphere of increasing volumes and ensuring the proper efficiency of the processes of development of the international activity of domestic enterprises in conditions of instability are gaining special relevance. Groups of factors for the development of international activities of domestic enterprises in conditions of instability have been identified and analyzed: contribute to the decentralization of foreign economic activity of domestic business; determine the sources and forms of attracting financial support for the development of activities on international markets; make it possible to systematically strengthen factor competitive advantages in foreign product sales markets; determine the aspects of combining complementary products; serve as obstacles to the development of international activities of Ukrainian enterprises; relate to transactional and transformational costs of foreign economic activity; reveal the possibilities of international technical assistance in terms of the development of international activities of domestic enterprises.

Concepts, models and features of the development of ecological tourism in the Carpathian region of

The main concepts of ecological tourism are analyzed. Ecotourism models in the world were considered, and the most optimal option for the Carpathian region of Ukraine was proposed. Since the recreational and touristic potential of the Carpathian region is almost limitless for the possibilities of organizing ecological tourism. Ecological tourism is not a separate species, it is a direction of development of the tourism industry, which is based on the principles of sustainable development. Ukraine has significant tourist and recreational potential, and with the right approach, ecological tourism can become one of the locomotives for filling the state treasury. The strengths and weaknesses of the development of ecological tourism in the Carpathian region are given. The strengths are: the presence of naturally protected territories and objects, preserved environment, unique flora and fauna, specialized structures and departments have been created in national parks, forestry companies that are engaged in the arrangement of ecological trails, the favorable geographical location of the region facilitates the creation of interregional and international hiking tours and routes, active cooperation between protected areas and public organizations in the development and implementation of international technical assistance projects. Weaknesses are also identified: there is no uniform marking system of eco-trails in each park, low quality of equipped stops and tourist shelters on eco-trails, lack of the necessary number of instructors, lack of comprehensive information on the possibilities of ecotourism in the region, non-compliance by tourists with the rules of staying in protected areas, a small number of tourist enterprises that offer eco-friendly tours. An analysis of the main problematic issues was made, and the ways of their solution were identified. Keywords: ecological tourism, tourist activity, steady development, natural environment.

International Organizations, Technical Assistance, and Domestic Investment Laws

AbstractCan supranational actors influence domestic policy? In this article, we study how international organizations have sought to shape the contents of domestic laws aimed at protecting foreign investment. Traditionally, the influence of international organizations on public policy has been assumed to run through loan conditionalities. We build on a recent strand of literature indicating that international organizations can also influence public policy through technical assistance. Empirically, we present a cross-sectional mapping of the protection that states offer foreign investors in domestic investment laws, and a mapping of the advisory activities of the three main organizations offering technical assistance on foreign investment laws: the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, and the World Bank. We find that there are significant variations in protection offered under domestic investment laws, and variation in international organizations’ technical assistance over time and across organizations. To explore technical assistance as a causal mechanism for influence on public policy more closely in this field, we conduct a case study of the development of domestic investment legislation in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ОСНОВНИХ ФОРМ ФІНАНСОВОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ВІДТВОРЮВАЛЬНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ У СІЛЬСЬКОМУ ГОСПОДАРСТВІ УКРАЇНИ

The scientific study presents the existing forms of financial support for the reproductive processes of agricultural subjects in the conditions of the war economy. The purpose of the publication has been presented, which consists in researching the theoretical and practical foundations of financial support for the development of reproductive processes in the agriculture of Ukraine. The trends in the functioning of agricultural enterprises in war conditions have been studied. The following consequences for business have been noted: a decrease in the business activity of economic entities, losses, a lack of financial resources, the impossibility of long-term planning, many enterprises being physically destroyed, a large part of economic entities reoriented themselves, and managed to transfer their enterprises to other cities. It has been noted that the agricultural enterprises are a springboard for the development of Ukraine on international markets through the implementation of new ideas and platforms for functioning in the conditions of a war economy and ensuring food security, increasing its export potential, creating prerequisites for solving complex socio-economic problems given the restructuring of social relations based on the formation of competitive and equal entrepreneurial structures, effectively implements international experience. The author's vision of the system of financial support for the development of agricultural enterprises has been presented, which includes: insurance, investments, lending, budgetary forms of support, self-financing, and international technical assistance (grants). The relevance of the search for modern optimal sources of financial resources as international technical assistance, including both on the domestic and foreign financial markets for financial support of reproductive processes at agricultural enterprises, has been noted. It has been noted that international technical assistance is the future of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises. The action of the USAID program for agricultural and rural development (AGRO), financed by the United States Agency for International Development, has been studied. Insurance, credit, and budgetary technologies for supporting agricultural enterprises in wartime conditions have been studied.

ФАНДРЕЙЗИНГ, ГРАНТРАЙТИНГ ЯК ОСОБЛИВИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНИ У ВОЄННИЙ ТА ПІСЛЯВОЄННИЙ ЧАС

The article examines the main aspects of the use of fundraising and grantwriting tools, the prospects of their use for the reconstruction of Ukraine in war and post-war times. The main possibilities for the reconstruction of housing stock, communal, social and critical infrastructure are outlined. The main and largest grant programs from the USA, the European Union, and the government of Ukraine are described. It is considered under what conditions the process of attracting international technical assistance, in particular grants, is the most effective, taking into account the peculiarities of fundraising and grant writing. The prospects of their use to attract extra-budgetary alternative resources for the projects of authorities, local self-government, representatives of business and the public sector are demonstrated. The basic principles of fundraising and the aspects determining the active position of the grant writer are emphasized. The sluggish process of separating the knowledge of fundraising and grantwriting specialists into a separate professional category is analyzed. The reasons for the non-active and ineffective use of grant aid from our partners for the reconstruction of Ukraine are emphasized, namely: the absence of a culture of fundraising and grant writing in society, a shortage of qualified specialists of the appropriate profile, and a low level of public awareness of grant opportunities for the reconstruction of destroyed cities and Ukraine in general. It has been demonstrated under what conditions and in what form the attention of representatives of authorities, local self-government, business, the public, funds and grant programs to the aspects of fundraising and grant writing is manifested. It is concluded that the use of fundraising and grant writing tools to attract extra-budgetary, alternative resources is one of the most important prerequisites for the effective recovery of Ukraine in war and post-war times. Overcoming difficulties and obstacles is possible if the culture of fundraising and grantwriting is actively established in society, broad informational support from grantmakers, authorities and foundations, professionalization of grantwriting and fundraising.

Distribution of regions by their functional type, as a stage for assessing the socio-economic efficiency of the country’s post-war development

The war is still raging, but it is already clear that advance planning is needed to ensure survival and prepare for Ukraine's recovery from the destruction caused by Russian aggression. The damage and losses caused by the aggressor to Ukrainian regions amount to billions of dollars, which are already being received and will continue to be received in the form of international technical assistance, reparations, investments, etc. These funds will be distributed across the regions, taking into account the extent of their destruction, in the relevant areas (priorities). This process requires clear arguments from the government and local authorities on the targeting of both funds and priorities that characterise effectiveness. Therefore, there is a need to find effective tools for assessing the socio-economic efficiency of post-war reconstruction. Thus, the purpose of the article is to develop a methodological support for the distribution of territories according to their functional purpose and practical implementation of the assessment of socio-economic efficiency of post-war reconstruction of the country. The conceptual foundations of the proposals presented in the article are based on current legislation, general scientific methods of cognition, theoretical and empirical orientation. On the basis of the matrix method, a system of coordinates is built to distribute the regions of Ukraine by their functional type. The choice of individual indicators as the abscissa and ordinate axes is substantiated. By converting natural indicators into relative ones, the initial data for the distribution of regions by their functional type are formed. For the purpose of further comparison of data, the average value for each indicator and region in the dynamics for five years is calculated. The proposed approach allows for a substantive approach to determining the priorities of post-war development, taking into account the typology of territories and their compliance with the basic conditions and opportunities for development, as well as the degree of destruction as a result of hostilities.