International Supply Research Articles

Developing resilient supply chains in the Southern African Development Community: Lessons from the impact of COVID-19

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on international trade and supply chains. Border closures and reduced demand for traded goods provoked demand and supply shocks in supply chains, including those of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Continued vulnerability of regional supply chains affects the long-term socio-economic development trajectory of the SADC.Objectives: This article investigates whether supply chains and their various components have exacerbated the pandemic’s trade impact, with specific reference to the SADC. The objective is to inform regional development policy interventions to improve the resilience of the SADC supply chains in future disturbances.Method: An econometric analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between supply chain efficiency (and the various sub-indicators) and the impact of the pandemic on merchandise trade volumes. The latter constitutes the dependent variable of the analysis and is quantified by measuring the deviation from the pre-shock growth path in the base year (2020) of the pandemic. Data sets from the UNCTADstat database were used. The independent variables are the sub-indicators that form part of the Logistics Performance Index (LPI), the data of which are sourced from the World Bank (2022). In addition to the chi-square test of homogeneity and the Shapiro–Wilk test of normality, regression analyses were conducted to determine the significance of the independent variables, in addition to their association and correlation with the dependent variable.Results: The analysis indicates that supply chain efficiency and components related thereto, including customs clearance, infrastructure, international shipments, logistics competence, tracking and tracing and lead time, are of high significance to and correlate with the impact of the pandemic.Conclusion: Regional development policy in the SADC should prioritise the targeted improvement of specific physical and non-physical infrastructure to support the development of efficient and resilient supply chains. Interventions should focus on improving border and customs processes and tracking and tracing capabilities of logistics service providers. This will contribute to the achievement of regional development objectives and catalyse the competitiveness of the SADC in the face of increased supply chain regionalisation.

The impacts of global liquidity on international housing prices

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how global liquidity affects international housing prices. The data sample covers 35 economies from 2000Q1 to 2017Q4.Design/methodology/approachThe existing papers seldom investigated whether the impacts of global liquidity on housing prices display differences between advanced and developing economies. Cesa-Bianchi et al. (2015) is an exceptional study in that they focused on the impulse response of house price volatility to global liquidity shocks but did not examine the long-run equilibrium relationship. To fill the gap in the existing research, this paper used panel cointegration of Pedroni (2000, 2004) to estimate the long-run linkage between global liquidity and housing prices in both advanced and developing economies, and generalized impulse response function (GIRF) and generalized variance decomposition (GVDC) were also applied to capture the relative strengths and contribution of global liquidity shock on house price volatility.FindingsFirst, the global liquidity elasticity of housing prices is 0.0679 in developing economies, and 0.0454 in advanced economies, implying that the positive effect of global liquidity on housing prices is higher in developing economies. Next, the results of generalized impulse response indicate that the innovation of global liquidity can significantly and positively impact housing prices only in developing economies and the duration is two quarters. Third, in light of the long-run portions of the global liquidity shock on house price volatility in individual economies, the two highest portions are 28.51% in the USA and 20.04% in the UK, while there are low portions, less than 10%, in most of the European economies. Moreover, comparing the long-run contributions of global liquidity and other variables shock on house price volatility, the contribution of the global liquidity shock ranks the highest or second highest in 21 out of 35 economies, confirming that it played a more important role than other economic variables in explaining house price volatility for most economies.Originality/valueCompared with the related literature, the contributions of this paper are as follows. First, except for Cesa-Bianchi et al. (2015), the existing papers seldom investigated whether the impacts of global liquidity on housing prices display differences between advanced and developing economies. Hence, the study adopted a wider data sample, including 7 developing economies and 28 advanced economies, to examine the differences in the impact of global liquidity on housing prices between advanced and developing economies. Second, most of the relative literature calculated global liquidity by applying a monetary aggregate, such as M2 or M3, while Cesa-Bianchi et al. (2015) argued that global liquidity being measured by the international supply of credit is intuitively connected to housing prices. This paper follows the argument of Cesa-Bianchi et al. (2015) to use the international supply of credit as the measure of global liquidity, and both the long-run effects and the short-run relative strengths of global liquidity on housing prices are analyzed. Hence, this paper uses not only the GIRF to discuss the short-run relative strengths, as with Cesa-Bianchi et al. (2015) but also the panel cointegration of Pedroni (2000, 2004) to identify the long-run linkage between global liquidity and housing prices. Moreover, GVDC was used to estimate the contribution of a global liquidity shock on house price volatility in individual economies, which can confirm that global liquidity innovations are a very important factor in explaining house price volatility in most countries.

The UK Antimicrobial Resistance Strategy 2013–18: A Qualitative Study of International and Domestic Policy and Action Related to Livestock and the Food Chain

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasingly important challenge within global health, and growing action is being taken by countries across the world. The UK Government established a national AMR Strategy in 2013, encompassing human and animal health. An evaluation of the implementation of the Strategy was commissioned, to feed into a refresh of the Strategy in 2018. This article addresses the implementation of the parts of the Strategy related to food sourced from animals. It is based on 15 semi-structured interviews with policy officials and professionals from UK and international agencies. Four themes comprise the findings from thematic analysis. (1) The UK's advocacy and leadership at the global level to encourage international action, which was praised. However, the UK's actions were limited in permeating complex international food supply chains. (2) Integrating a One Health approach, adopted in the Strategy, which had successfully facilitated bringing together human and animal health sectors, but still lacked input from environmental agencies and integration of the role of environmental factors in understanding and tackling AMR. (3) Changes in antimicrobial use and attempts to reduce AMR brought about by the Strategy, including the disparity in variations of actions and progress between livestock sectors, the pros and cons of antimicrobial usage reduction targets—felt to be best when adapted for each livestock species sector, the preference for voluntary sector-led approaches to reduction in antimicrobial use, and the need for changes in production systems and animal husbandry. (4) The challenges relating to costs, drivers and incentives identified to reduce antimicrobial use, and how research, data and surveillance systems support continued action. In particular, the need for adequate investment and financial incentives to enable changes in production and husbandry to take a more preventative approach, the importance of working with different actors throughout the food chain in each livestock sector, and the need for adequate and consistent surveillance data to measure antimicrobial use and continued research to understand AMR. The findings have implications for how to implement further changes at both farm and policy level, how to implement harmonized surveillance whilst maintaining sectoral autonomy, the need for a whole food chain approach, and greater integration of research, actions and actors working on environmental factors of AMR.

Alternative shipment policies compared for an international supply chain model with stochastic exchange rate, carbon emission and imperfect quality items

Researchers have recently developed a model for international supply chains for transferring lots in equal-sized batches, taking environmental concerns into account. This scheme incorporated stochastic behaviour of the exchange rate between the vendor's and buyer's currencies as part of the process for making optimal decisions on the supply chain. They demonstrated that their model leads to a decrease in the total cost. However, a lower total cost can be achieved by synchronizing the integrated production flow through generalization of the batch transfer method used to deliver the lot. Furthermore, there seems to be a better fit from a new data set for comparing two currencies. With these developments in mind, we suggest an alternative model, considering transferring batches of unequal sizes, transfer costs that may be fixed or variable, and with an eye on environmental issues. Numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the proposed model and solution method. These numerical experiments show the value of this integrated approach in the combined determination of optimal policies for production and shipment. Suggestions for further research are given in the conclusion.

Should payments for environmental services be used to implement zero-deforestation supply chain policies? The case of soy in the Brazilian Cerrado

Over the past decade public and private actors have been developing a variety of new policy approaches for addressing agriculturally-driven deforestation linked to international supply chains. While payments for environmental services (PES) have been advocated in many contexts as an efficient and pro-poor environmental policy to incentivize conservation, they have been the subject of intense scrutiny and criticism for leading to mixed and sometimes adverse environmental and social outcomes. It remains unclear whether such an approach is an improvement over existing approaches to govern sustainability in supply chains and especially as a mechanism for reducing ecosystem conversion. Here we conduct an ex-ante analysis to examine the potential outcomes of using a standalone PES scheme versus existing standalone market exclusion mechanisms (MEM) to govern commodity supply chains. The analysis develops a theoretical framework to examine the potential effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, equity, and legitimacy of the two approaches and then applies this framework using qualitative analysis of secondary and interview data. Using this theory-driven evaluation approach we examine the case of the Brazilian Cerrado, where a PES mechanism is currently being proposed to achieve zero-deforestation targets in soy supply chains. We find that both standalone approaches suffer from different strengths and challenges and would be better used in combination. We conclude that a mixture of strict market exclusion with positive incentives and enabling programs that are targeted at the poorest farmers would be more effective, cost-effective, equitable, and legitimate. However, in the future such supply chain focused soy deforestation control efforts in the Cerrado must be complemented by broader jurisdictional approaches to addressing deforestation and sustainable development that include all land use actors, not just soy farmers. These more inclusive and balanced initiatives can help ensure that avoiding deforestation goes hand in hand with supporting sustainable livelihoods for a wider range of actors in the Cerrado.

Customs Inspections Building a Culture of Proactive Curiosity: Thailand Case Study

The global drug trade continues to expand, straining public health and law enforcement resources, financing transnational organised crime and terrorism, and causing unfathomable harm to communities around the world. Law enforcement at our borders is the ‘first line of defence in the fight against cross-border illicit trade and the protection of our citizens and economies against criminal organisations operating internationally’ (Mikuriya, 2019, p. 4). Nowhere is this more evident than the Golden Triangle, where the borders of Thailand, Myanmar and Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) intersect. This area is one of the primary international sources of narcotics, producing methamphetamine, heroin and opium. Criminal syndicates commonly try to export contraband from the Golden Triangle to other countries via Thailand, seeking to exploit Thailand’s large, well-connected ports and airports. Thus, Thai authorities are often the first line of defence against drug flows from this key area to the rest of the world. However, criminals are employing increasingly sophisticated concealment methods to evade detection. Faced with this constantly evolving challenge, Thai authorities are actively building a ‘Culture of Proactive Curiosity’, enhancing internal cooperation and sharing knowledge among staff to enhance risk management systems. Furthermore, the integration of internal, interagency, and international cooperation is vital to control borders, promote sustainable economic growth and protect the international trade supply chain.

Blockchain technology for agricultural supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic: Benefits and cleaner solutions

This study aims to investigate blockchain technology for agricultural supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Benefits and solutions are identified for the smooth conduction of agricultural supply chains during COVID-19 using blockchain. This study uses interviews with agricultural companies operating in Pakistan. The findings discover the seven most commonly shared benefits of applying blockchain technology, four major challenges, and promising solutions. About 100% of the respondents mentioned blockchain as a solution for tracking the shipment during COVID-19, data retrieval and data management, product and transaction frauds, and an Inflexible international supply chain. Roughly 75% of the respondents mentioned the challenge of lack of data retrieval and data management and the Inflexible international supply chain in COVID-19 besides their solutions. This study can expand existing knowledge related to agricultural supply chains. The experiences shared in this study can serve as lessons for practitioners to adopt the blockchain technology for performing agricultural supply chain during pandemic situations such as COVID-19.

Development Analysis of Cross-Border E-Commerce Logistics Based on Big Data Technology Under Safety Law Protection

To improve logistics level of cross-border e-commerce, big data technology can effectively enhance its logistics level. Firstly, difficulties existing in international logistics management and the necessity of international logistics supply chain management are discussed. Secondly, challenges and opportunities of big data technology to cross-border E-commerce are analyzed respectively. Big data logistics and its characteristics are studied in depth. The cross-border e-commerce sales forecast model is established based on GM(1,1), and the proposed model is verified based on case study, simulation results show that the prediction model can improve the prediction precision of sales amount. Finally, integration measurements of big data and cross-border E-commerce are put forward under a suitable local law protection.

A Shock to the System: What the COVID-19 Pandemic Reveals About Australia's Food Systems and Their Resilience

Australia has managed well through the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to many other developed nations. Through its first and second waves it was relatively successful in terms of control of outbreaks. Nevertheless, like everywhere, the shock to national systems has been profound, and adjustment remains complex and volatile. Food is a critical human need, and the food industry is recognised as a vital economic sector. We present an examination of some of the adaptive responses of Australia's food systems during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, from January 2020 to October 2020, with a focus on three case studies (seafood exports, consumer behaviour and food sector employment). These case studies provide observations of specific stresses experienced, as well as insights into the adaptation strategies carried out by various actors within the nation's food systems. The shock was experienced differently in different parts of given food systems, and the opportunities for adaptation varied. Some supply chains lost business, others had to adapt to rapidly increased demands, and surges. Our analysis reveals features of Australia's food systems, and their relationships to other systems, that have facilitated resilience, and features that have impeded it. We found that international supply chains are highly vulnerable to global shocks, that insecure employment conditions throughout the food system reduce the resilience of the system overall, and that consumers are not fully confident in supply chains. We observed the importance of agency and adaptive behaviour throughout the food systems as actors worked to build their own resilience, with consequences for other parts of the system. Our findings suggest that food system resilience can be enhanced by ensuring that the goals and priorities of those most vulnerable in society are recognised and addressed within decision making processes throughout the system.

Combatting illegal fishing through transparency initiatives : Lessons learned from comparative analysis of transparency initiatives in seafood, apparel, extractive, and timber supply chains

Over the last two decades, efforts to combat illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing have led to an expansion of initiatives to enhance transparency across the seafood industry through international agreements, national government regulations, and voluntary private initiatives. Understanding of the effects of these initiatives remains limited, and approaches contested among stakeholders. Yet similar transparency initiatives introduced in recent decades across other sectors whose goal is to expand sustainability in global supply chains, may offer applicable lessons for seafood sustainability. Through a comparative review of transparency initiatives adopted in apparel, extractives, and timber supply chains, this study draws out lessons to inform efforts to expand transparency in seafood supply chains in order to combat illegal fishing. Across the literature reviewed on these three industries and seafood, there was mixed consensus that the initiatives met their intended sustainability goals or significantly affected costs and revenues, based on the evidence available. The review finds a trend across the three industries for increased transparency initiatives in international supply chains, which are often voluntary or state-based initiatives. This trend was commonly motivated by expanded trade and reputational risks from consumer demand, and external pressure from civil society. Transparency initiatives were often driven by governments, lead firms, and markets from developed countries. Conversely the resources and/or producers targeted by the transparency activities have been more widely dispersed worldwide, with many located in developing countries. Comparing across the sectors, lessons learned are distilled to inform efforts aiming to expand transparency in seafood supply chains.

Exploring the Risks of International Supply Chain Financial Warehouse Receipts Pledge Model: A Structural Equation Approach

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic had severely hit the global economy. Many enterprises have come to the critical moment of survival. The international supply chain finance, assuming a significant positive role, can alleviate an enterprise facing a financial dilemma. Due to the current turbulent environment, international supply chain finance also confronts a lot of risks. The paper aims to focus on the risk of the warehouse receipt pledge financing model, which is widely used in international supply chain finance. We propose a new risk evaluation index system for the risk of international supply chain financial warehouse receipt pledge model, using the Structural Equation Modelling. The paper explains the influencing factors of the financial warehouse receipt pledge model on the international supply chain during this pandemic. This study provides valuable insights for managers to mitigate the risks in international supply chain financial warehouse receipts pledge and offers future research opportunities to international supply chain scholars.

China's Embodied SO2 Emissions and Aggregate Embodied SO2 Intensities in Interprovincial and International Trade

Reducing SO2 emissions remains crucial for China in terms of controlling air pollution. There is great heterogeneity in SO2 emissions across provinces in China due to trade. This paper applies a hybrid approach to study SO2 emission transfer among 31 provinces (including Tibet) in China in 2015. The differences of SO2 emissions are compared from the perspectives of pollution transfer in the domestic supply chain and international supply chain. Moreover, this paper calculates the aggregate embodied SO2 emission intensity (ratio between embodied SO2 emissions and embodied value added) from demand perspective. The results show an inequitable distribution of SO2 emissions and embodied intensities in China's 31 provinces. The provinces in the eastern region account for a large proportion of interprovincial import trade and international exports. For the provinces in the western region, the proportions of embodied SO2 are higher than those in the central region. Under the consumption-based principle, the eastern region is the main contributors to SO2 emissions. In addition, the emission intensity in the eastern region is much lower than that in the western region. The SO2 emission intensity generated by international export trade is lower than that generated by interprovincial trade. Therefore, China should strengthen both the joint management in various provinces and international cooperation, so as to promote the coordinated management of the industrial chain.

A New Framework for Evaluation Sustainable Green Service Supply Chain Management in Oil and Gas Industries

Oil and gas industries are among the industries involved in the international service supply chain, which include domestic and international transportation, import and export, and technology information. By creating utility and satisfaction from environmental perspective throughout the service supply chain, the supply chain managers of leading companies have recently tried to use green logistics and improve environmental performance in the entire of their service supply chain as a valuable resource for sustainable competitive advantage. Thus, the main reasons for investment in creating a sustainable green service supply chain includes management of unwanted environmental, social, and economic risks and creating sustainable services by increasing revenue and enhancing cooperation. Given the purpose of this article which is to provide a framework to assess sustainable green SSCM dimensions. Organizational factors, environmental factors were obtained. In this study, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses.

Impact of COVID-19 on food insecurity using multiple waves of high frequency household surveys

In response to the rapid spread of COVID-19, governments across the globe have implemented local lockdowns that have led to increased unemployment and have disrupted local and international transport routes and supply chains. Whilst such efforts aim to slow or stop the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, they have also resulted in increased food insecurity, whether due to reduced incomes or increased food prices. This is the first paper to track food insecurity and its determinants during the pandemic using multi-country and multi-wave evidence. Using data from 11 countries and up to 6 waves of High-Frequency Phone Survey data (household-level surveys) on COVID-19 and its impacts, we use a fixed-effects linear probability model to investigate the socioeconomic determinants of food insecurity during the pandemic for each country using household-level data over multiple waves. We control for socioeconomic characteristics including gender and education of the household head; income and poverty status of the households during the pandemic; safety nets in the form of cash and food assistance; coping strategies adopted by households; and price effects of major food items. Our findings suggest that cash safety nets appear to have been more effective than food in terms of reducing food insecurity during the pandemic; and that those particularly hard hit are female headed-households (highest in Malawi: 0.541, 95% CI 0.516, 0.569; lowest in Cambodia: 0.023, 95% CI 0.022, 0.024), the less educated (highest in Djibouti: − 0.232, 95% CI − 0.221, − 0.244; lowest in Nigeria: 0.006, 95% CI − 0.005, − 0.007), and poorer households (highest in Mali: 0.382, 95% CI 0.364, 0.402; lowest in Chad: 0.135, 95% CI 0.129, 0.142). In line with the existing literature, our results show that, even controlling for income loss and poverty status, those households who had to borrow rather than rely on savings had a higher probability of suffering from food insecurity. Distinct differences in the efficacy of safety nets across the 11 countries, and the differential impact of the pandemic on different groups within societies, suggest in-depth country-specific studies are needed to understand why some countries have coped better than others. Our paper highlights the importance of improving household resilience to future systemic crises, and using evidence-based best practice in the design of relevant policy instruments.

Simulating the impact of Addiction Consult Services in the context of drug supply contamination, hospitalizations, and drug-related mortality.

Illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) is increasing in international drug supply chains, and IMF-related opioid overdose deaths are rising in North America. Hospitalizations among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) are also rising; and, hospitalized patients are at increased risk of overdose and death following hospital discharge. Hospitalization is a key opportunity to engage patients with OUD. Addiction consult services (ACS) can provide effective treatment for patients hospitalized with OUD. This study aims to estimate the effect of increasing IMF contamination on drug-related death among patients hospitalized with OUD, and simulate the role of ACS expansion to mitigate these effects. We used a Markov model to mirror care systems for adult patients hospitalized with OUD in Oregon, from the time of hospital admission through 12-months post-discharge, and simulated patients through modeled care systems to evaluate the expansion of Addiction Consult Services in the context of increasing IMF in the drug supply. In a simulated cohort of 10,000 patients, we estimate that 537 patients would die from drug-related causes within 12-months of hospital discharge. In the context of increased IMF in the drug supply, this estimate increased to 913. ACS referral at baseline was 4%; increasing ACS referral to accommodate 10%, 50%, or 100% of hospitalized OUD patients in the state reduces drug-related deaths to 904, 849, and 780, respectively. The number needed to treat for ACS to avoid one drug-related death in the context of increased IMF was 73. Hospitals should expand interventions to help reduce IMF-related opioid overdoses, including through implementation of ACS. In the context of rising IMF-related deaths, ACS expansion could help connect patients to treatment, offer harm reduction interventions, or both, which can help reduce the risk of opioid-related death.

The Aim of Primary and Secondary Sources in International Supply Chain Selection Process

The Aim of Primary and Secondary Sources in International Supply Chain Selection Process

Strategic Overlays in the Indo-Pacific: Implications for South Asia

The vast Indo-Pacific region presents countless opportunities being home to many of the world’s most innovative economies as well as a manufacturing heavyweight which occupies an indispensable role in the international global supply chains. In the last decade, strategic competition in the Indo-Pacific has become a critical US national security issue and, in the backdrop of COVID-19 increasing pressure on the global order, it will remain so for the foreseeable future. China, currently the secondlargest economy globally, is on track to overtake the US by 2030 to become the world’s largest economy. The rise of China as the potential challenger to the US-led Western dominance has signaled the return of great power competition in the international order. Despite the absence of an official Indo-Pacific strategy, there is much that can already be discerned about the Biden administration s approach to the region. Case in point being the formation of AUKUS in September 2021 between the US, UK and Australia. The essence of the strategic competition between China and the US in the Indo-Pacific region is focused on the US’s attempts to decouple from China to deny it easy access to critical technologies and markets. On the other hand, through its multi-billion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China is working to dominate Eurasia and the Asia- Pacific to create a Sino-centric global economic order. This article will analyze the recent increase in strategic competition between the US and China in the Indo-Pacific region through the lens of neo-realism. It will also outline the US’s Indo Pacific Policy as well as China’s response. It will then assess the impact of the Sino-US rivalry in the Indi-Pacific region on South Asia.

Reality and Future of Unconventional and Renewable Energy Sources in International Energy Markets

The conventional energy sources represents a great deal of safety in meeting international energy needs, but with natural depletion of reserves and increasing consumption on an ongoing basis as world population grows and many variables change, doubts are being raised about the adequacy of these sources to meet the world's energy needs at the time In addition, the world has begun to pay attention to the phenomenon of climate change, which is caused by the polluting emissions of the environment resulting from the end use of conventional energy sources, as well as the concern for the pollution of the environment in general, and in light of the depletion of resources less Energy sources and their effects on the environment necessitated the search for other sources of energy for the purpose of ensuring the supply and continuity of supplies. Consequently, renewable sources of energy have emerged as inexhaustible and widely available sources on the planet, and the energy generated by them is clean energy. In the extraction of oil and natural gas from unconventional sources and in the light of their large proven and technically recoverable reserves, these sources have been exported with renewable sources in the international energy supply mixture to take an active role in the structure of the energy balance.

Risk Assessment of Port Congestion Risk during the COVID-19 Pandemic

With the COVID-19 outbreak hitting the world, the frequency and severity of port congestion caused by various factors are increasing, challenging the stability of international supply chains. Thus, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth study on congestion risks to reduce their adverse impacts on congestion. Although traditional criticality analysis techniques may be capable of ranking port congestion risk in common scenarios, new risk analysis methods are urgently required to tackle uncertainty along with the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper develops a methodology designed for the identification and prioritization of port congestion risk during the pandemic. First, a novel congestion risk assessment model is established by extending the risk prioritization index (RPI) suggested by failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA). Next, the combination of fuzzy Bayesian reasoning, AHP and the variation coefficient method is incorporated into the model in a complementary way to facilitate the treatment of uncertainty and quantitative analysis of the congestion under the different influence of risk factors in ports. Finally, the mode introduces a set of risk utility values for calculating the RPI for prioritization. A real case study and a sensitivity analysis were carried out to illustrate and validate the proposed model. The results proved that the applied method is feasible and functional. In the illustrative example, the top three risk factors are “Interruption of railways/barges services”, “Skilled labor shortage” and “Shortage of truck-drivers/drayage truck”. The findings obtained from this paper could provide useful insights for risk prevention and mitigation.

Shared and environmentally just responsibility for global biodiversity loss

Human land use is the main driver of terrestrial biodiversity loss. It has been argued that producers and consumers have a shared responsibility for biodiversity loss because this land use is directly and indirectly driven by the local and global demand for products. Such responsibility sharing would be an important step for global biodiversity cooperation and conservation. Here, we use a global multiregional input-output framework to estimate consumption-based biodiversity loss, integrating with both the physical Food and Agriculture Biomass Input-Output (FABIO) dataset and a global monetary input-output table (EXIOBASE). We use an environmental justice framework for assigning biodiversity loss responsibility between producers and consumers. In this framework, we employ the Human Development Index (HDI) as a proxy of the weighting parameter for both producers and consumers. An environmental justice perspective may provide a fairer distribution of responsibility in a world where different nations have very different capabilities and see varying benefits from international trade. Environmentally just accounting increases the footprint of the Global North compared to other common approaches for sharing responsibility across all producers and consumers along international supply chains. We describe how environmental justice may inform cooperation in biodiversity protection between stakeholders along global supply chains.