International Standard Specifications Research Articles

Condensed tannins from grape pomace: Characterization by FTIR and MALDI TOF and production of environment friendly wood adhesive

Condensed tannins were extracted from grape pomace using a water medium in presence of three different bases as catalyst (NaOH, Na2CO3 or NaHCO3) and were characterized by FT-IR and MALDI-TOF spectrometry. It was demonstrated that the tannin extracts contained oligomers up to 6 repeating flavonoid units, with dominant procyanidin with a minor amount of prodelphinidin units. The structure of grape pomace tannin extracted did not present noticeable discrepancy exception of the ratio of the opening pyran ring which was different as a function of the catalyst used. Two different formulations (nonfortified tannin adhesive and fortified with addition of 20% of polymeric 4,4′-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (pMDI)) were used to press one layer particle board. It has been proved that the extraction processes largely affect the adhesive properties of the extracts obtained from the same raw material. Especially the particleboards prepared from tannins extracted using Na2CO3 as catalyst and without pMDI, give a high internal bonding value (IB=0.45MPa), which was good enough to pass relevant international standard specifications for interior grade panels. Formaldehyde emission of these panels is very low, well under the European Norm requirements (≤6.5mg/100g panel).

BPAF2.0: 프로세스기반 소셜 네트워크 마이닝을 위한 비즈니스 프로세스 분석로그 포맷의 확장 표준

비즈니스 프로세스 및 워크플로우 기술의 국제표준화기구인 WfMCl)에서는 최근 비즈니스 프로세스 인텔리전스 마이닝 분야에 대한 산업체의 관심이 증가함에 따라 프로세스 실행이벤트로그 표준포맷인 비즈니스 프로세스 분석로그 포맷, BPAF2) 1.0을 공식적으로 발표한 바 있다. 즉, 비즈니스 프로세스 인텔리전스 마이닝 기술은 비즈니스 프로세스 모델의 실행이벤트로그로부터 제어흐름, 데이터흐름, 역할흐름, 수행자흐름 등의 흐름중심의 인텔리전스와 최근에 관심이 집중되는 프로세스기반 소셜네트워크, 소속성네트워크 등의 관계중심의 인텔리전스를 마이닝하는 일련의 알고리즘들과 분석기법들로 구성되는데 현재의 표준포맷인 BPAF 1.0은 비즈니스 프로세스의 제어흐름 인텔리전스 마이닝에 초점 맞추고 있어 최근에 관심이 집중되는 관계중심의 인텔리전스 마이닝을 지원할 수가 없다. 따라서, 본 표준화 논문에서는 제어흐름 인텔리전스 이외에 데이터흐름, 역할흐름, 수행자흐름의 흐름 중심 인텔리전스 뿐만 아니라 프로세스기반 소셜네트워크, 소속성 네트워크의 관계중심 인텔리전스의 마이닝을 지원할 수 있도록 기존의 BPAF 1.0 표준포맷을 확장한 BPAF 2.0 표준포맷을 제안한다. 특히, 본 논문에서 제안하는 BPAF 2.0은 한국정보통신기술협회 표준총회의 e 비즈니스 프로젝트 그룹을 통한 국내 표준안의 기반기술이 될 뿐 만 아니라 BPAF 1.0을 제정한 WfMC 국제표준화기구의 국제 표준안의 확장에 기여할 것이라고 판단한다. WfMC, which is one of the international standardization organizations leading the business process and workflow technologies, has been officially released the BPAF1.0 that is a standard format to record process instances' event logs according as the business process intelligence mining technologies have recently issued in the business process and workflow literature. The business process mining technologies consist of two groups of algorithms and their analysis techniques; one is to rediscover flow-oriented process-intelligence, such as control-flow, data-flow, role-flow, and actor-flow intelligence, from process instances' event logs, and the other has something to do with rediscovering relation-oriented process-intelligence like process-driven social networks and process-driven affiliation networks from the event logs. The current standardized format of BPAF1.0 aims at only supporting the control-flow oriented process-intelligence mining techniques, and so it is unable to properly support the relation-oriented process-intelligence mining techniques. Therefore, this paper tries to extend the BPAF1.0 so as to reasonably support the relation-oriented process-intelligence mining techniques, and the extended BPAF is termed BPAF2.0. Particularly, we have a plan to standardize the extended BPAF2.0 as not only the national standard specifications through the e-Business project group of TTA, but also the international standard specifications of WfMC.

The Design of Combined DCU (Data Concentration Unit) System with Power-Line Communication and DOCSIS Cable Modem for AMR (Auto Meter Reading)

The AMR (Auto Meter Reading) is needs to prepare separate IPs and communication lines for remote communication because DCU (Data Concentration Unit) and wideband modem are identical system required the resource to communication. It is the purpose of the literature to improve system stability and data reliability by means of integrating broadband cable communication part and PLC communication part within DCU. A PLC has some draw-backs in wideband communication because of absences of international standard specifications and the characteristic of power line. We integrated broadband cable modem and PLC modem in DCU. Therefore, the communication system is designed with unified board. PLC modem and broadband cable modem are designed to meet ISO/IEC12139-1 and international specified DOCSIS2.0 standard, respectively.

BioAPI v2.0 표준적합성 시험방법 개발 및 구축

Biometrics is one of promising future technologies within personal identification area, and its application stretches to other variety industry site. Therefore it is necessary to test whether these products are implemented in conformance withe the BioAPI international standard specification. This paper presents the specific construction and application examples of BioAPI v2.0 conformance test suite according to the method described in ISO/IEC 24709. The problems and experience that have been discovered in the construction are described. Three BSP products claiming conformance to BioAPI was tested by proposed the test methodology and tools.

Eutectic solvents for the removal of residual palm oil-based biodiesel catalyst

The production of biodiesel through transesterification requires numerous purification steps to remove the unreacted components and unwanted products for the biodiesel grade to satisfy the international standard specifications EN 14214 and ASTM D6751. The residual catalyst (KOH) is one of those impurities which must be removed at the end of alkali-catalyzed transesterification reaction. In this work, nine Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) based on choline chloride (ChCl) as well as another nine DESs based on methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (MTPB) salts with different compositions were synthesized and utilized as solvents for the removal of residual KOH content from palm oil-based biodiesel. The results revealed that the removal efficiency of KOH by all used DESs increased with increase in DES:biodiesel molar ratio and the mole fraction of hydrogen bond donors (HBD) in mixture of salt:HBD apart from 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide as HBD. The ChCl:glycerol DESs and MTPB:glycerol DESs proved their superiority in removing the KOH from palm oil-based biodiesel with an average removal efficiency of 98.59% and 97.57% respectively. These DESs fulfilled both international standards specification for KOH content at all DES:biodiesel molar ratios except for the 0.75:1 (DES1:biodiesel) ratio. The optimum molar ratio of DES to biodiesel for each DES was calculated and the decontamination factors for KOH removal at the optimum molar ratios for all tested DESs were determined. The reusability of these DESs for removing KOH from palm oil-based biodiesel was also investigated. Furthermore, it was found that the tested DESs were able to decrease the biodiesel water content to a value below that stated by the international standards.

Condensed tannins extraction from grape pomace: Characterization and utilization as wood adhesives for wood particleboard

The extraction of condensed tannins from grape pomace was examined using water medium in the presence of NaOH, Na 2CO 3, NaHCO 3 eventually in the presence of Na 2SO 3. The tannin fractions reactivity towards formaldehyde was studied by gel time analysis and thermomechanical analysis in bending and it was demonstrated that despite of their lower phenolic contents, some of these extracts displayed promising properties for adhesive applications. A resin formulation in which the total content of tannin is 75% of the total resin solids content gave good results and was employed for the elaboration of the first grape pomace based-wood particleboard which passed relevant international standard specifications for interior-grade panels.

Extraction, Characterization and Utilization of Organosolv Miscanthus Lignin for the Conception of Environmentally Friendly Mixed Tannin/Lignin Wood Resins

Lignin was extracted from Miscanthus × giganteus using two procedures: an aqueous-ethanol organosolv treatment and a two-step process involving a dilute acid pre-soaking step followed by an aqueous-ethanol organosolv treatment. The organosolv lignin was subjected to a comprehensive structural characterization by 13C and MALDI-TOF MS and used for the formulation of a green wood adhesive prepared with 100% natural resins. The best formulation was composed of 60% of mimosa tannin and 40% of glyoxalated lignin extracted using a 1-step organosolv treatment. This formulation, when applied to wooden test panels yielded good internal bond strength results, which was good enough to pass relevant international standard specifications for interior-grade panels.

Sintering, mechanical and refractory properties of MA spinel prepared via co-precipitation and sol–gel techniques

This work aims to study and improve the sintering, mechanical and refractory properties of magnesium aluminate spinel, magnesia–spinel and alumina–spinel refractory bodies through addition of chromia, zirconia or their mixtures. Magnesium nitrate and aluminum nitrate were used to prepare magnesium aluminate spinel (MA) via a co-precipitation technique while aluminum hydroxide and magnesium chloride were used to prepare magnesium aluminate spinel (MA) via sol–gel technique. Zirconia and chromia were used as additives to the prepared spinel samples. The sintering parameters, mechanical properties as well as refractory properties were tested according to the international standard specifications. Alumina–spinel compositions exhibited the best sintering and mechanical properties while magnesia–spinel ones exposed the best refractory behavior. Addition of chromia or zirconia accomplished a pronounced improvement in sintering, mechanical and refractory properties. However, the addition of a mixture of chromia/zirconia exhibited the best of such properties.

An Efficient Software Anti-Piracy Scheme

Software piracy is the major challenge to software providers, and most trade organizations today face problems with software piracy. As a result, there are several developed systems available in the market to deal with this problem. Unfortunately, the majority of these systems do not provide an appropriate solution and the problem has not been solved yet. After reviewing the nature of existing systems, the author found that these systems do not take in their consideration the international standard specifications to treat this problem. Therefore, it is difficult for these systems to prevent or stop piracy. Thus the purpose of this paper is to develop a new scheme carrying the characteristics of international standard specifications in order to be able to prevent piracy in any country by utilizing the Internet and Web services, by using one from the deterministic public key encryption scheme, namely ElGamal scheme, and by using zero knowledge proof of identity technique to grant the users access to a scheme correctly and also to use the international standard copy number, to ease many of these difficulties. Results are given from which the conclusion drawn is that developing a new scheme entitled “An Efficient Software Anti-Piracy Scheme” can help significantly in the work of trade organizations and software providers suffering from software piracy. Some recent patents are also discussed in this paper. Keywords: Static protection, dynamic protection, software piracy attacks, identification, authentication

Two-step supercritical dimethyl carbonate method for biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil

This study reports on a novel two-step process for biodiesel production consisting of hydrolysis of oils in sub-critical water and subsequent supercritical dimethyl carbonate esterification. This process found to occur optimally at the sub-critical water treatment (270 degrees Celsius/27 MPa) for 25 min followed by a subsequent supercritical dimethyl carbonate treatment (300 degrees Celsius/9 MPa) for 15 min to achieve a comparably high yield of fatty acid methyl esters, at more than 97 wt%. In addition, the fatty acid methyl esters being produced satisfied the international standard specifications for use as biodiesel fuel. This new process for biodiesel production offers milder reaction condition (lower temperature and lower pressure), non-acidic, non-catalytic and applicable to feedstock with high amount of free fatty acids such as crude Jatropha curcas oil.

Utilisation of South Libyan clay for preparation of mullite-alumina based refractory ceramics

This work aims to benefit from the wide spreaded clay in south Libya with some alumina (Al2O3) additions to prepare and characterise mullite-alumina containing refractory ceramics. The starting materials used in this investigation are local raw clay and chemical aluminium oxide (Al2O3). Based on a previous geological survey carried out by the industrial research centre (Tripoli), four different clay samples were selected from different locations of the south of Libya. Representative samples of the four selected clays were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis. The four clay samples were used separately together with aluminium oxide to prepare six different batches containing different proportions of alumina from 0 up to 60% with an increament of 10%. The mullite containing bodies were investigated through their mineralogical compositions using XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) attached with energy dispersive X-ray unit (EDX). The sintering, mechanical and refractory properties of the prepared mullite containing bodies were tested according to the international standard specifications. It is concluded that the densification, mechanical and refractory properties are improved as the alumina content increases on the expense of clay. Mixes containing 60% clay : 40% alumina and 50% clay : 50% alumina respectively, especially those prepared from Agar clay are characterised with good sintering, high mechanical and high refractory properties.

Utilization of aluminum sludge and aluminum slag (dross) for the manufacture of calcium aluminate cement

Four calcium aluminate cement mixes were manufactured from aluminum sludge as a source of calcium oxide and Al 2O 3 and aluminum slag (dross) as a source of aluminum oxide with some additions of pure alumina. The mixes were composed of 35–50% aluminum sludge, 37.50–48.75% aluminum slag (dross) and 12.50–16.25% aluminum oxide. The mixed were processed then sintered at different firing temperatures up to 1500 °C or 1550 °C. The mineralogical compositions of the fired mixes investigated using X-ray diffraction indicated that the fired mixes composed of variable contents of calcium aluminate (CA), calciumdialuminate (CA 2), calciumhexaaluminate (CA 6) in addition to some content of magnesium aluminate spinel (MA). Sintering parameters (bulk density, apparent porosity and linear change) and mechanical properties (cold crushing strength) of the fired briquettes were tested at different firing temperature. Refractoriness of the cement samples manufactured at the optimum firing temperature was detected. Cementing properties (water of consistency, setting time and compressive strength as a function of curing time up to 28 days of hydration) of pasted prepared from the manufactured cement mixes at the selected optimum firing temperatures (1400 °C or 1500 °C) were also tested. Cement mixes manufactured from 45 to 50% aluminum sludge, 37.50–41.25% aluminum slag (dross) with 12.50–13.75% alumina were selected as the optimum mixes for manufacturing calcium aluminate cement since they satisfy the requirements of the international standard specifications regarding cementing and refractory properties as a result of their content of CA (the main hydraulic phase in calcium aluminate cement) and CA 2(the less hydraulic but more refractory phase). Although the recognized high refractoriness of CA 6, its formation affect badly the cementing properties of the other non-optimum mixes.

Performance Testing of Twisted Pair Cables

This work introduces characteristics of twisted pair cables which play an important role in transferring data. In this paper, category 5 enhanced as a type of unshielded twisted pair cables was selected to verify all tests on it according to ISO/IEC 11801 as one of international standard specifications. Random samples were selected from cables market. All tests were done on these samples to make sure of using validity and complying with the international standard. After testing the selected samples, it is found that 4% are not satisfying the international standard specification while as 96% are satisfying the international standard specification.

Environmentally friendly mixed tannin/lignin wood resins

AbstractWe obtained lignin‐based wood adhesives satisfying the requirements of relevant international standards for the manufacture of wood particleboard. These were based on two different low‐molecular‐mass lignins. These lignin‐based wood adhesives did not use any formaldehyde in their formulation; formaldehyde was substituted with a nonvolatile nontoxic aldehyde, namely, glyoxal. The last formaldehyde present, contributed by a fortifying synthetic phenol–formaldehyde resin, was also eliminated by the substitution of the phenol–formaldehyde resin with a natural, vegetable polyflavonoid tannin extract to which no aldehyde was added. This substitution brought the total content of natural material up to 80 wt % of the total adhesive. The adhesives yielded good internal bond strength results of the panels, enough to pass relevant international standard specifications for interior‐grade panels. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Lignin‐based polycondensation resins for wood adhesives

AbstractLignin‐based wood adhesives are obtained that satisfy the requirements of relevant international standards for the manufacture of exterior‐grade wood particleboard. Formulations based on low molecular mass lignin and presenting an increase in the relative proportion of reactive points yield better results than the higher molecular mass lignin used in the past. These lignins allow a higher proportion of hydroxymethylation during preparation of methylolated lignins. These lignin‐based adhesives also yield acceptable results at particleboard pressing times that are sufficiently low to be of industrial significance. Lignin‐based wood adhesives, in which a nonvolatile nontoxic aldehyde (glyoxal) is substituted for formaldehyde in their preparation, are prepared and tested for application to wood panels such as particleboard. The adhesives yield good internal bond strength results for the panels, which are good enough to comfortably pass relevant international standard specifications for exterior‐grade panels. The adhesives also show sufficient reactivity to yield panels in press times comparable to that of formaldehyde‐based commercial adhesives. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1690–1699, 2007

Parameter measurement for the acoustic output of hand-held ultrasonic fetal heartbeat detectors

Methods and instruments are considered for measuring the parameters of the acoustic output from a Doppler ultrasonic detector for fetal heartbeat frequency as corresponding to the specifications of international and national standards.

Lignin-based wood panel adhesives without formaldehyde

Lignin-based wood adhesives prepared without formaldehyde substituted by non-volatile non-toxic aldehyde, namely glyoxal, were prepared and tested for application to wood panels such as particleboard. The adhesives yielded good IB strength results of the panels, enough to comfortably pass relevant international standard specifications for exterior-grade panels. The adhesives also showed sufficient reactivity to yield panels in press times comparable to those of formaldehyde-based commercial adhesives.

Sintering of magnesia refractories through the formation of periclase–forsterite–spinel phases

Effect of calcined kaolin additions on sinterability of dead-burned magnesia was studied through additions of Egyptian kaolin. Five batches containing powders of 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 and 60/40 magnesia/kaolin, respectively, were mixed, dried and fired up to 1550 °C for 4 h. Their physical (bulk density and apparent porosity), mechanical (cold crushing strength) as well as refractory (thermal shock resistance and refractoriness under load) properties were tested according to the International Standard Specifications. The phase compositions of the fired batches were investigated using X-ray diffraction as well as scanning electron microscope to illustrate the effect of the different developed phases on the above properties compared with the main magnesia source itself. Generally, samples containing 10–20 wt.% kaolin are characterized by their high sintering, mechanical and refractory properties, so they are recommended for use as a lining for different parts of steel furnaces as well as heating zone of cement rotary kilns. Samples containing 30–40 wt.% kaolin with lower refractory properties can be used in the heat exchangers or as kiln furniture in ceramic industries.

Refractory concrete based on barium aluminate–barium zirconate cements for steel-making industries

Five refractory cement mixes were prepared from different proportions of barite, zirconia and calcined alumina by sintering at 1500–1550 °C for 3 h. The obtained cements were composed of barium aluminate and barium zirconate minerals in addition to comparable proportions of di-barium silicate. Cement mix prepared from 70 wt.% barite, 10 wt.% zirconia and 20 wt.% alumina and containing comparable proportions of barium aluminate and barium zirconate minerals (≈38 and ≈29 wt.%, respectively) shows a comporomise between good cementing, sintering and refractory properties. Refractory concretes prepared from 20 wt.% of this cement and 80 wt.% of either bauxite or fused spinel aggregate are composed mainly of mullite, barium aluminate, barium zirconate and α-corundum in case of bauxite aggregate or magnesium aluminate spinel in addition to barium aluminate and barium zirconate in case of fused spinel aggregate. These assemblages of minerals exhibit compact and homogenous microstructure and results in outstanding technological properties that meet the requirements of international standard specifications, i.e., good volume stability (permanent linear change is only 0.62 and 0.28%, respectively) good mechanical properties (680 and 610 kg/cm 2), high spalling resistance (>30 cycles), high refractoriness (>1700 °C) as well as high load bearing capacity ( t a: 1560 and 1590 °C). The combination of these advantages in such refractory concretes makes them suitable for use in severe conditions at high temperature applications especially in steel-making industries.

Heat resistance and thermomechanical behaviour of ultralow and zero cement castables

Abstract Knowledge of relative heat resistance as well as thermo-mechanical behaviour of refractory castables is very important for their use as linings in high temperature furnaces and refining vessels in the metallurgical, cement, and petrochemical industries. The present work aims at studying these properties for different types of refractory castable. Two classes of castable were prepared, namely ultralow and zero cement, containing either high alumina cement or hydratable alumina as bonding agent. For each class, two different castable systems were prepared, one containing an alumina-silica mixture in its matrix and the other containing magnesia-alumina. In all castables studied, calcined alumina was used as aggregate. The prepared castable samples were subjected to firing temperatures up to 1500°C. Relative heat resistance, bending strength before and after thermal cycling, hot modulus of rupture, and creep deformation were measured according to international standard specifications. It was conclude...