International Stability Research Articles

Middle power South Korea’s disaster response contributions: A case of good international citizenship?

Middle powers tend to display their expertise in areas where they possess a significant advantage, and this results in the creation of new international norms, especially on non-security issues. Disaster response is one area of international relations where middle powers project their images as good international citizens. This article discusses how middle power South Korea has displayed good international citizenship through its various contributions to global disaster response, such as participation in search and rescue operations, management and coordination of relief operations, and funding for humanitarian emergencies. South Korea’s involvement in disaster response is a middle power behaviour that demonstrates good international citizenship by allocating resources for global public goods. South Korea has utilized disaster response as part of its public diplomacy to promote its identity as a middle power and in seeking recognition as a reliable contributor to international development and stability.

GOING BLUE FROM RED – CHINESE ENGAGEMENT IN THE UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS

This paper shall explore the reasons that triggered China to boost its security and economic influence within the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UNPKO) as a tool for embracing international challenges. By doing so, China is not just sharing the burden of providing international stability and achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals, but exerting its influence in the process. Analysing the proposed subject, it will be demonstrated that China faces numerous obstacles whilst trying to insert the “Chinese characteristics” within the geopolitical order, geo-economics distribution of wealth and international security architecture. Instead of being perceived as a responsible stakeholder, China`s ambitious initiatives can, additionally, stir the China Threat Theory in the international community. This paper shall be consisted of two parts. The first part will tackle China`s growing footprint within the UNPKO from the end of the Cold War onward. The second part will explore the reasons that triggered China to swift its role within the UNPKO. Both global and domestic reasons will be analysed too.

US POLICY TOWARDS NORTH KOREA THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE THEORY OF EXTENDED NUCLEAR DETERRENCE

The US policy towards North Korea is shaped by the nuclear non-proliferation policy and security guarantees provided to Japan and the Republic of Korea. These guarantees have a dual purpose. On the one hand, they are a tool to deter the DPRK from aggression against other countries in the region and, above all, US allies – Japan and South Korea. On the other hand, these guarantees are also an assurance of the latter's abandonment of the policy of acquiring a nuclear arsenal. The aim of the article is to analyze the foundations of Washington's policy towards Pyongyang and its influence on relations with allies through the prism of the theory of extended nuclear deterrence. It is stated that the effectiveness of deterrence consists of the conviction of the willingness to react with an adequate response. At the same time, the persuasiveness of extended deterrence is lower, as the protecting state must respond to threats from the ally that is to say outside its own national borders. There is controversy among scholars who reflect on the relevance of extended deterrence during the Cold War and in the modern security environment. It is noted that the emergence of new threats and an increasing number of conflicts, if any, change the nature of extended deterrence, but this does not diminish the importance of the "nuclear umbrella" of the United States for both the NPT and the security of the region. The author analyzes the reasons for the United States' security guarantees for South Korea and Japan. Particular attention is paid to the factor of North Korea's aggressive policy and its progress in the development of the nuclear missile program. With the reduction and withdrawal of US troops from Japan and South Korea, Pyongyang's destructive policies have exacerbated the American allies' sense of danger and provoked talks about developing their own nuclear programs. This scenario threatened the NPT regime and international stability, as well as US strategic interests in the region. Therefore, Washington is stepping up cooperation with its allies in the process of resolving the problem of North Korea's nuclear missile program and is officially reaffirming its unwavering security and defense commitments, which should restore trust between the parties and increase the role of extended deterrence in general.

THEORIES OF WORLD ORDER TRANSITION AND THE CURRENT PHASE OF WORLD POLITICS

The article is devoted to the analysis of the benefits and challenges of public-private partnerships in the sphere of сybersecurity. Information technologies play a dominant role in the development of modern society. However, rapid progress in this area is closely linked to the emergence of more sophisticated, innovative threats. The information security system, which has developed within the framework of the modern world order, is one of the "pillars" of international stability. Therefore, it became necessary to distinguish cybersecurity as an important component of public life. The state has a particularly important role to play in the information and cybersecurity system, as it can take a number of organizational and technical measures to protect its information space. The article emphasizes that it is possible to reach significant success only by involving the private sector. There are many examples and confirmations of it in the world. Public-private partnership is one of the potential forms of effective cooperation between the representatives of public and private sectors. The overall goal of participating in PPPs, both private and public, is to increase cybersecurity. There is an obvious need to combine the capabilities, potential, experience, technical support, and funding of the public and private sectors to combat cyber threats. Each country is trying to find its own way in building a PPP, but such a partnership has already become a new effective mechanism to meet the challenges and threats in today's information society. The article explores the examples of public-private partnerships in the sphere of сybersecurity in the EU.

US WITHDRAWAL FROM THE OPEN SKIES TREATY: CONSEQUENCES FOR INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND STABILITY

The arms control regime consists of several documents, and the United States of America and the Russian Federation as the State-Parties ensured the implementation and effectiveness of them mostly. However, the growing conflict between these States due to Russia's numerous violations of international law and obligations under international agreements has also harmed arms control. The withdrawal of both states from strategically important documents, which were tools for maintaining transparency and mutual control, is a result of the decline in trust and the lack of a constructive dialogue between Washington and Moscow. The Open Skies Treaty is one of these documents. The article examines the United States' reasons for the withdrawal from the Treaty and reveals the consequences of such a decision by the administration of President Trump. It is noted that the agreement, the idea of ​​which belonged to the United States, was signed immediately after the end of the Cold War and was to help build trust and openness in the new environment. It is noted that the Treaty ensures international stability through the ability of each party to openly collect information on the armed forces, activities, and operations of another party through coordinated flights of reconnaissance aircraft over the territory of the member states. However, problems are gradually accumulating due to Russia's actions to restrict flight zones in violation of the provisions of the Open Sky Treaty, which has become especially acute since 2014. That made the United States think about the meaning of participating in an agreement where one of the parties violates its provisions. The authors outline the consequences of the U.S. decision to leave the agreement; in particular, the focus is on the reactions of the U.S. European partners and Ukraine. They also examined applications and countermeasures by Russia that has also announced its withdrawal from the agreement. Reflecting on the prospects for international security and arms control, the preconditions for the potential return of the United States and Russia to the Open Sky Treaty are outlined.

ПІДГОТОВКА МАЙБУТНІХ УЧИТЕЛІВ ПОЧАТКОВОЇ ШКОЛИ ДО ВИХОВАННЯ ТОЛЕРАНТНОСТІ В МОЛОДШИХ ШКОЛЯРІВ

The problem of tolerance for Ukrainian society is primarily related to the need to overcome internal disunity, including political, social, religious, as intolerance is one of the biggest global problems in the modern world. There is interest in the phenomenon of tolerance, which is seen as one of the possible ways to overcome social tensions. Among the priority areas of reforming the educational process there are the implementation of the principles of universal morality, the formation of awareness of the relationship between freedom, human rights and civic responsibility, interpersonal skills and preparing the younger generation for life in a multicultural space. Education of tolerance provides an opportunity to learn about the culture of different peoples, thus creating the preconditions for mutual understanding and respect, a position of cooperation, which is the key to social and international stability. The basis of modern educational space should be the pedagogy of tolerance, which involves changing the system of human relations, building them on mutual respect. The article clarifies that tolerance is determined by the guidelines, habits, worldview formed in the individual; subject to purposeful education and self-education. The readiness of the future teacher to form tolerance in primary school students is interpreted as an integrative personal and professional quality that accumulates knowledge about the essence and content aspects of tolerance, emotions, values, needs, motives aimed at achieving mutual understanding, experience in applying knowledge and skills in behavior. cooperation, ability to dialogue with others. The study of tolerance education in primary school children showed that a significant role in this process is played by factors that directly affect this process: the psychological characteristics of primary school children, the specifics of the organization of the educational process in primary school. 

North Korean Cyber Attacks and Policy Responses: An Interdisciplinary Theoretical Framework

Study conducts a qualitative analysis of the objectives, forms, current trends, and characteristics of North Korean cyber terror attacks and suggests a way to ensure further progress towards a successful international policy response. Despite the capricious changes that have recently occurred within the international political atmosphere, North Korea continues to constitute a threat to international stability through its ongoing advancement of nuclear weapons and long-range ballistic missiles. The difficulty of attribution and the relatively low costs associated with launching cyber offensives make cyber terrorism an attractive option for North Korea. In an effort to direct attention to these circumstances, this study aims to share explicit experts’ perspectives in the field of cyberterrorism in South Korea. Consequently, the study purports to contribute to existing academic discussion and practices on cyber terror and cybercrime. Furthermore, this study adopts perspectives from criminological theoretical frameworks and the network theory of world politics to substantiate a more comprehensive view of North Korea’s cyberterrorism which considers the multifaceted and asymmetrical nature of cyberterrorism within the context of postmodern international politicsfections.

State support for food security: a kazakhstan case study

The article presents a study of assessing the effectiveness of individual instruments of state support to ensure food security in Kazakhstan, based on the indicators of the implementation of state programs. Information is provided on the implementation of strategic goals and the achievement of target indicators in conjunction with budgetary funds for the formation of this article.Purpose of the study. Based on the information provided on the implementation of strategic goals and the achievement of target indicators in conjunction with budgetary funds, it is necessary to analyze statistical data on the implementation of state programs related to ensuring the country's food security.Research methodology. The work uses a systematic approach to data selection, methods of quantitative and qualitative research of reality, methods of economic, statistical and comparative analysis as a methodological tool for solving problems.The analytical part of the work is based on offi cial statistics on agriculture published on the website of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Originality of research. The problem of food security of the country is a key priority in the strategy of economic policy of each country, and its effectiveness depends on the social, political and international stability of society. The article provides an overview of the effectiveness of the implementation of state programs aimed at ensuring food security, on the basis of which a set of measures is proposed to improve state regulation of food security.Research results. The authors described the achievement of target indicators in relation to budgetary funds and the study of the role of state regulation of food security in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Ukraine was Born Free and is Everywhere in Chains: Zakon bozhyi and Enlightenment

ABSTRACT This article examines the intellectual foundations of the Zakon bozhyi, an allegorical poem produced by the Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius in the mid-nineteenth century. The work is most often understood as a product of Romanticism. This article argues that it is rather a product of synergistic Enlightenment and Romantic thought. It focuses on the depiction of religion in the Zakon and demonstrates that depiction’s origin in the Enlightenment. The article argues that work demonstrates a societal view of religion. Further, it demonstrates that the ecumenical stance of the Zakon is founded in the necessity for national and international stability, rather than in personal conviction. It emphasizes the importance of culturally specific forms of the Enlightenment, and shows how the Zakon is a product of a particularly East Slavic presentation of the movement.

Britain and African Nationalist Leaders: The Response to Arms Deals with South Africa, 1968-1972

ABSTRACT In the Cold War, South Africa saw itself an important stronghold of the West, being also Britain’s fourth largest export market. Edward Heath’s Conservative government assumed that Pretoria would participate in the region’s defence, thus resumption of arms supplies for external defence was necessary, while African countries could not ignore their economic dependence on the White regime. On the other hand, Black Africa perceived South Africa as a danger to international stability. Kenneth Kaunda, Zambia’s president, warned that Western Powers' failure to ‘assist the oppressed’ was forcing nationalists into the communist bloc, while Julius Nyerere of Tanzania wrote that outside forces were oppressing Africans. The freedom struggle had become part of the global ideological conflict. For Britain, it remained part of Cold War issues and balance of payments questions; for Africans, it was something non-negotiable. Nonetheless, Western regional security favoured a flourishing arms market from which no one wanted exclusion.

Approaching the national security of the Republic of Moldova from the perspective of foreign and defense policy

The European Union is a stabilizing factor, important for the national security system that is why the Republic of Moldova is working to advance the European integration process. Accession to the European Union will strengthen the country’s security, with the Republic of Moldova becoming a beneficiary and a source of stability and security. In this regard a special place in the security context is also Moldova’s participation in global, regional and subregional efforts to promote international stability and security through cooperation within the UN, the OSCE, as well as NATO. The defense is a fundamental and distinct area of national security, which is in a relationship of interdependence with the processes of state development. Since the proclamation of independence, the Republic of Moldova has undergone a comprehensive process of strengthening the institutional capacities of the national defense system, a process that continues so far. Generalizing, this scientific research is intended to identify, strengthen and combine the efforts of institutions with their powers in the implementation of security and defense policies, as well as to effectively coordinate their actions.

Revisiting the Arms Race Richardson's Model

Richardson's model is classical in the field of International Relations, which describes arms race between two actors, by means of system of ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients of the respective military budgets. In this paper, we extend Richardson's model to comprise an arbitrary number of actors to investigate whether there are sca le properties that arise when multiple actors are considered, firstly by treating the special case when the actors are undifferentiated, then the case of differentiated actors. We report that, as the number of actors increases, there is no guarantee that individual budgets will not tend to increase limitlessly, which is a theoretical result not present in the original model and presents new possibilitie s of thinking about the boundaries of international system stability.

Глобальные изменения климата как угроза национальной безопасности: американская и российская политические практики

Introduction. The article gives an overview of American and Russian approaches to global climate change (GCC) in the context of the national security policy. The purpose of the study is to improve the national security policy in the context of GCC using international and Russian experience. The authors make proposals for refining Russian approaches to the problem including adjustments to the Russian Federation National Security Strategy, development of a number of other strategic planning documents and new initiatives to tackle threats related to GCC on a broad multilateral basis. Methods and methodology. The system analysis methods used in the research enable to reveal general trends in the evolvement of the GCC phenomenon and to predict its growing influence on governments and civil societies. The synthesis methods help to draw general conclusions that are common for the national security policies of all nations, to reveal the complex and interdisciplinary nature of GCC and to propose improvements in the government policies in this area. Analysis. The analysis of American official documents and scientific publications shows the evolution of approaches in assessing the GCC in relation to national security policies, whereas the GCC has been regarded as a threat to U.S. and international security and stability. The authors criticize unilateralism of American official approaches to threats posed by GCC as well as the ineffectiveness of collective attempts to counter these threats. Results. The study concludes that the GCC poses a common threat to humanity and requires collective concerted actions. It is therefore proposed that the long-term national interests be adjusted adding to their list the task of preserving the nature and environment, to clarify the strategic goal-setting in this critical area and to develop a forward-looking model for cooperation between the government, civil society and wildlife.

Foulweather Friends: Violence and Third Party Support in Self-Determination Conflicts

This paper investigates how violence in self-determination conflicts influences bilateral foreign policy. I argue that a general preference for international stability causes third parties to support self-determination groups when violence reaches high levels, when they gain territorial control, and when major powers officially recognize. In these conditions, third parties perceive a stable new status quo to be nigh: unrecognized statehood. Ongoing instability encourages foreign policy that encourages the development of the de facto state, even when third parties have no intention of recognizing them as states. Importantly, I also show that targeting civilians erodes third-party support of the perpetrating side. I demonstrate these relationships using a latent variable model of international sovereignty of aspiring states, built on bilateral military, diplomatic, and economic exchange data. My model and tests provide new insight into how aspiring state actors become increasingly eligible for recognition through the tacit support of third-party states.

“Shadow of Empires”: Ways and Means of Stability in Central and Eastern Europe Viewed by the British Diplomats and Political Leaders in the 1920s

Using the evidence from the National Archives of Great Britain and published diplomatic documents, this article analyses the role, which the “shadow of empires” played in the British diplomatic estimates of the 1920s regarding the international stability in Central and Eastern Europe. This “shadow” is interpreted as the influence caused by the idea that the past images and realities of the international relations in Central and Eastern Europe before 1914, dominated by empires, could re-emerge. The author defined three main manifestations of this pattern. First, the fears that Germany and Russia would drift towards each other at the expense of Poland, and the feeling of risks, which emanated from the eventual growth of the Russian influence in the Balkans. Second, the British desire to reestablish the common economic space of the former Austro-Hungary in Danubian Europe. Finally, the criticism of nationalism of created/re-created states and the attempts to group them in confederations or blocs, which was rather widespread in the Foreign Office circles. The author concludes that the “shadow of empires” played a significant role in the British estimates of the post-war stability in Central and Eastern Europe though its influence and nature remained controversial. It was characterised, on the one hand, by the pragmatism and the desire to defend the British strategic and economic interests, but on the other, by the stereotypes and biased conceptions.

Space Science & Technology in the Arctic: Promises of Cooperation and Development amid New Security Challenges

Abstract Space science and technology (S & T) holds great potential for international scientific cooperation in the Arctic, especially concerning climate change. Space-based earth observation, navigation/positioning and communication is of great value to Arctic local and indigenous communities. Space-based S & T is also a prerequisite for development of Arctic shipping and natural resources. At the same time, space S & T in the Arctic holds dynamics, which may undermine Arctic and international stability and security. The Arctic houses key infrastructure for nuclear strategic stability, weapon systems, early warning, and ballistic missile defense. Arctic high latitudes provide significant advantages to space S & T with the potential for dual use. Space, which now underpins all societies, may become militarized. Strategic stability safeguards humanity. During the Cold War, there was an effective decision-making process mediated by game theory and modelling. However, new technologies, a far more complex multi-player, multi-nation environment and new space S & T reduce the effectiveness of traditional approaches. This research proposes to address the current intellectual vacuum by creating a clearer understanding of the parameters, players, technologies, and their interactions and develop a new and robust theoretical basis that will contribute in the longer term towards appropriate and balanced Arctic governance for achieving strategic stability and space security. This research will test the hypothesis that Arctic space S & T destabilizes strategic stability and space security. New theory, empirical overview, and modelling will provide a new intellectual basis for governance of Arctic space S & T for strategic stability and space security in the new era.

The Permanent Court of Justice and the German minority in Poland (1923–1934)

This study examines decisions of the Permanent Court of International Justice and their impact on the German-Polish dispute. It considers how international jurisdiction approached the question of minority protection and how the efficiency of this experiment in international justice was extremely influenced by political motives and contrasting political visions. The fragile balance between legal and political aspects was evident, and despite the efforts of the Court, political interests prevailed. It will be argued that the problems of the minority system and the German-Polish controversies proved that the international institutions could only provide the states with a support in settling their disputes: international stability could only be guaranteed by sincere mutual cooperation among the members of a community of states.

Contribution of External intelligent Service to the Great Victory and Maintainence of international Stability on Eve XX-XXI cc.

Contribution of External intelligent Service to the Great Victory and Maintainence of international Stability on Eve XX-XXI cc.

РАЗВИТИЕ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ КОММУНИКАЦИЙ В ЦЕЛЯХ УКРЕПЛЕНИЯ КОЛЛЕКТИВНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ОДКБ

The article is devoted to the use of the potential of international political communi-cations in the process of strengthening the collective security of the Collective Se-curity Treaty Organization at the beginning of the XXI century. It is proved that in the course of the growth of military-political expansionism in the near abroad of Russia, the use of political communication technologies in the form of "soft power" and "public diplomacy"is being revised. There is a transition to imperative forms of international political communication, which creates challenges and threats to Russian interests in the information and communication and humanitarian spheres. Russia needs to reorient its political communication system to actively educate the civil communities and governments of the CIS countries about the role of the CSTO as a guarantor of international stability in the post-Soviet space.

Methods and Approaches of Artificial Intelligence in Taxation Area in the Context of the Ethical System of Post-non-classical Scientific Rationality

This paper discusses the problems of ethical systems in the context of the post-non-classical paradigm of scientific rationality and the development of artificial intelligence technologies in the taxation area. A brief analysis of modern methods and approaches of artificial intelligence in the taxation area is carried out, the need to include ethical contexts and principles in the processes of designing and developing these technologies to ensure international stability and security is justified. The basic approaches of the post-nonclassical ethical system for the formation of harmonious environments of interdisciplinary research are proposed. Ethical imperatives for the development of AI in the taxation area are formulated, the methodological framework of the problems of moral values of technological processes is outlined.