International Sphere Research Articles

TRANSPOSITION IN THE UKRAINIAN-LANGUAGE REPRODUCTION OF ENGLISH TEXTS (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW DOCUMENTS

The article is devoted to consideration of the issue of transposition in the Ukrainian-language reproduction of texts in the international legal sphere. The research is conducted in two stages. During the first stage, the importance of translating international legal documents into Ukrainian is defined. The main requirement for the translation of texts in the international legal sphere is also defined, namely: to accurately convey the content of legal documents in the target language. It is found that the translation of international legal documents is an integral component of the development and improvement of the Ukrainian terminological system in the international legal sphere. It is established that Ukrainian linguists deeply study the English-language terminology of the legal sphere because of the development of the legal system in English-speaking countries. Definitions of the concepts “international law” and “international legal documents” and their categories and types are also characterized. It is clarified that international legal documents have legal force, therefore the definition of the concept of “legal documents” and their features are also defined: the definitions of legal terms are not always fixed in lexicographic sources, for the terms of the legal sphere, the division into inter-branch and intra-branch terms is unacceptable, legal terms can be used not only in a professional context, but also in everyday communication. During the second stage, the concepts of affixation and conversion are analyzed. The main components of affixation are also found out. Additionally, the definition of the concept of “transposition”, its levels (complete or morphological and incomplete or syntactic), as well as its classification, are presented. It is also found that transposition has three components: the transposed, the transpositor, and the transpose. 10 types of transposition are presented: substantivation, verbalization, adjectivization, pronominalization, prepositionalization, numeralization, adverbialization, conjunctionalization, particulation, and internalization. 10 sentences of the English-language text from the European Convention on Human Rights and their Ukrainian translation are analyzed and classified according to 7 types of transposition: substantivation, verbalization, adjectiveization, pronominalization, prepositionalization, adverbialization, and particulation. During the analysis of examples of translation by means of numeralization, conjunctionalization and internalization in the texts of the European Convention on Human Rights, no examples are found. The research material is the European Convention on Human Rights [7], [8] and the scientific work of E. Koval, 2020 [9].

Non-discrimination of immigrants in Spain: contributions of new Spanish legislation on equal treatment and non-discrimination to the European and international sphere

The purpose of this paper is to carry out an analysis of Law 15/2022, of 12 July, on equal treatment and non-discrimination, approved in Spain in 2022, especially with regard to those of its precepts that affect migrants, and the contributions that this Spanish law can make to international and European legislation. In this sense, a comparison is made with the current Organic Law 4/2002, of 11 January, on the rights and freedoms of foreigners in Spain and their social integration, which also recognises anti-discrimination rights for migrants. In any case, the basic field of study in the application of the anti-discrimination principle for foreigners who are third-country nationals is the labour market. It is precisely in the field of employment that this paper makes proposals for a more effective application of the principle of anti-discrimination to foreigners.Received: 31 May 2023 Accepted: 03 August 2023

Analysis of International Relations Theory Toward the Prospective Foreign Policy in the Vision and Mission of Indonesian Presidential Candidates 2024

<p>As the national election in Indonesia is drawing close, the political competition done by each of presidential and vice-presidential candidates is getting massive. The year 2023 becomes pivotal for the candidates to show case their potential and attention to the significant issues. In the same year, a lot has happened in the international sphere that influences Indonesian local politics. This article will seek to analyze the political communication used by Indonesian presidential and vice-presidential candidates in their campaign in responding global issues. The research approach used in this research is qualitative approach using comparative analysis techniques. The type of research is library research, in which datum will be collected from vision and mission of presidential candidates. The result shown that all Indonesian presidential candidates have made some agendas pertaining eco-global, cooperation and competition in the international realm.</p>

Civil Liability of Arbitrators in Virtual Arbitration in Cyberspace

Arbitration is one of the most common methods of peaceful dispute resolution in domestic and international disputes out of state courts. Today, the issue of international commercial arbitration has become more important among businessmen due to the speed of processing, and saving the costs imposed on the parties to resolve disputes, and therefore, the access of global communities to new communication technologies has caused the issue of arbitration to be brought up and become relevant in the virtual global space. Therefore, the arbitrator accepts duties according to the arbitration agreement concluded between the parties, which in case of non-fulfillment of the aforementioned contractual obligations and duties, and as a result, causing both material and moral damage, and establishing the relationship of causation, will result in his civil liability. In general, the legal system of common law has accepted the principle of immunity (exemption) from liability for international arbitrators, and the principle of civil liability of arbitrators has been accepted in the legal systems of written law and the arbitration system of Iran. Now, the question that arises in my mind is, what effects and rulings does the civil liability of the arbitrator in virtual arbitrations bring? In response, it should be said that due to the lack of approval of independent, clear, comprehensive, and consistent laws and regulations regarding the civil liability of the arbitrator in the virtual arbitration in cyberspace in the domestic and international spheres, and that virtual arbitration has the same effects as traditional arbitration in terms of substance and they are distinguished from each other only in formal issues and formalities governing the proceedings, it seems that the issue of civil liability of the arbitrator in traditional and virtual arbitrations in terms of effects and rulings do not differ much from each other.

Chinas Accession to the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement: Assessing International and Domestic Prospects

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected the real economy. In contrast, the era of the digital economy has come. The global digital economy and trade are booming and in the ascendant. In order to respond to the needs of the times, China formally applied to join the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA) in 2021. China should strongly advocate joining DEPA because it will help China gain more international discourse power and establish a tripartite pattern of international digital economic and trade rules. At the same time, it can also bring economic and international trade opportunities for the digital transformation of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Nonetheless, China faces a potential challenge in its journey toward DEPA endorsement due to its unique digital regulation framework, which could pose obstacles when bridging its national digital ecosystem with the international digital sphere. This article introduces the background of the current era of digital economy and trade and expounds on the reasons why China should join the DEPA from the perspectives of establishing a strong international digital economy and trade rules and facilitating the digital transformation of Chinese SMEs and analyzes the difficulties and solutions of joining the agreement at the current stage.

Bridging the Gaps Between Human Rights and Climate Governance at the International and Regional Judicial Spheres

Climate litigation underscores the critical role of judicial systems in addressing the legal complexities that emanate from global climate governance. The lead-up to and the aftermath of the Paris Agreement saw the emergence of climate litigation with claims encompassing a human rights dominance. Climate litigation serves as a critical tool that not only exposes the deficiencies within the existing international climate change regime, but also sheds light on the pressing human rights issues arising from the widespread effects of climate change. This article examines the value and effectiveness of climate litigation in enhancing the connection between climate change impacts and the protection of human rights. This article emphasises the role of the international and regional judicial bodies in orchestrating the gaps and overlaps in the human rights and climate change regimes.

Factors that influence clinical trial participation for oncology patients in Australia: A scoping review.

111 Background: Equity in clinical trials is a key priority for the health ecosystem and research community. Although participating in clinical trials has well documented benefits, enrolment rates remain a global challenge. Despite a modest population, Australia is competitive in the international clinical trial sphere, contributing 5% of industry-sponsored clinical trial activity globally. However, the factors that impact participation remains unknown in Australia. Our scoping review aims to assess factors that influence clinical trial participation by oncology patients in Australia. Methods: This scoping review was conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and followed the PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines. Searches were undertaken of four electronic databases and grey literature platforms. Two independent reviewers screened articles based on abstract and title followed by full text using pre-defined inclusion criteria. Data was extracted from the included articles by two reviewers independently, utilising a preformed data extraction tool. Characteristics of included articles were summarized using descriptive statistics. Extracted data underwent qualitative analysis. Results: Of 1010 identified references, 649 underwent title and abstract screening. Forty-six articles were reviewed in full text and 36 articles were included in the final analysis. The number of studies significantly increased over time which reflects the growing interest in this field. Cross-sectional surveys of patients and or health care professionals (HCP) were the most popular study design. Four key themes were derived: (1) Factors relating to patients, (2) factors relating to health care professionals, (3) factors relating to clinical trials, and (4) factors relating to health services. While self-reported patient willingness was consistent across various sociodemographic backgrounds, this contrasted with studies reporting lower participation rates in minority groups. HCP were keen to be involved in clinical trials, but limited support in resources appeared to a barrier. Contrasting with international literature, finances were uncommonly reported as a barrier to participation. Furthermore, international literature highlights trial availability and study eligibility criteria as major barriers to participation, this has not been explored in the Australian context. Conclusions: Addressing disparities in cancer clinical trials requires foundational knowledge of the factors that influence cancer clinical trial participation. Along with the developing body of the international literature, this scoping review provides a unique perspective through the Australian lens. Together, we can use this understanding to tailor our strategies and only then, can we improve equity, diversity, and inclusion in cancer clinical trials.

Social Changes that Occurred on the European Continent Due to the War in Ukraine

The objective of this research is to examine the social changes in European countries resulting from the Russian war against Ukraine and to understand their implications for the future functioning of social institutions. The research is grounded in the theoretical framework that recognizes the significant impact of the war in Ukraine on various aspects of European societies, including emotional state, daily life, public opinion, interpersonal relationships, socio-economic status, employment, and public activity. The study aims to identify and analyze the main trends of social changes in European countries in response to the war. The research utilizes the analytic-bibliographic method to review relevant scientific literature on social changes in European countries over the past year. Additionally, it employs various analytical methods such as induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis of information, systemic-structural, comparative, logical-linguistic methods, as well as abstraction and idealization for data study and processing. An online survey conducted by the researchers was used to gather practical insights on key questions related to changes in the social status quo in Europe due to the resolution of the war in Ukraine. The research findings highlight the most important theoretical aspects of societal development trends in European countries affected by the war in Ukraine. It also investigates the perspectives of scientists and sociologists studying the international social sphere regarding critical aspects of this issue. The conclusion drawn from the research provides a comprehensive understanding of the social changes that have occurred in European countries as a result of the war in Ukraine. This research contributes to the broader understanding of the far-reaching impacts of the Russian war against Ukraine on European societies. The implications of this research can guide post-war European society research and aid in planning transformative changes to address the societal shifts brought about by the conflict.

Utilizing binary coding to determine the impact of prior relations on free trade agreement benefits with China

This study aims to uncover the impact of prior relationships (e.g., economic, militaristic) with other countries on China’s approach toward various free trade agreements (FTAs) and their efficacy. While previous literature has examined the efficiency of certain trade agreements on their own or comparatively, they fail to address the effect of prior strained, neutral, or positive relationships on their outcome. Through the linkage of countries’ prior relations and the efficacy of current existing trade agreements with binary coding, this study identifies the degree to which China values their international partners and enemies (specifically Peru, Costa Rica, Switzerland, Iceland, Australia, and Korea), and whether they purposefully take advantage of non-allied countries in FTAs. In examining GDP growth, political stability, mutual benefit before and after establishing FTAs from the 2010-2015 timeframe, and other indicators, this article determines the efficiency of these FTAs as well and draws parallels to China’s prior and current relations with these countries. The results positively correlate levels of past relations with China and partner countries’ benefit and may provide valuable insight into current FTAs in the making, such as the China-Norway FTA and China-Japan-Korea FTA. As China grows stronger, more research must be conducted into its FTA practices to ensure fairness in the international sphere.

Climate-Induced Migration a New Normal? A Systematic Research Analysis of the Climate-induced Migration Crisis in Bangladesh

Today, the contemporary world is witnessing a growing number of individuals facing displacement due to the escalating frequency and intensity of extreme climate events. Devastating disasters such as floods, tornadoes, typhoons, storms, tsunamis, heatwaves, and droughts are causing the displacement of thousands, if not millions, of people globally. As temperatures continue to rise, these extreme events are expected to worsen, leading to rising sea levels, increased droughts, and further displacement of vulnerable populations especially in developing countries. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Center (IDMC) highlights a concerning trend, revealing a steady increase in the number of climate refugees forced to leave their homes since 2008. The estimated figure of 318 million people worldwide displaced due to climate change between 2008 and 2021 underscores the urgency of addressing this issue. Regrettably, efforts to address this significant and persistent challenge have been largely limited in both national and international spheres. Climate migrants have often been inadequately protected and their plight insufficiently acknowledged. Additionally, a disconcerting absence of a clear legal classification exists for climate migrants, with the 1951 Refugee Convention failing to encompass their specific circumstances. This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the climate-induced refugee crisis, with a particular focus on Bangladesh as a case study. By shedding light on the effects of climate change on individuals and society at large, the aim is to draw global attention to the increasingly unacknowledged challenge of climate refugees. Employing a blend of community risk assessment tools, this study adopts an engaged scholarship research paradigm to investigate awareness, vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience-building concerning climate change impacts. The findings of this research underscore the persistence and exacerbation of the climate refugee crisis. Consequently, the paper asserts that it is incumbent upon governments and policymakers worldwide to urgently develop effective policy mechanisms that ensure the protection of global citizens affected by climate change and the recognition of climate refugee status within the UN system. Such mechanisms should facilitate the accommodation and provision of necessary care for climate refugees both within their home countries and abroad. Addressing this pressing issue requires immediate attention and concerted international efforts to safeguard the rights and well-being of those affected by climate-induced displacement.

INTERNATIONALIZATION AS AN IMPACTFUL MEANS OF QUALITY UPGRADING OF HIGHER LEGAL EDUCATION

The compelling reason for the research is to justify the importance of internationalization for the quality improvement of higher legal education and to reveal a set of necessary measures as well. The question of internationalization of higher legal education as means for optimization is of great applicability for the universities of both Russian Federation and Republic of Qazaqstan aspiring for enhancing of their competitive capacity in the frameworks of international educational sphere. Complex goals and tasks required an interdisciplinary approach based on composition of gnoseology and synergy that facilitated fundamental analysis of the essence of internationalization and integration of legal education into international contemporary processes and allowed to combine legal and pedagogical methods in order to define the optimal internationalization strategy for quality enhancement of legal education. The article determines focus areas for internationalization of education on both state and university levels, indicates functions of the internationalization of legal education and establishes the cause-effect relation between the process of internationalization of legal education and successful politics of quality enhancement of higher education.

Análisis de política exterior en un contexto cambiante: Una aproximación

The foreign policy constitutes a particular field of study, attracting the attention of academics and research centers due to its intermestic nature (formulated in the internal or domestic sphere and implemented in the international or external sphere) and because it results from the contributions of International Relations, Political Science and Public Administration. Thus, it constitutes a bridge discipline of International Relations. In addition, its definition and characterization are complex since depend on how the State that formulates and implements it perceives itself; but also, because it relies on the type of State actor in question. A great power is not the same as a small State; necessary to highlight more than three-quarters of the countries in the international system are small agents. For this reason, since the mid-twentieth century, the interest of international analysts has focused on this field. In the same way, the analysis of foreign policy, as a research space, has shown an important evolution, requiring novel approaches and methodologies. On the other hand, the changes in the international system, particularly the end of the Cold War and the attacks of the so-called 9-11, introduced variants in the approach to this issue. However, it was with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and the war in Ukraine that reality has become more complex and demands new perspectives for analyzing foreign policy, especially of great powers and small states. Then, this article reviews the main texts on foreign policy, from the mid-last century and up to what was published this year (2023). The intention is to offer a sort of state-ofthe-art, for those who are interested in dabbling in the analysis of foreign policy and identifying the main ideas and approaches for subsequent research work

ПОЛІЛОГ У СИСТЕМІ ФОРМУВАННЯ КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ ФАХІВЦІВ ПОЧАТКОВОЇ ОСВІТИ

The social demand of the Ukrainian society at the present stage is determined that the specialist in the education field should be prepared for the effective performance of their professional functions and full participation in all spheres of life of a multicultural society, which involves the study of the problem on the development of the polylogical communication ability of future teachers. This skill is a necessary reason for successful socialization, full involvement in future professional activities, including the contacts in the international professional spheres. The publication enlightens the importance of polylogue implementation as a form of speech activity (native and foreign), which combines the components of dialogic and monologic speeches during the educational process organization in the higher educational establishment, necessary for the moulding general and professional competencies of the future primary school teacher, respectively to the requirements of legal acts: the Law of Ukraine "On Education", the professional standard for the professions "Teacher of primary classes of a general secondary education institution", "Teacher of primary education (with a diploma of a junior specialist)", State Standard of Primary Education. The work focuses on the usage of the polylogue in the process of implementing the communicative-activity approach in the system of training specialists in primary education field by means of interactive teaching methods, in particular, the debate game, discussion and the project method. The authors substantiate the didactic potential of the polylogue as a synthetic form of speech activities, regarding the achieving the main goal of future teachers’ language learning (native and foreign), which involves effective communication in oral and written language forms, the use of language for the purpose of intercultural communication in the dialogue of cultures and civilizations of the modern world. It has been proven on the basis of the analysis and generalization of the experience of teachers of verbal disciplines in the Municipal Higher Educational Institution “Lutsk Pedagogical College”, in regard to the use of interactive educational technologies, the effectiveness of the project method, educational debate game, in the system of forming general and professional pedagogical competences, primarily native and foreign language communicative competence while teaching students of higher educational institutions in Ukraine.

Discourse Analysis of Xinhua News Agency’s Social Media Content: A Review of Xinhua’s Reporting Perspectives of China’s Belt and Road Initiative

The use of digital media has gone through a major transition in China in the last decade. To study how China’s major official media outlet, Xinhua News Agency, interacts with social media, this paper examines the measures Xinhua has taken to promote the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through digital channels. As an important part of the Chinese diplomacy, on the one hand, the Belt and Road Initiative shows Chinese leadership is calling for a proactive role in international relations; on the other hand, its establishment has caused contentions in the international media sphere. Based on Foucault’s approach on discourse, this paper examines the Chinese state media’s handling of the case on social media platforms Twitter and Sina Weibo in both the Chinese and English languages.

Locals’ Perceptions Towards English For Local Tourism Industry

This research aims to study the locals’ perceptions towards English in association with the local tourism destination development. Since language and tourism are interwoven, the use of language is linked to the likelihood of its popularity or infamy. It is undeniable that Indonesia requires English in all tourism sectors. The problem is that Indonesian's English proficiency in general is still in the lowest position among the members of the MEA. This has become one of the obstacles to make local tourism sites more competitive in the international sphere. Recognizing the communities’ perceptions to English would be a meaningful step to advance the potentials of the local tourism destination. Therefore, two issues that this research is concerned about are: the locals’ perceptions and the problems that might pose if English were introduced. The descriptive qualitative method employed. This research is located in Langgher Dhatang, Dusun Pogag, Desa Palalang, Kec. Pakong, Kab. Pamekasan, Madura. We interviewed thirteen local people living around the location. The participants’ involvement decision was made based on the assumption that they will have a direct impact for its language planning. We designed a questionnaire in a Google Form to ask and marked the answers in accordance with the participants’ responses. The research shows various attitudes towards English: most of them (76,9%) believe that English is important for Langgher Dhatang. 15,4% of the participants who have no idea either English will have a positive impact or not for local tourism development. The rest (7,7%) sees that English is inconsequential to its promotion. The problems that could arise include a low level of motivation in learning (15,4%), a low level of education (69,2%), and the youth ignorance in tourism site development (7,7%).

Russia's search for ontological security and the Ukraine invasion

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 astounded political commentators across the globe. Seemingly nonsensical from a physical security perspective, the announcement of invasion resulted in economic sanctions against Russia, the rapid decline of President Vladimir Putin’s reputation in the international sphere, and dissent amongst Russian citizens. This article contends that while invasion is difficult to justify from a physical security approach, the pursuit of ontological security is a convincing and meaningful explanation for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Unpacking how biographical narratives and behavioural patterns sustain a state’s sense of Self demonstrates that Russian state selfhood was reaffirmed through invasion. This argument is developed in reference to masculinist narratives surrounding the Russian Self, including an imperialist role identity, a masculine Self contrasted with a feminine Ukrainian Other, and a drive to defeat supposed fascist forces within Ukraine. In addition, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine sustains ontological security through fitting into a behavioural pattern of consistent conflict. Ontological security is a highly necessary consideration when analysing global conflict, particularly in the case of the 2022 Ukraine invasion.

Beyond mass graves: exhuming Francoist concentration camps

As several historical investigations have revealed, between 130,000 and 150,000 Republicans were executed during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) and Franco’s dictatorship (1939–1977). The Francoist repressive strategy – unleashed after the coup d’état of 17 July 1936 – developed complex mechanisms of physical and psychological punishment. The continuing subjugation of those still living was enacted through concentration camps, prisons and forced labour. During the War and Franco’s dictatorship, there were nearly three hundred concentration camps, and between 367,000 and 500,000 prisoners went through those camps. During the transition to democracy, neither the State nor the judiciary investigated mass crimes connected to the repression and execution of left-wing Republicans. After Franco’s death, some family groups recovered some of these bodies buried in unmarked mass graves without scientific involvement. In the year 2000, the first scientific exhumations took place, and since then, more than 400 mass graves have been opened, and up to 9.000 bodies have been recovered. The memory of the victims of Franco’s violence has been mainly centralised on mass graves. The opening of mass graves has positioned the Spanish Civil War case within the international sphere of human rights violations and has also opened a new window of opportunity for the analysis of Francoist concentration camps. In this article, I provide a holistic study of mass graves that combines archaeology and forensic anthropology with historical and ethnographic research in order to examine, in detail, both the burials and the broader landscape of the repression. In this contribution, I focus on the Concentration Camp of Castuera, in southwestern Spain, a forgotten campscape, and show how mass graves, which have become widely known as sites of research and commemoration in Spain, were closely related to the camps’ complex repressive system. My results have allowed me to conduct an integrated analysis of this context of political violence. I conclude that archaeology and forensic anthropology have played a crucial role in elucidating the functioning and social reality of Spanish camps, whilst enabling new narratives about past Francoist repression.

A Bibliometric Study on Chinese Discourse (1994–2021)

ABSTRACT As the rise of China in the international sphere, Chinese discourse has received more and more attention from scholars of various disciplines. A bibliometric analysis maps the landscape of Chinese discourse studies (1994–2021) from the Web of Science, mainly concerning its research productivity, research focus and research impact, to investigate contemporary and future trends through co-authorship, co-occurrence, co-citation and citation analysis respectively. Studies on Chinese discourse were found to expand continuously. Discourse analysts are increasingly interested in media discourse, political discourse, regional discourse (especially Hong Kong and Taiwan) by adopting corpus approach with various analytical frameworks.

Algının Çerçevelenmesi: İngiliz Basınında 1896 Osmanlı Bankası Baskını

This study aimed to explore how British newspapers framed the Ottoman Bank Raid in 1896 and how they might have functioned in the political and social reconstruction of Ottoman Empire within the international sphere. A qualitative inductive framing analysis was carried out. The results of textual analysis revealed two main frames: (i) human interest: internal unrest and fracture within the Ottoman Empire and (ii) emphasis on unification: isolation policy within international relations. While the former frame mainly included disinformation regarding the number of Armenians killed or wounded, combined with constant use of negative metaphors for Ottoman Empire and Muslim population, the latter frame focused on national, international support and forceful intervention of Europe rather than diplomatic pressure.

Making Sense of Monkeypox: A Comparison of Other Poxviruses to the Monkeypox.

The current monkeypox (MPX) outbreak has been declared a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO). It is a zoonotic disease that has persisted in the African basin for decades but suddenly exploded into the international sphere this year. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of monkeypox, including a hypothesis of the rapid spread of the virus, its epidemiology and clinical features, a comparison with other orthopoxviruses such as chickenpox and smallpox, past and present outbreaks, and strategies for its prevention and treatment.