International Socialist Division Research Articles

1962년 북한의 사회주의 국제분업 이탈 분석

1962년 북한의 사회주의 국제분업 가입거부는 북한의 국내 정치ㆍ경제와 관련된 것으로 중ㆍ소 분쟁에서 친중화 된 시기라는 평가 외에 복잡한 의미를 담고 있다. 본 연구는 1962년 북한의 사회주의 국제분업 가입거부에 대해 크게 배경과 원인, 영향과 함의로 나누어, 북한의 대외환경변화와 국내정치의 상호작용을 분석하였다. 구체적으로 첫째, 사회주의 국제분업 체계인 코메콘의 특징과 북한의 활동을 분석하고, 둘째, 당시 북한 지도부의 중공업 우선노선과 자주국방 실현 모색을 국내정치적 결정 배경으로 고찰하였다. 셋째, 북한이 사회주의 국제분업 가입거부를 통해 대내적으로 ‘자립적 민족경제’ 와 ‘경제ㆍ국방 병진노선’ 수립하는 흐름을 검토하고, 대외적으로 ‘3대혁명 력량강화’를 선포하면서 진영외교를 이탈하여 대외관계 확장을 시도하는 과정을 조명하였다

Foreign exchange regulations in the socialist countries

The foreign exchange regulations of CMEA member countries exam ined in this paper1 flow from the state monopoly on foreign exchange, i.e., the state's right to concentrate in its hands all sources of foreign exchange and to decide how to allocate them most usefully, as well as to carry out international payment and credit dealings, including trade in foreign currencies. The foreign exchange monopoly and its function are reflected in the foreign exchange laws of the socialist countries, which lay down the rights and duties of state authorities, economic organizations, and citizens, and which also define the obligations of foreign persons when dealing with foreign exchange. The foreign exchange regulations of the socialist countries differ in various particulars. These differences stem from the historical condi tions in which the laws originated and developed, from the importance of external economic relations for national income formation, from the diversity of bodies empowered by the socialist state to operate the monopoly, and from the period in which any given regulation was issued. Differences exist in the actual concepts of foreign exchange law, in handling foreign funds, in relief from obligations granted to foreign nationals, in the exporting and importing of foreign currency funds, in operating foreign exchange controls, etc. As the international socialist division of labor among CMEA mem bers continues and deepens, and with growth in the number of joint ventures established by two or more enterprises from two or more member countries, we can expect to feel the need to bring the basic provisions of foreign exchange law more into line with each other.

Les ordinateurs soviétiques.

Soviet computers : three decades of unavoidable history Freed from the laws of the market which, in the West, govern technical innovation, computers in the USSR have followed a specific pattern of development, with 1969 as a pivotal year. The author highlights the change which took place at that period in Soviet industrial policy in the area of information technology (the new research and development body, the common East-European programme on information technology) and justifies classifying these developments under two main periods, thus : - first period (the 1950's and I960's) independent development, - second period (the 1970's and 1980's) East-European cooperation. Each phase of development justifies the drawing-up of a balance-sheet. The « state of the art » at the end of the 60's, on the one hand, and at the middle of the 80's on the other, comprise the key sections of this study, which itself carries an outline of the unavoidable Est- West comparisons. If one considers only the tool, and not the use that is made of it, there are indications of a certain backwardness in development, and the germs of this can be identified (for example, the weight of the microprocess in current developments). The importance of East-European co-operation (within the context of the ISDL - The International Socialist Division of Labour) and the contribution of the members are underlined, as also a certain form of specialization, with the Soviet Union at the top end of the scale.

Coopération industrielle Est-Ouest dans l'automobile et modalités d'insertion des pays de l'Est dans la division internationale du travail occidentale (IIe partie)

East-West Industrial Cooperation in the Car Industry and Ways of Involving the Countries of Eastern Europe in the International Division of Labour in the West (Part II). It would seem that greater in-depth analysis of industrial cooperation by individual sector is a pre-requisite for assessment and definition of probable developments in the field of cooperation/competition, and consequently of the effect which this may have upon the stability of the International Division of Labour in the West. The move towards increasingly advanced forms of East-West industrial cooperation in the motor-car industry — particularly the increasingly frequent use of compensation — has brought about a radical change: the transition from international exchange to the internationalization of production. This change in character entails integration of the production process, which the traditional import/export view of international trade cannot take account of, and of which it cannot a fortiori appreciate the full extent. This analysis, therefore, is concerned with the extent to which East-West industrial co-operation agreements made between the leading Western car manufacturers—essentially multi-national firms — and the countries of Eastern Europe represent a corresponding internationalization of expanding production in the socialist countries. However, the setting-up of production units in the countries of the Eastern zone helps to increase the latter's export potential, and it is important to assess accurately what this might mean in terms of a future threat to western markets, particularly those of Europe. Finally, it is important to investigate the ways in which the International Socialist Division of Labour and the International Division of Labour interrelate, in order to establish whether the activities of representatives of one bloc vis-a-vis the other are carried out in accordance with, or even in furtherance of, the aims of the appropriate IDL, or if on the contrary they are functioning at cross- purposes.

Economic relations among Comecon members under the 1976–80 plans

Thirteen years – almost to the day – after formulating its Basic Principles of the International Socialist Division of Labour, at a ‘Summit’ of Communist Party First Secretaries (in Moscow in June 1962), Comecon established its Agreed Plan for Multilateral Integration Measures, at a meeting of Heads of Government in Budapest in June 1975. The causes of delay to economic integration within Eastern Europe's trading bloc have been political, but the foundation of the body in 1949 was as political in origin as was the renewed impetus given to economic collaboration by the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Indeed, as a brief retrospective readily shows, international politics have been instrumental in every turning-point in Comecon's life of 27 years (one fewer than its nearest Western counterpart the O.E.E.C, since 1961 the O.E.C.D.).

The Effect of the Transport Factor on the Location of Export Production in Comecon Member Nations

With the development of socialist economic integration, the effectiveness of the location of export production of COMECON member nations depends to a considerable degree on the transport factor. The implementation of the Comprehensive Program for Socialist Economic Integration and the growing foreign economic relations between COMECON countries on this basis are drawing into export production an ever greater number of industrial enterprises, the rational location of which from the standpoint of the transport factor is the basic source for raising the economic effectiveness of social production in the face of the further intensification of the international socialist division of labor.

Certain Methodological Aspects in the Planning of Integration Measures

The coordination of the national economic plans of COMECON member nations as a component part of their collaboration in the realm of planning is the basic method for organizing the further planned development and intensification of the international socialist division of labor and one of the principal means of forming stable and mutually advantageous economic and scientific-technical relations between COMECON member nations. It is aimed at the implementation of measures of the Comprehensive Program for the Development of Socialist Economic Integration, and, together with the internal measures adopted in each country, it promotes the stable development of their national economy, the increased effectiveness of social production, and the further raising of the living standard.

Some Organizational and Methodological Problems Relating to the Elaboration of Long-Range Plans for Collaboration Between the USSR and Socialist Countries

Today, the foreign economic relations of the Soviet Union with foreign countries are an essential factor in the development of the Soviet economy, and in considerable measure they promote the effectiveness of the national economy. In 1973 USSR foreign trade will grow by 7.9% compared with last year, essentially through the further expansion of collaboration with fraternal socialist countries that account for approximately two-thirds of our country's total foreign trade turnover. As noted in the report of USSR Gosplan Chairman N. K. Baibakov on the plan for the development of the USSR national economy for 1973, at a session of the Supreme Soviet, "the economic relations between nations in the socialist community will develop in the direction…of consistent intensification of the economic integration of the economies of COMECON member nations, the planned intensification of integrated forms of collaboration between socialist countries, and the expansion of cooperation and specialization in industrial and agricultural production. All these factors will promote the further growth of the international socialist division of labor…the acceleration of technical progress, increased effectiveness of production, and a higher living standard." (1)

The Scientific-Technical Revolution And Economic Collaboration Among Socialist Countries

Economic collaboration among socialist countries is a complex economic process. The problem of effectively controlling this process and of comprehensively utilizing the advantages of the international socialist division of labor by each country and by the commonwealth as a whole requires study of long-range trends in the development of economic interrelations and determination of the most important factors influencing the economic relations of socialist countries. At the present time, one such factor is the rapidly developing scientific-technical revolution, which to a large extent determines the scope, nature, and direction, and the forms and methods, of economic collaboration among socialist countries.

The International Socialist Division of Labor and Its Role in the Increased Profitability of Bulgaria’s Foreign Trade

The International Socialist Division of Labor and Its Role in the Increased Profitability of Bulgaria’s Foreign Trade

Main Trends in Improving Prices in Trade Among Comecon Members

Perfecting price formation in the trade of Comecon [Council for Mutual Economic Assistance] members is an important and, at the same time, complex problem. The importance of this problem is determined by the growing significance of foreign trade as the international socialist division of labor develops, and this development is one of the decisive conditions of the accelerated economic growth of the socialist system of economy. Foreign trade prices are called upon to become an effective lever for raising the productivity of social labor in the countries of the socialist commonwealth on the basis of technical progress, international socialist division of labor, and specialization and cooperation in production among states.

The Economic Efficiency of the Socialist Countries' Foreign Trade

The objective process of the development and intensification of international socialist division of labor proceeds under conditions of the existence of sovereign national socialist states which, in their foreign economic relations, act as the owners of the goods produced. Accordingly, the exchange of the results of economic activity between socialist countries on the basis of production specialization and cooperation is conducted in the form of commodity exchange through socialist foreign trade. The benefits of the international socialist division of labor are realized in the process of commodity exchange; reciprocal international trade reflects the results of the given socialist country's participation in the system of interstate production specialization and cooperation. In this connection, calculations of the economic efficiency of foreign trade, which make it possible to reveal the degree to which the countries have an interest in effecting international specialization and trade in certain types of pr...

The Significance of Indicators of Foreign Trade Profitability for the International Socialist Division of Labor

The Significance of Indicators of Foreign Trade Profitability for the International Socialist Division of Labor

International Socialist Division of Labor (Criteria of Effectiveness)

The emergence and continuous strengthening of the might of the world socialist system have opened the way to an economic rapprochement between the socialist nations, to the operation of the tendency, discovered by V. I. Lenin, "toward the creation of a single world economy regulated by the proletariat of all nations in accordance with a common plan" (Collected Works [Soch.], Vol. 31, p. 125). As distinguished from capitalism, socialist production relations, far from interfering with the manifestation of this tendency, promote its realization in every possible way. "Only socialism," N. S. Khrushchev stressed, "is capable of coping with the task of genuine internationalization of economic life, which is dictated by the present-day level of productive forces." One of the most important conditions for achieving this goal is the further development and improvement of the international socialist division of labor - the foundation of the economic cooperation of the socialist countries and of the development of the world socialist system as a single economic entity. The socialist states have achieved major successes on the road toward this goal. The intensification of the international socialist division of labor is attested to by the growth of the trade exchange between the socialist countries, which increased between 1956 and 1958 at the average rate of 8.5% per year, as compared with 14.2% between 1959 and 1961.

International Socialist Division of Labor (Criteria of Effectiveness)

The emergence and continuous strengthening of the might of the world socialist system have opened the way to an economic rapprochement between the socialist nations, to the operation of the tendency, discovered by V. I. Lenin, toward the creation of a single world economy regulated by the proletariat of all nations in accordance with a common plan (Collected Works [Soch.], Vol. 31, p. 125). As distinguished from capitalism, socialist production relations, far from interfering with the manifestation of this tendency, promote its realization in every possible way. Only socialism, N. S. Khrushchev stressed, capable of coping with the task of genuine internationalization of economic life, which is dictated by the present-day level of productive forces. One of the most important conditions for achieving this goal is the further development and improvement of the international socialist division of labor - the foundation of the economic cooperation of the socialist countries and of the development of t...

Some Problems of the International Socialist Division of Labor

The problems of the international socialist division of labor are among the most urgent theoretical and practical problems. The Declaration of the 1957 Conference of Representatives of Communist and Workers' Parties of Socialist Countries stressed the special importance of consolidating the unity and fraternal cooperation of the socialist states. The necessity of steadily improving the international division of labor was also pointed out in the Statement of the 1960 Conference of Representatives of Communist and Workers' Parties. The Program of the CPSU adopted at the 22nd Party Congress calls upon the communist parties of the socialist countries to join efforts in developing the international socialist division of labor.

On Certain Indices of the International Socialist Division of Labor

The world socialist system is distinguished by a new type of economic and political relations among countries.

Socialist Reproduction and Foreign Trade

The Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union points out that the CPSU, in community with the communist parties of the other socialist countries, regards its tasks in the economic sphere to be the expansion of trade between the socialist countries, development of the international socialist division of labor, increasing coordination of long-range economic plans of the socialist countries to ensure a maximum saving of social labor, accelerated development of the world socialist economy, promotion of scientific and technical cooperation. The Program of the Party also stresses the need to pursue a policy of developing trade with countries which cast off the colonial yoke and readiness to maintain wide mutually advantageous trade relations with the capitalist countries.

Collaboration of Socialist Countries in the Development of Machine Building

The steadily growing international division of labor among the countries of the world socialist economic system leads to a higher rate of development of all branches of the national economy of the socialist countries. Of special importance in this respect is the international socialist division of labor in the machine-building and metal-working industries, which is a decisive factor in ensuring the expanded reproduction of the means of production. The rate of development of the machine-building and metal-working industries largely determines that of all branches of the national economy. This is because the machine-building industry provides all these branches with machines, equipment, instruments, mechanisms, apparatus and other principal means of production. The development of machine building in the socialist countries is a major prerequisite for introducing comprehensive mechanization and automation in production and raising the productivity of labor.

The International Socialist Division of Labor

world socialist system has entered a new and decisive phase of peaceful economic competition with the capitalist system: in the near future it should outweigh the capitalist system in world production, outstrip the more developed capitalist states in the productivity of SOcial labor, in per capita output and attain the highest standard of living in the world. solution of these great tasks presupposes the constant concern of the SOcialist states for the close coordination of their economic development based on a growing international division of labor. The international division of labor, especially its highest forms - specialization and cooperation, Nikita Khrushchev pointed out in his report to the 21st Congress of the CPSU, is to play a big role in the development of the economy of the socialist camp.