International Security Issues Research Articles

Problematyka bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego w programach polskich partii politycznych po 1989 roku

Although safety is a basic personal and institutional need, its presence in programmes of Polish political parties is not impressive. We can observe a change in the second decade of the 21 st century, but there is no certainty how constant is it. The article aims to present internal security issues in programmes of Polish political parties during the period of the Third Republic and their qualitative analysis.

MENAKAR PARADIGMA KEAMANAN NASIONAL MELALUI ANALISIS ISI TERHADAP UNDANG-UNDANG No. 17 TAHUN 2011 TENTANG INTELIJEN NEGARA

The evolution of both domestic and international security issues have influenced the development of Indonesia intelligence and its agencies. Indonesia intelligence reform is marked by the establishment of Badan Intelijen Nasional or Indonesia National Intelligence Agency and the enactment of Law Number 17 of 2011 on The State Intelligence. In order to reveal the paradigm used in determining the direction of Indonesia’s national security policy, this paper analyzes Law Number 17 of 2011 on The State Intelligence using content analysis method. Analysis among indicators representing three paradigms; realism, liberalism, and constructivism shows that Law Number 17 of 2011 on The State Intelligence is strongly influenced by realist paradigm.

Impact of Hajj on Global Health Security.

With the human society transfers from scattered pieces to a society as a whole and the advent of the aviation era, the occurrence of infectious diseases and their diffusion have led to international health security issues. As the world’s largest and irrevocable annual transnational religious movement, the Hajj and its connection with health security concerns have caught attention since the ancient times, because a huge population from all over the world gathers in the holy city of Mecca, which has tropical arid climate. Currently, the international community and international organizations are implementing multilevel governance with respect to the health security issues of the Hajj. Relevant agencies include the World Health Organization and its regional branches, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRC), the Ministry of Hajj as well as the Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia, and the public health sectors/agencies in various countries that are involved with Hajj activities. The international community has successfully held the Hajj events, even when facing the challenges brought by some viral respiratory diseases such as SARS and MERS. The Hajj has become a rare opportunity for all stakeholders to improve their capabilities in international health security governance.

MENAKAR PARADIGMA KEAMANAN NASIONAL MELALUI ANALISIS ISI TERHADAP UNDANG-UNDANG No. 17 TAHUN 2011 TENTANG INTELIJEN NEGARA

The evolution of both domestic and international security issues have influenced the development of Indonesia intelligence and its agencies. Indonesia intelligence reform is marked by the establishment of Badan Intelijen Nasional or Indonesia National Intelligence Agency and the enactment of Law Number 17 of 2011 on The State Intelligence. In order to reveal the paradigm used in determining the direction of Indonesia’s national security policy, this paper analyzes Law Number 17 of 2011 on The State Intelligence using content analysis method. Analysis among indicators representing three paradigms; realism, liberalism, and constructivism shows that Law Number 17 of 2011 on The State Intelligence is strongly influenced by realist paradigm.

Rising powers and security: a false dawn of the pro-south world order?

ABSTRACTInteractions of rising powers and established powers and their implications in peacebuilding and security remain underexplored in existing literature. This paper aims to explore inferences of the behaviour of Brazil, China and India in peacebuilding and security, their contention and cooperation with the US and European powers, and implications for the global south. It analyses their interactions in the light of democratic peace propositions, adhered to by established powers, and the regional security complex theory pertinent to the ascendancy of new powers. Though liberal countries are co-opting emerging actors, the responses of rising powers to international security issues appear inconsistent and unpredictable. With increasing material capabilities, rising powers have been creating a patron–client relationship with conflict-affected states, because of which this article disconfirms possibilities of a sometimes anticipated pro-south world order.

INTERNATIONAL SECURITY CHALLENGES IN THE PERCEPTION OF RUSSIAN STUDENTS

How are the security issues perceived and evaluated not only by the global world leaders, experts, and scientists, but also by representatives of different social groups? Can their opinions and ideas change anything and reduce the level of international tension, or nothing depends on them? Answers to these questions are the methodological key to understanding the complexity of what is happening in the contemporary world considering the challenges of its global and local security. There must be something encouraging and reducing misunderstandings and mistrust in the field of peace-keeping and harmonization of international relations, even though we recognize the high level of influence of propaganda on the attitudes of people in different countries to the issues of security and other relevant questions in both Russia and throughout the world. The article presents the results of the analysis of the data of a number of surveys conducted among Russian students to find out their attitudes to the issues of global, regional, information and personal security. Based on the sociological research the authors describe how the younger generations (students) in Russia today react to the news on international security issues, how they interpret basic concepts of security and their meanings, what are their expectations, feelings and intentions, goals and fears. The results of the analysis of the students’ ideas and representations of the international security issues prove a more positive perception of the future directions of international cooperation and provide more grounds to hope for the joint efforts of the leading countries of the world to counter security threats than one can expect relying on the mass media information, politicians’ forecasts and expert community’s estimates. Perhaps, this part of the younger generations worldview can be considered irrational and even naive. However, one should take into account that the current social status of this group will inevitably change in the near future, which promises that the Russian participation in the public and political international activities will help to decrease the level of international tension and confrontation. Thus, there are hopes for the development of dialogue forms of relations and paths to trust and joint efforts to counter threats and challenges of global security.

ZNACZENIE REPUBLIKI BIAŁORUSI W SYSTEMIE BEZPIECZEŃSTWA ŚWIATOWEGO

The Republic of Belarus is a state that, through its location between the Russian Federation (RF) and the members states of the European Union (EU) and NATO, plays an important role in the security system in the region. On the one hand, through a number of dependencies it is closely related to the Kremlin authorities, on the other hand it tries to balance the influence of the larger neighbor through some steps towards closer cooperation with the West. Therefore, a closer look at the importance of Belarus in the European security system seems to be extremely vital, especially considering the current international situation – the annexation of Crimea and the conflict in eastern Ukraine, as well as the system of sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation as a result of these events. The abovementioned examples clearly indicate the direction of actions of the Russian authorities, which are increasingly defending their own interests in the post-Soviet area. All those decisive actions, that were undertaken in order to prevent even the threat of losing influence, must certainly be important for Belarusian security policy. The purpose of this article is to define the role and place of the Republic of Belarus in the global security system. The study was conducted on the basis of Barry Buzan’s theory, which links issues of national and international security, while paying attention to a number of interdependencies resulting from the globalization process. Therefore, both the internal determinants of the Belarusian security policy and international issues were analyzed, including the role of state and non-state actors, having a direct impact on shaping the global security system. The applied research method is a method of system analysis in its macro approach, which allows the presentation of the global security system as a series of separate, but closely related elements, additionally supported by a quantitative method in relation to the security system’s conditions. As a result of the conducted research, the significance of the Republic of Belarus in the global security system was considered high, mainly due to the geopolitical location of that specific country. Following thesis was formulated on the basis of a number of factors, the most important of which are: 1) the remain of Belarus in the Russian sphere of influence, for which the Moscow authorities are not afraid to pay with numerous crises in the international arena (the case of Ukraine); 2) a high level of integration of both countries in the field of security policy; 3) the key significance of the government’s rhetoric and political decisions in Minsk, relevant not only to the policy making of this particular country, but also to security in Europe. At this stage, however, it is difficult to talk about the Belarusian will to integrate with Western structures, because this step would, first of all, require significant internal changes, for which the regime of Alexander Lukashenko is not ready. In connection with the above, it is likely that Belarus will remain in alliance with the Russian Federation and that cooperation between the two countries will further tighten. Key words: Republic of Belarus; Russian Federation; NATO; Ukraine; security; armament.

Main theoretical approaches to a concept evolution research international security

A lot of scientific papers are devoted to the issue of international security. At the same time, there are almost no works devoted precisely to the tools of the methodology of studying the concept of international security at the present stage of evolution in the scientific discussions, that greatly reduces the effectiveness of the research process. The subject matter of the article is selection of the main theoretical approaches to the study of the evolution of the concept of ‘international security’. The goal is to analyze the latest approaches to the evolution of the concept of ‘international security’ and the methodology of its study in the modern international political science. The objective is to study the main stages of the evolution of the flagship theoretical approaches to the definition of international security and the methodology of its study. Common scientific methods are used: the historical approach – in identifying the main stages of the development of the concept of ‘international security’ in the political science, generalization and retrospective analysis – in the study of the methodology of this concept in modern political science. The following results are obtained: general methodological approaches to the definition and study of international security are summarized, the main principles of its system formation, models and mechanisms of provision are outlined. The newest methodical approaches to the scientific analysis of this concept are analyzed. The author specifically discloses the modern threats that have arisen in the conditions of security at global and regional levels and that are caused by the planetary problems of the international political process, such as globalization processes, global humanity problems, transnational terrorism, etc. Conclusions: there is a large number of new theoretical trends that enter into controversy with the classical ones concerning the possibilities and methodology of knowledge of contemporary challenges of international security in modern political science of international relations. At the same time, the analyzed approaches determine the current understanding, the content and essence of international security in all its manifestations from the formation of the national interests of individual states in this area to the practical mechanisms of the functioning of the global system of international security. The effective functioning of the collective security mechanism is an integral part of international security. This problem is extremely relevant and can become the subject of separate expert discussions and studies in the field of international relations.

Terroryzm międzynarodowy jako problem globalny współczesnej gospodarki

Celem badań było przedstawienie zjawiska terroryzmu międzynarodowego we współczesnej gospodarce światowej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem agroterroryzmu. Analiza dotyczyła lat 2006–2016. W badaniach podjęto próbę zdefiniowania pojęcia terroryzmu, przedstawiono miejsca zamachów, skalę ataków terrorystycznych, liczbę ofiar oraz koszty ekonomiczne poniesione po atakach terrorystycznych. Przybliżono zagadnienia bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego, w tym bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego. Dokonano odniesienia do sytuacji Polski na arenie międzynarodowej w kontekście terroryzmu i agroterroryzmu oraz przedstawiono analizę zagrożeń skierowanych przeciw Polsce.

A feminist approach to security studies

The main goal of this article is to present problems related to using a feminist approach in security studies. The starting point are some of the basic terms used in the internally diverse sphere of feminist theory and their application in the field of political science. An attempt is also made to define the objectives of selected feminist studies that can be used in the analysis of domestic and international security issues. The main thesis of the article is the assertion that security studies are dominated by assigned gender stereotypes and meanings embedded in the so-called male gaze.

Conflicting Visions: Canada and India in the Cold War World, 1946–76, by Ryan M. Touhey

Reviewed by: Anita Singh (), Centre for the Study of Security and Development, Dalhousie UniversityRyan Touhey, in his aptly titled book, Conflicting Visions: and India in the Cold War World, 1946-76, covers thirty defining years in the Canada-India relationship. His research deftly combines well-known events in the bilateral history with the personal reflections of some of its most proficient members. The narrative is reminiscent of classic story arc featuring two star-crossed lovers who, despite their best intentions, are beset by series of mistaken expectations and miscommunications, and are ultimately separated--in this case, by India's nuclear test in May 1974.Since India's independence in 1947, the bilateral between and India has been considered natural alliance: relationship based on shared values of democracy, pluralism, tolerance, human rights and rule of law.[1] Ignoring decades of animosity and miscommunication, academic observers, politicians, and media continue to invoke these commonalities to make case for re-engagement. Touhey observes: neither common interests on international issues nor strictly bilateral items set India apart as country for special with Canada (240). At its centre, the Canada-India is one of unrealized expectations built on an assumption of parallel core values.This book does an excellent job of highlighting the complexities of this bilateral relationship, and is must-read for all observers of Canadian foreign policy. Touhey masterfully invokes levels-of-analysis approach to show how personal affinity between Canadian and Indian leaders, national interests, and international alliances and security issues uncovered now-obvious tensions underlying the relationship.[2] He shows how the (un)timely intersection of these foreign policy inputs--at the individual, national and structural level--can introduce murky unknowns into even the most earnest bilateral engagements. In this way, three clear lessons for the broader community of Canadian foreign policy scholars emerge from this book.Lesson 1: Importance of personalitiesTouhey's case study is an excellent example of the role of personalities in the conduct of foreign policy. His examination of the personal interactions and affability of Canadian prime ministers Louis St. Laurent and Lester B. Pearson with the confident and enigmatic Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru stands in stark contrast to the other leadership combinations in the bilateral history. While the Pearson-Nehru coincided with the golden years of Canada-India relations, Prime Minister Diefenbaker, with his limited foreign policy experience, was an unlikely leader to give the India the attention it required. As Touhey notes, Diefenbaker was more comfortable with Pakistan's General Ayub Khan, a straightshooting, clear-thinking, anti-communist (134), than with the shades of grey and communist flirtations of the Nehru government. Touhey's book offers great assessment of the erratic V.K. Krishna Menon, Nehru's envoy to the United Nations, showing how the issue of personality extended to the bureaucratic level in the bilateral relationship.Lesson 2: False assumptions about national interestTouhey situates his narrative in 1946-76, when India was emerging from its long-negotiated independence from Britain. Independence also meant that India was keen to use foreign policy as means to maintain, if not overtly assert, its hard-earned sovereignty. Indian policy-makers pursued non-alignment as response to the widely-held Western assumption that military or economic aid could bring India into the Western sphere of influence under the guise of international alliances. …

Mapping the Boundaries of Elite Cues: How Elites Shape Mass Opinion across International Issues

Despite intense interest in the nature and malleability of public opinion about foreign policy, there remains debate over when and how elite messages shape mass opinion on international issues, especially whether the informational or partisan components of elite cues dominate. The rise of survey experiments has offered conflicting insights. We argue that the single-issue nature of most survey experiments masks systematic variation in elite cue effects across international issues, and that these effects depend on the baseline distribution of mass opinion on the issues themselves. Two characteristics of underlying opinion are crucial: the share of those not aligned with expert opinion, and the degree of partisan polarization. Where polarization is limited, information effects should dominate, but where issues are polarized, information intake should be limited by partisan attribution. We test these hypotheses using nine survey experiments across a range of issues, including the rise of China, climate change, international institutions, and the use of force. At one extreme, all messages, even those endorsed by generic or opposition experts, can shift opinion; at the other, only partisan-attributed messages matter. The findings are important not only for understanding public opinion about international issues, but also for mobilizing opinion in a democratic setting. Mapping the Boundaries of Elite Cues: How Elites Shape Mass Opinion Across International Issues International relations scholarship has taken to heart the idea that domestic politics shapes how states make foreign policy choices across a wide range of issues. As part of the debate about exactly how domestic politics matters, scholars have focused extensively on public opinion, not only in terms of the nature of public attitudes themselves, but also the extent to which these attitudes are malleable. Thanks in part to the rise of the survey experiment, there has been a surge of research on the determinants of public attitudes about international issues, including trade (e.g., Herrmann, Tetlock, and Diascro 2001; Hiscox 2006), security (e.g., Berinsky 2009; Tomz and Weeks 2013; Kreps 2014), and transnational issues such as climate change and international organizations (Bechtel and Scheve 2013; Tingley and Tomz 2014). The degree to which different messages and messengers can shift opinion is an important concern for policymakers seeking to mobilize domestic coalitions around a policy, particularly on international issues which are by nature distant from most voters’ everyday concerns and thus especially ripe for cue-giving by elite actors. Yet as more and more evidence from survey experiments accumulates, an important concern is that survey experiments usually proceed issue-by-issue and are rarely attentive to variation in issue context. Some of this variation may be idiosyncratic, but there may also be systematic variation across issues at a given time. For example, some issues like climate change may be more politically polarized at the time of a survey, while others may simply have received less attention. Variation across issue context is potentially crucial for understanding the impact of elite cues on public attitudes. Despite wide agreement that elite cues matter (see, for example, Herrmann, Tetlock, and Diascro 2001; Hiscox 2006; Berinsky 2009; Trager and Vavreck 2011; Levendusky and Horowitz 2012), there remains debate about how messages and messengers shift mass opinion. In one view, cues can convey, distill, and contextualize information about policies or events for the benefit of the voter (e.g., Gilens 2001; Hiscox 2006). From another perspective, however, voters use the identity of cue-givers—most commonly, their partisanship—as a shortcut (e.g., Zaller 1992; Berinsky 2009). While IR scholarship has tended to emphasize the role of information, recent research has brought partisanship to the fore, particularly in a security context (see Berinsky 2009; Trager and Vavreck 2011; Levendusky and Horowitz 2012). Each view finds support in specific issue areas even as other issues have been

Addressing Corruption in Military Institutions

Military training places great emphasis on values such as integrity, and the armed forces usually hold a position of trust at the heart of the nation. However, abuses such as corruption in procurement, nepotism in officer promotion, abuse of position by general officers, infiltration by sectarian groups and use of military intelligence to smear adversaries show that the reality can be very different. In the last decade the issue has become more visible to militaries and policymakers; from scandals, social media exposure, and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Corruption has also emerged as an international security issue. Military forces and Defense Ministries in many developing countries seek to limit corruption in their institutions. Incomprehension about corruption by international security assistance forces also inadvertently makes the situation worse. Based on extensive research, this paper reviews the nature of corruption in defense, describes corruption reform experiences in a range of different countries and describes how to set about such reforms. It describes several innovative approaches currently being explored by the military, international policy-makers and civil society, including approaches that quantitatively compare the corruption vulnerabilities of national militaries, and new ways to train military leadership in combatting corruption.

The Micro-Foundations of International Relations Theory: Psychology and Behavioral Economics

AbstractAlmost forty years ago, a small group of scholars drew on cognitive psychology to explain anomalous patterns of behavior by leaders on issues of international security. Although it made significant contributions to theory and research, that scholarship did not diffuse broadly into the field. Drawing on concepts in psychology and behavioral economics, research that uses new methods is now producing a wave of scholarship in international relations exemplified by the work in this special issue. Analysis of the use of prospect theory over the last three decades identifies the scope conditions that enable the predictions of rational choice and psychological theories. These scope conditions motivate the focus on the heterogeneity of decision makers that is at the core of current contributions. Future research will move beyond the now-sterile debate between rational choice and psychology.

Internal Security Issues and Concerns of People in West Bengal: The Road Ahead

The article makes an attempt to assess the Naxalite movement through the lens of human security as it is equally important and is linked up with law and order problem and development oriented issues. Appropriate institutions, systems and there relations must work on a formula where there is larger democratic participation in the process of decision-making and development so that it can ensure and improve the concern of human security at large in the region. Timely review of ground reality should be given utmost emphasis while making any comprehensive plan in relation to Naxalite issue keeping in the mind that indulging in any form of war and calculating it from profit and loss perspective will definitely not work in any one's favour, rather it will further escalate and glorify the violence to extreme extent.

«CRISIS OF EFFECTIVENESS» OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN CHANGING INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN THE CONTEXT OF TRANSFORMATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ORDER

Rethinking of the role of international institutions of multilateral cooperation in contemporary international relations is caused by the new challenges and threats to security. New threats to the state security and growing instability in various regions of the world, especially in the former Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe, lead to find ways of cooperation between countries in the international arena. The current international order is characterized by instability as well as tendencies to revive of bipolarity. Uneffectiveness of international organizations motivates rethinking of the forms and mechanisms of their activities in order to ensure international security. It is very important for regional organizations. Since the beginning of the XXI century understanding of the international security requires new integrated features. It is important to find new ways to resolve issues of international security both the regional and global dimension within international security as well as specialized organizations. Key words : international organizations; international order; international security system; challenges and threats; regional security.

Passado, presente e futuro da "responsabilidade de proteger": um percurso atribulado

The aim of this article is to study the “Responsibility to Protect”, its evolution since 2000 and what can be expected for its future. Concurrently, the paper takes into account the need to protect populations, victims of certain types of aggression and to preserve the international order. Major criticisms of this doctrine are highlighted, as well as some of its impacts on the international community and, significantly, some of the difficulties that have arisen during its development – a process that has been controversial and troubled. Some of the main risks and uncertainties that affect its future are investigated, considering that a set of emerging countries who do not agree with the Western liberal order intends to be more active in international affairs. The fundamental argument is that the future of this doctrine might continue to be troubled and full of uncertainties. Thus, for RtoP to evolve in a favourable way, it will be necessary, on the one hand, that the members of the Security Council of the United Nations engage in genuine multilateral cooperation in order to safeguard the changes taking place in the international order; and, on the other hand, that the States consider such crimes to be an essential issue of international security and part of their interests

EXPLORING OPTIONS OF RAPPROCHEMENT WITH TALIBAN ON THE PERPETUAL STATE OF WAR IN AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan since the Soviet Invasion in 1979 and later by the USA in 2001 on the pretext of Global War on Terrorism (WoT) has remained in a perpetual state of war even after the collapse of the USSR and before US invasion. The fragile state with a lack of central government and dysfunctional state institutions has created serious international and regional security issues with an influx of refugees, drugs, and above all terrorism. The instability in Afghanistan has created national security problems for Pakistan and despite enormous sacrifices and instability, Pakistan is in the eye of storms for not doing enough despite US active military presence. The USs willingness to engage the Taliban for an honorable exit strategy and ensuring that the government in Afghanistan is more representative, are in fact positive signals which need to be capitalized by engaging all parties to the conflict.

Qatar’s Rising International Influence: A Case of Soft Power?

The Arab uprisings have changed the regional order of the Arab world. As traditional leading powers likeIraq,SyriaandEgypthave lost influence in theMiddle Eastdue to internal security issues and economic difficulties, a few states were able to take advantage of the recent regional turmoil. Seemingly, the mini-state Qatar has managed to benefit from the uprisings more than any other Arab state. Many IR authors explain this phenomenon with the concept of soft power. This paper tests systematically the validity of the soft power argument by examining three “soft power resources” as defined by Joseph Nye: culture, political values, and foreign policies. It is argued that the soft power concept fails in all three aspects to grasp the nature of Qatar’s regional and international influence. Instead, it is suggested to consider Qatar’s ‘hard power’ potentials which define more accurately the actual international influence of the Gulf state.

Regional Actors in International Security Negotiations

Since the end of WWII, states have formed several international organizations dealing with international peace and security issues. Among them are the Security Council, the Conference on Disarmament, the Arms Trade Treaty regime, and the First Committee of the United Nations General Assembly. Although regional actors, such as Economic Community of West African States, European Union or the Arab League, are at best observers in those international security organizations (ISO), their member states frequently get active on their behalf. This paper examines how regional actors engage in ISO negotiations. It shows that not all regional actors are equally vocal in the negotiations, which is puzzling given that negotiation activity is important for negotiation success. To explain the variance in regional actor vocality, this paper draws on international conflict and cooperation theories and develops hypotheses on activity of regional actors in international negotiations, which are tested with quantitative methods. It is striking that even in the traditionally state-dominated policy field ‘security’, regional actors are vocal and are, thus, contributing to the creation of international peace architectures. However, the role of regional actors varies, depending on the characteristics of the negotiation arena and of the regional actors themselves.