International Phonetic Association Research Articles

Some Generalizations concerning Glottalic Consonants, Especially Implosives

Previous articleNext article No AccessSome Generalizations concerning Glottalic Consonants, Especially ImplosivesJoseph H. GreenbergJoseph H. Greenberg Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by International Journal of American Linguistics Volume 36, Number 2Apr., 1970Hans Wolff Memorial Issue: Fascicle II Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/465105 Views: 50Total views on this site Citations: 32Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Sheng-Fu Wang Markedness and voicing gaps in stop and fricative inventories, Studies in Language 12 (Sep 2022).https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.21017.wanRobert Blust The Lowland Kenyah posterior implosives, Language and Linguistics. 語言暨語言學 46 (Jul 2022): 177–200.https://doi.org/10.1075/lali.18.2.01bluZsuzsanna Bárkányi, Zoltán G. Kiss Neutralisation and contrast preservation, Linguistic Variation 20, no.11 (Jan 2020): 56–83.https://doi.org/10.1075/lv.16010.barMaria-Josep Solé Articulatory adjustments in initial voiced stops in Spanish, French and English, Journal of Phonetics 66 (Jan 2018): 217–241.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2017.10.002Janet C.E. Watson, Barry Heselwood Phonation and glottal states in Modern South Arabian and San'ani Arabic, (May 2016): 3–36.https://doi.org/10.1075/sal.4.01watOwen McCarthy, Jane Stuart-Smith Ejectives in Scottish English: A social perspective, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43, no.33 (Nov 2013): 273–298.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100313000212Karl Olaw Christian Wagner, Wendy Baker-Smemoe An investigation of the production of ejectives by native (L1) and second (L2) language speakers of Q'eqchi' Mayan, Journal of Phonetics 41, no.66 (Nov 2013): 453–467.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2013.08.002Caleb Everett, Mark Aronoff Evidence for Direct Geographic Influences on Linguistic Sounds: The Case of Ejectives, PLoS ONE 8, no.66 (Jun 2013): e65275.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065275Silke Hamann, Susanne Fuchs Retroflexion of Voiced Stops: Data from Dhao, Thulung, Afar and German, Language and Speech 53, no.22 (May 2010): 181–216.https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830909357159Shamila Naidoo A re-evaluation of the Zulu implosive [ɓ], South African Journal of African Languages 30, no.11 (Oct 2012): 1–10.https://doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2010.10587331Jason Brown An evolutionary perspective on stop inventories, Theoretical Linguistics 32, no.22 (Jan 2006).https://doi.org/10.1515/TL.2006.011Hans Christian Luschützky Voices from the Past A Diachronic Perspective on Voicing, Folia Linguistica 38, no.1-21-2 (Jan 2004).https://doi.org/10.1515/flin.2004.38.1-2.157Michael Fortescue Diachronic typology and the genealogical unity of Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Linguistic Typology 7, no.11 (Jan 2003).https://doi.org/10.1515/lity.2003.012Michael Jessen An Acoustic Study of Contrasting Plosives and Click Accompaniments in Xhosa, Phonetica 59, no.2-32-3 (Jan 2005): 150–179.https://doi.org/10.1159/000066068PAUL NEWMAN Joseph H. Greenberg, Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 22, no.22 (Jan 2001).https://doi.org/10.1515/jall.2001.003Michael Kenstowicz, Degif Petros Banksira Reduplicative Identity in Chaha, Linguistic Inquiry 30, no.44 (Oct 1999): 573–585.https://doi.org/10.1162/002438999554219Mark S. Seidenberg, Jeff L. Elman Do Infants Learn Grammar with Algebra or Statistics?, Science 284, no.54135413 (Apr 1999): 433–433.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5413.433fJose L. Miralles, Teresa Cervera Voice Intelligibility in Patients Who Have Undergone Laryngectomies, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 38, no.33 (Jun 1995): 564–571.https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3803.564Manjari Ohala Phonological areal features of some Indo-Aryan languages, Language Sciences 13, no.22 (Jan 1991): 107–124.https://doi.org/10.1016/0388-0001(91)90009-PMichael G. Ashby Articulatory possibilities for implosives, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20, no.22 (Feb 2009): 15–18.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100300004187K. M. Hayward, Y. A. Omar, M. Goesche Dental and alveolar stops in Kimvita Swahili: an electropalatographic study, African Languages and Cultures 2, no.11 (Jan 1989): 51–72.https://doi.org/10.1080/09544168908717695Ann Stuart Laubstein John Ohala and Jeri J. Jaeger, eds. Experimental Phonology. Toronto: Academic Press. 1986. Pp. 226., Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 32, no.22 (Jun 2016): 216–220.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008413100012196John J. Ohala The Origin of Sound Patterns in Vocal Tract Constraints, (Jan 1983): 189–216.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8202-7_9M. G. Ashby Norman J. Lass (ed.), Speech and Language. Advances in Basic Research and Practice. (Volume 3, pp. 311; Volume 4, pp. 392. Academic Press: New York, 1980.), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12, no.22 (Feb 2009): 97–104.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100300002504Manjari Ohala Sounds and Sound Patterns in South Asian Languages, South Asian Review 6, no.33 (Dec 2017): 12–22.https://doi.org/10.1080/02759527.1982.11933087JOHN J. OHALA The Application of Phonological Universals in Speech Pathology, (Jan 1980): 75–97.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-608603-4.50009-3 References, (Jan 1979): 441–448.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405160-7.50015-8Colin Painter Implosives, inherent pitch, tonogenesis and laryngeal mechanisms, Journal of Phonetics 6, no.44 (Oct 1978): 249–274.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)31159-3JOHN J. OHALA Production of Tone11This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation, and the Committee on Research and the Computing Center of the University of California, Berkeley., (Jan 1978): 5–39.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-267350-4.50006-6JEAN-MARIE HUMBERT Consonant Types, Vowel Quality, and Tone11I am grateful to the members of the tone seminar at ULCA and the members of the Phonology Laboratory at Berkeley for their help and comments. My special thanks to V. Fromkin, J. Gandour, L. Goldstein, L. Hyman, H. Javkin, P. Ladefoged, I. Maddieson, M. Mazaudon, B. Michailovsky, J. Ohala, and R. Schuh for very helpful discussions and criticisms of this work. This research was supported in part by NSF Grants made to the Phonetics Laboratory, Department of Linguistics, UCLA, and to the Phonology Laboratory, Department of Linguistics, UCB., (Jan 1978): 77–111.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-267350-4.50008-XD.N.S. Bhat Retroflexion and retraction, Journal of Phonetics 2, no.33 (Jul 1974): 233–237.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)31273-2John J. Ohala Sound change is drawn from a pool of synchronic variation, ().https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110853063.173

Tone in Bantu

Previous articleNext article No AccessTone in BantuEarl W. StevickEarl W. Stevick Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by International Journal of American Linguistics Volume 35, Number 4Oct., 1969Hans Wolff Memorial Issue: Fascicle I Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/465078 Views: 32Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Scott Myers The intonation of yes–no questions in Luganda, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 8 (Apr 2021): 1–35.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100321000025Laura J. Downing Bantu Tone, (Apr 2011): 1–24.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0114Scott Myers F₀ Timing in Kinyarwanda, Phonetica 60, no.22 (Jul 2003): 71–97.https://doi.org/10.1159/000071448LARRY M. HYMAN Historical Tonology11This research was supported in part by a National Science Foundation Grant, SOC 75–16487., (Jan 1978): 257–269.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-267350-4.50013-3John Kalema The irrelevance of Tone Class D in Luganda, African Studies 36, no.22 (Feb 2007): 187–194.https://doi.org/10.1080/00020187708707501

Vowel Harmony and Consonant Sequences in Mazahua (Otomí)

Previous articleNext article No AccessVowel Harmony and Consonant Sequences in Mazahua (Otomí)Hazel SpottsHazel Spotts Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by International Journal of American Linguistics Volume 19, Number 4Oct., 1953 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/464230 Views: 6Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Ryan K. Shosted, Sharon Rose Affricating ejective fricatives: The case of Tigrinya, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41, no.11 (Mar 2011): 41–65.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100310000319

The Main Features of Cambodian Pronunciation

The pronunciation here described is that of Mr. Keng Vannsak, a young Cambodian born at Kompong Chhnang.The words quoted in illustration of the text are shown both in Cambodian script and in a simplified phonetic transcription based on that of the International Phonetic Association. Where it has been considered useful, a more detailed transcription in general phonetic terms has been given in square brackets. All examples have been checked with a second Cambodian, Mr. Keo Mongkry, and where his usage differs from that of Mr. Keng, this has been noted.

The Phonemic Structure of Proto-Zapotec

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Phonemic Structure of Proto-ZapotecMorris SwadeshMorris Swadesh Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by International Journal of American Linguistics Volume 13, Number 4Oct., 1947 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/463959 Views: 16Total views on this site Citations: 12Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Eric W. Campbell Otomanguean historical linguistics: Exploring the subgroups, Language and Linguistics Compass 11, no.77 (Jul 2017): e12244.https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12244Natalie Operstein Chapter 8. Loanword evidence for dialect mixing in colonial American Spanish, (Jun 2017): 171–186.https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.185.08opeEric W. Campbell Otomanguean historical linguistics: Past, present, and prospects for the future, Language and Linguistics Compass 11, no.44 (Apr 2017): e12240.https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12240Natalie Operstein Suppletion in Zapotec, Linguistics 55, no.44 (Jan 2017).https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2017-0010Matthias Pache, Søren Wichmann, Mikhail Zhivlov Words for ‘dog’ as a diagnostic of language contact in the Americas, (Apr 2016): 385–410.https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.173.17pacGabriela Pérez Báez Chapter 6. Morphological valence-changing processes in Juchitán Zapotec, (Nov 2015): 93–116.https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.110.06perRosemary Beam de Azcona Chapter 8. Valency-changing devices in two Southern Zapotec languages, (Nov 2015): 139–174.https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.110.08beaVelma B. Pickett, María Villalobos Villalobos, Stephen A. Marlett Isthmus (Juchitán) Zapotec, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40, no.33 (Nov 2010): 365–372.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100310000174Kaori Idemaru, Susan G. Guion Acoustic covariants of length contrast in Japanese stops, Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38, no.22 (Jul 2008): 167–186.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100308003459 Natalie Operstein Personal Pronouns in Zapotec and Zapotecan Operstein, International Journal of American Linguistics 69, no.22 (Jul 2015): 154–185.https://doi.org/10.1086/379683Jeri J. Jaeger The fortis/lenis question: evidence from Zapotec and Jawoñ, Journal of Phonetics 11, no.22 (Apr 1983): 177–189.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4470(19)30814-9Robert E. Longacre Comparative Reconstruction of Indigenous Languages, (Jan 1977): 99–139.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1562-0_6

Official Romanization of Thai (Siamese)

THE transcription of Thai into Western alphabets is difficult not only because tone and aspiration are such marked features of language, but also because even in popular speech innumerable words are not pro? nounced as they are spelled, and in that of educated classes many words of Sanskrit and Pali origin are used. Moreover, many things have not names in Western sense, but honorific titles, and supposed names of some well-known places in Thailand are only parts of long titles selected for easy reference. The word ayuthia, for instance, occurs in full titles of both Ayuthia and Bangkok. Even terms which enter into formation of geo? graphical names share in this complication, 'mother of waters,' for instance, being written for 'river.' Numerous attempts to romanize Thai were made during nineteenth century (see O. Frankfurter, -J. Siam S. iii, Pt. 2, c. 1906, p. 52), and systems of Roman Catholic and American Missions were suc? cessful, though they lacked precision required for rendering of per? sonal and geographical names. The Royal Survey Department of Siamese Government developed a system of its own, while Court followed Hunterian system as used in Burma and India. That of Survey Depart? ment a real system, but it was not understood as it had never been explained. One had to learn three or four pages of explanation before one could pronounce a word of it. The results of Hunterian system did not accord with pronunciation of language, and Court had to make exceptions in rendering of personal names. Petithuguenin discerned a serious weakness of systems, in failure to reconcile hieratic with demotic practice, and in 1912 he proposed a dual system which would allow for Sanskrit and Pali elements of cultivated language and for phonetics of popular speech (J. Siam S. ix, Pt. 3, 1913, pp. 1-9). He based his literal transliteration on accepted romanization of Devanagari characters, while in his phonetic transliteration he tried to maintain continuity with early work of Pallegoix and Missions. King Vajiravudh was at that time developing a dual system for use in Court Circulars, and submitted his work to council of Siam Society for consideration (J. Siam S. ix, Pt. 4, 1913, pp. 1-10). The council thereupon appointed a committee to about various schemes and on the feasibility of adopting a system of romanization for publications of Siam Society. It may be noted that dual systems of Petithuguenin and King Vajiravudh anticipated 'broad' and 'narrow' transcriptions now con? sidered necessary by International Phonetic Association for adequate treatment of any language. The committee made a report and recommended a system in 1913 (J. Siam S. x, Pt. 4, 1914, pp. i~2i). The system was severely criticized by king (ibid., pp. 25-33), who raised fundamental objection to all sound-for-sound systems: importance of regional differences in pro? nunciation. He pointed out that Siam would need three transliteration-

Progress in Pronouncing Dictionaries

THE STAGE of progress reached by any English or American pronouncing dictionary, or general dictionary with respect to methods of indicating the pronunciation, may be simply tested through the form of its respelling. Successive grades are sharply distinguished in the strictly pronouncing dictionaries, though sometimes mixed in the general works. If we include absence as one, four stages may be described: I No respelling II Diacritic respelling III Phonetic (not 'international') respelling IV International (usually International Phonetic Association) respelling. Another possibility is shorthand respelling; this belongs with stage III, the phonetic, as a sub-grade. A few examples will help to clear up the terms; let us apply the test to well-known dictionaries, both general and pronouncing, such as Webster's and the Oxford, Walker (1791) and Daniel Jones. The Webster dictionaries (1828-1934), even in the latest editions, have not passed the diacritic stage. Their respelling is not phonetic, like that of one key in the Standard. Diacritic is a horrid word here used for convenience rather than insult. There is much more in this form of respelling than breves and macrons, dots and dashes. Silent letters are omitted-an exceedingly direct and useful device which goes back to the earliest days. Different letters and type-forms signify different sounds: for example, the Webster key allots italics to unstressed vowels. Those diacritical marks which show quantity, traditionally indicate quality as well. All these features are characteristic of respelling in its oldest pre-phonetic form. Along with them go accent marks and syllabication, now included in the respelling as well as in the original entry, and a key line or line of key words at the bottom of the vocabulary page. The Webster system is a practical though not a scientific one, inherited directly from the 18th century. The New English or Oxford Dictionary (1884-1928) uses a phonetic form of respelling but not a pure one. Its alphabet has been described as that of the International Phonetic Association, but it is not included in the Liste des Principaux Ouvrages.1 The Oxford does things too much its own

Grammatical Sketch of the Ple-Těmer Language

The translation and publication of this article have been unavoidably delayed by the pressure of other work. For typographical reasons the Sakai words, written originally in the Anthropos alphabet, have been transcribed into the alphabet of the International Phonetic Association, and an explanation of some of the symbols used may be helpful.

Grammatical Sketch of the Jahai Dialect, Spoken by A Negrito Tribe of Ulu Perak and Ulu Kelantan, Malay Peninsula

For typographical reasons the Jahai words and phrases in the following grammatical sketch have been transcribed from the Anthropos alphabet into the script of the International Phonetic Association. The two alphabets do not strictly correspond, and it seems desirable to add a few explanations of some of the symbols used.

Nature of Vowel Sounds

THE following observations as to the nature of the vowel sounds of a single voice (my own)—details of which form the subject of a separate communication to the journal of the International Phonetic Association—may be of interest.

Phonetic Transcriptions from Indian Languages

These transcriptions are tentative in character, and are presented with great diffidence. The idea was taken from similar transcriptions of versions of the fable of the North Wind and the Sun in various languages published by the International Phonetic Association in an excellent little pamphlet, The Principles of the International Phonetic Association. They have been done from dictation by persons who habitually speak the respective languages, and the transcriber has checked and in other ways sought to verify them at every step. Nearly all of them were done in Calcutta early in 1919, but they have since been revised. He has not given a table of sounds, as so many languages and dialects (there are some twenty-two in the present paper, including practically all the important languages of India) cannot be well represented all together. The sounds of Sanskrit may be regarded as the norm for all Indian languages, and the ordinary values of these are too well known to be described here.

The Sounds of Bengali

In the first issue of our Bulletin the Director was good enough to allow me to insert a very diffident and tentative attempt to record the characteristic sounds of Bengali in the script of the International Phonetic Association, and to reduce them to some sort of rule for the benefit of students. Writing at a long distance of time and space from Bengal, I was not so rash as to suppose that my assertions were beyond question. On the contrary, I hoped and wished to provoke discussion on a subject which has only recently become the subject of serious study. I was not surprised, therefore, when a valued colleague (not himself a Bengali) told me that some Bengali friends of his were convinced that my attempt was a failure and my statements incorrect. This criticism, however, was not of much help to me, since it did not give details.