International NGOs Research Articles

Strengthening health systems and peacebuilding through women’s leadership: a qualitative study

BackgroundActive and protracted conflict settings demonstrate the need to prioritise the peace through health agenda. This can be achieved by reorienting attention toward gender diverse leadership and more effective governance within health systems. This approach may enable women to have a greater voice in the decision-making of health and social interventions, thereby enabling the community led and context specific knowledge required to address the root causes of persistent inequalities and inequities in systems and societies.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study, which included semi-structured interviews with 25 key informants, two focus group discussions and one workshop with humanitarian workers in local and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs), United Nations (UN) agencies, health practitioners, and academics, from Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa (MENA), and Latin America. Findings were then applied to the peacebuilding pyramid designed by John Paul Lederach which provides a practical framework for mediation and conflict resolution in several conflict-affected settings. The purpose of the framework was to propose an adapted conceptualisation of leadership to include women’s leadership in the health system and be more applicable in protracted conflict settings.ResultsFive interrelated themes emerged. First, perceptions of terms such as gender equality, equity, mainstreaming, and leadership varied across participants and contexts. Second, armed conflict is both a barrier and an enabler for advancing women’s leadership in health systems. Third, health systems themselves are critical in advancing the nexus between women’s leadership, health systems and peacebuilding. Fourth, across all contexts we found strong evidence of an instrumental relationship between women’s leadership in health systems in conflict-affected settings and peacebuilding. Lastly, the role of donors emerged as a critical obstacle to advance women’s leadership.ConclusionContinuing to empower women against social, cultural, and institutional barriers is crucial, as the emerging correlation between women’s leadership, health systems, and peacebuilding is essential for long-term stability, the right to health, and health system responsiveness.

‘How much do we need to know?’ On the Ethical implications of Operational Research in Humanitarian Settings

International Non-governmental Organisations (INGOs) have long been conducting operational research (OR), which is a mode of research that follows very specific principles. In the present work, I reflect upon my experience of conducting operational research with migrants and asylum seekers in Mexico, while working for an INGO. By centring my analysis on a question that was often posed by colleagues– “how much do we need to know?” - I explore three interrelated topics. First, I look at the advantages and the ethical dilemmas that emerge from the organisation’s ambivalent role as practitioner and researcher. I then discuss how research is not only being used to evaluate programs, but also as form of témoignage, and how hierarchical research designs may incur process of othering. I follow with an appreciation of how surveys implemented in such contexts contribute to framing migrants’ experiences according to pre-determined categories of trauma and suffering.

Charisma Work, Microstates, and the Production of Authoritative Marine Space in Oceania

I draw on fourteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in Oceania to formulate the concept of ‘charisma work’, a type of labour in which the extraordinariness of individuals and their visions for the world are (re)produced and promoted to help legitimise rational-legal power. I focus on how two Pacific Island microstates, the Cook Islands and the Republic of Kiribati, work with Conservation International, an international environmental NGO, to build networks of charismatic people in support of the world’s largest marine protected areas. I argue that an aim of charisma work in this case is to attract support and resources to meet the objectives of Pacific Island microstates caught in a double bind of balancing the right to internal sovereignty and the demands of extra-national partners and interests. Building on the work of Paul Ricoeur, I propose that rational-legal systems utilise charismatic processes to support authoritative claims while, at the same time, obscuring the egalitarian origins of institutional legitimacy.

The Imperative Role of the Library in Health Insurance Information Needs in Nigeria

This study provides a springboard for stakeholders in health, Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and library (information professionals) to undertake a possible and effective way to improving health insurance literacy and participation in Nigeria. The authors in this study posited creative approaches to using Libraries in Nigeria to improve the awareness of Nigerians on the benefits of the compulsory new Health Insurance Programme through viable partnership with governments at all levels, local and international Non-Governmental Organizations, based on the fact that libraries have succeeded in partnering with the stakeholders in the health sector in different countries of the world to achieve HI needs. Opinion Piece was used as method of research to buttress the clarity of the research perspective. The paper illuminated on some of the roles of the library in Health Insurance Information Needs such as availability of information resources on health insurance, health insurance literacy workshops, reference and research services, assistance with online insurance forms, partnerships with organizations, language and cultural accessibility, confidentiality, education and outreach.

Reimagining conservation practice: Indigenous self-determination and collaboration in Papua New Guinea

AbstractHere we describe a 14-year collaboration in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, between an Indigenous NGO, Indigenous scientists and international researchers. New Ireland is a marine province in the Western Pacific region where most residents depend on fishing, marine gleaning and small-scale gardening for their livelihoods. Ailan Awareness is a locally founded and managed NGO that focuses on the strengthening of Indigenous sovereignty regarding biological, cultural and spiritual diversity as well as fostering Indigenous epistemology practices and strengthening biocultural diversity. In partnership with anthropological researchers, Ailan Awareness has designed an approach to marine conservation informed by the growing field of decolonial research practices. By working to empower coastal communities to make decisions about their marine and cultural resources using a mix of Indigenous, anthropological and scientific methods and giving primacy to strengthening Indigenous modes of knowledge production and the role of community Elders, Ailan Awareness addresses a major gap in the efforts of the national government and international NGOs: giving the people most directly affected by declining biodiversity and loss of tradition the support and tools required to design and carry out the strengthening of both biological diversity and traditional social practices. In this paper we describe the methodology used by Ailan Awareness and the history of collaboration that resulted in these methods.

Clean water in the slums of East Africa! The mission of the Hungarian Charity Service of the Order of Malta

Aim: Researchers working on human security now know that all disciplines need to address the water issues of our planet, which is a major determinant of the sense of security of human life, because where there is no water, there is no life, and so there is no security. However, where there is water, but it is not of the right quality, i.e. it is not safe for biological organisms, it is still a threat. The absence of water, or its contamination can create a humanitarian crisis, a disaster or a natural disaster. The process of preventing, averting and remediating all these undesirable conditions is observed by the authors in the slums of three states in Central and Eastern Africa: Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.Methodology: The authors have examined the historical and natural conditions of the African continent, the antecedents, possibilities and circumstances of the problem. They have explored a small body of international literature on the subject, interpreted the findings and assessments of academic literature and proposed solutions to the problem. The activities and methods of a Hungarian NGO in this field were examined.Findings: The authors of the study conclude that the African continent is facing many problems, that the slums are on the verge of a humanitarian and natural disaster, that the political systems of these states are unable or unwilling to deal with the problem, and that it is therefore necessary to call for the intervention of internal or external (international) NGOs to minimise the human cost of the humanitarian crisis.Value: It is made clear in the study that a Hungarian NGO has saved the lives of tens of thousands of children, women and elderly people in the African slums under study through its technical intervention. If public bodies cannot do it, NGOs can prevent, respond to and recover from humanitarian disasters.

Impact of the global pandemic on online accountability practices in INGOs

PurposeDespite increasing public attention and media coverage of the Covid-19 pandemic, little research was conducted on how the crisis affected accountability practices in the not-for-profit sector. This study focusses on international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) that operate in emerging economies worldwide but are registered in England and Wales and examines how their online accountability practices changed after the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose of this paper is to address these issues.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the theoretical lens of the situational crisis communication theory (SCCT) and a contingency approach to not-for-profit governance in order to assess how accountability practices have been shaped by the response given by INGOs to preserve their reputation which is argued to be damaged by the COVID-19 pandemic. They use Dumont's (2013) nonprofit virtual accountability index (NPVAI) for statistical analysis. They examine whether the five dimensions of the NPVAI have changed significantly as a policy of response to the Covid-19 pandemic. They also examine the documents used to disclose information on performance, governance and mission to understand if their content was affected by the pandemic.FindingsThe authors found two of the NPVAI dimensions: accessibility and engagement to be statistically different compared to before the pandemic. They also examined the documents used to disclose information on performance, governance and mission in order to understand if their content were affected by the pandemic. Their findings suggest that INGOs focussed on keeping their donors' attention and their fund flow rather than informing how they performed and how their governance has changed as a result of the pandemic. No statistically significant change was found regarding the dimensions of performance, governance and mission.Research limitations/implicationsINGOs which focus on humanitarian relief and crises management mainly in emerging economies were also affected by the pandemic. However little attention has been given to how accountability was being shaped by the Covid-19 pandemic. An analysis of how not-for-profit sector accountability practices were affected by the pandemic is, therefore, needed. Due to the nature of the pandemic online accountability practices is an area where research could focus on, until now few studies have been conducted on online accountability. The study contributes methodologically by assessing the applicability of the NPVAI for comparisons across different time periods rather than across different types of organisation at a specific point in time. The authors conclude that the NPVAI must be supplemented by some analysis of the content of key online documents and other material.Practical implicationsThe authors’ findings provide important implications for crisis management and its effect on accountability practices in INGOs that operate in emerging economies and the not-for-profit sector in general. The findings suggest that the crisis led to only limited changes in mission and governance as changes in these dimensions tend to occur over the long term. Although they expected the pandemic to lead to more performance information being released, this did not happen. The enhancement of online accountability practice in the engagement and accessibility dimensions shows that INGOs focussed more on maintaining their fund flow rather than on actions to target the pandemic. This is especially apparent as regardless of size the donation and fundraising links have increased throughout the pandemic. Overall, the study provides important findings specific to the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on online accountability practices in the not-for-profit sector. The study's empirical contribution is to assess how not-for-profit organisations shape their online accountability practices to preserve their reputation and legitimacy.Social implicationsThe authors have expanded the discussion of the paper's contribution to theory, methodology and knowledge about online accountability and crisis management in the conclusion section of the paper. They found that INGOs have reacted to the pandemic by becoming more anxious about their ability to generate funds, and content analysis showed that there was little additional information about how INGOs' performance had been affected by the pandemic, which suggests that INGOs need to pay more attention to how they manage accountability in times of crisis.Originality/valueThe authors construct a conceptual framework using theories that have the potential to explain how external factors such as the Covid-19 pandemic can affect online accountability practices. Their paper also responds to the call for studies of the effectiveness of various accountability mechanisms in NGOs (Unerman and O’ Dwyer, 2006). Unlike previous studies they did not compare various sectors at a single point in time, but rather they assessed the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and the reaction of INGOs by comparing online disclosures across time. This is a novel use of Dumont's NPVAI and therefore provides an important contribution to the literature.

Five Years Lost: Youth Inclusion in the Rohingya Response

While youth are routinely lauded as “change-makers,” they are often underserved and unsupported in refugee responses. As the Rohingya face protracted displacement in Bangladesh, what is the state of youth inclusion in the response? Do youth and adolescents feel supported, or are they ignored and left behind? To answer these questions, the paper uses: Literature on youth participation and inclusion in humanitarian programming; Key informant interviews with practitioners from national and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and UN agencies; Focus group discussions and key informant interviews with refugee individuals and groups across nine camps for Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. It finds that: Refugee Rohingya youth and adolescents remain firmly on the margins of humanitarian programming, and are largely excluded from decision-making processes; Approximately 96 percent of surveyed youth between 18 and 24 years of age report being unemployed; For surveyed women aged 18–24 years, unemployment rates bordered on 99 percent; and Stress and anxiety are omnipresent amongst the community: an overwhelming majority of respondents reported experiencing disturbing thoughts and resorting to negative coping mechanisms. The paper ends with a series of recommendations to the Strategic Executive Group (SEG) and the Inter-Sector Coordination Group (ISCG), to donors, the international community, and the government of Bangladesh. 1

Activists in international courts: Backlash, funding, and strategy in international legal mobilization

Activists in international courts: Backlash, funding, and strategy in international legal mobilization

Between Humanitarian Assistance and Externalizing of EU Borders: The EU-Turkey Deal and Refugee Related Organizations in Turkey

This paper examines whether multilevel transnational cooperation makes a difference in refugee protection, especially in protracted displacement. In response to the forced migration of millions of Syrians to Turkey starting in 2011, the EU and Turkish government published a joint statement in March 2016. The so-called EU-Turkey deal (EUTD) provided a substantial flow of money (EUR 6 billion in four years) from the EU to Turkey. In return Turkey had to commit to contain and control migration movement toward the EU. In social science, there are quite diverse evaluations of the EUTD. Whereas some studies focus on its effectiveness and efficiency in reaching the outlined goals, other publications stress its geo-political effects on migrants’ mobility and (externalized) border control. Meanwhile some studies look for points to improve the EUTD while others criticize it fundamentally. This article analyzes the involvement of different types of international governmental and non-governmental organizations (IGOs and INGOs) in the four main action fields of the EUTD and its implicit side effects on the Turkish regime of migration management. It first summarizes some crucial findings and pending questions in the social science literature. Based on analysis of available documents and our own interviews in Turkey, we then shed light on the organizations involved in the implementation of the EUTD and its effects on the Turkish regime of refugee protection. In 2022, Turkey hosted some 3.7 million Syrian refugees of a total of almost four million registered international forced migrants. The EUTD of 2016 was mainly a response by the EU to the large numbers of Syrian refugees arriving in its members’ territories. When more than 1.2 million asylum seekers were registered in the then EU-28 in 2015 alone — more than twice the number in the preceding year — some EU member states (MS) negotiated with the Turkish government (Eurostat 2015, 2016). Based on a meeting of the European Council and its “Turkish counterpart” the so-called “EU-Turkey statement” was published on March 18 in 2015 (European Council 2016). From the very beginning, this EUTD was controversial — both in public discussions and in the social science literature. Was it primarily a payment from the EU to the Turkish government for externalizing its responsibilities of refugee protection? Or was it an appropriate measure for sharing the burden of an urgent humanitarian crisis? Was the money spent for refugee-oriented humanitarian aid and development expenses or was it instrumentalized by the Turkish government for its own ends? How did refugee related IGOs and INGOs participate in the management of the EUTD? In the following sections, we focus on some selected aspects of the role of national and international, governmental and non-governmental organizations active in the field of refugee protection, specifically the role and cooperation dynamics of these refugee related organizations (RRO) in implementing the Facility for Refugees in Turkey (FRIT) as part of the EUTD. Based on expert interviews in Turkey and an analysis of spending under the EUTD, the paper analyzes (1) how the landscape of RROs developed in the context of the EUTD, (2) how the budget of the EUTD was spent, and (3) how the cooperation between these RROs developed. The paper adds new insights into the contradictory dynamics between organizing services for refugees and controlling and containing refugee movements to the EU, between assisting and instrumentalizing forced migrants in Turkey, and between humanitarian aid and development activities. Especially the last point is relevant for contexts of protracted displacement as instruments of immediate humanitarian assistance have to be combined with means of longer-term development. From a perspective of organizational sociology, it argues that the EUTD contributed to a multi-level transnational organizational field of refugee protection, where collective and corporate actors relate in conflict and cooperation between the poles of rational self-interests and mutually recognized norms, between control-oriented state authorities up to grass root action networks. Analysis of the EUTD enables us to draw out specific insights and practical lessons for a broader audience. Before presenting our own empirical findings we first will sketch out the broader landscape of social science research and analysis of the EUTD. 2

Corporate Responsibility in South Africa: Limited Success, Unfulfilled Promise

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is one of the most important mantras of global business today. Companies nowadays, if we believe them, are a paragon of virtue in global and local communities. International governmental and nongovernmental organizations and civil-society organizations outperform one another in promoting CSR guidelines for companies and promoting conscious capitalism. For critics, however, CSR is a tool used cleverly by corporations to keep from making meaningful concessions to labor, stave off state intervention or regulation, and spin irresponsible actions. This article analyzes CSR practices in South Africa, emphasizing the mining sector and relevant legislation. It argues that CSR performance in South Africa has been nothing short of missed opportunities and unfulfilled promises.

МІЖНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ МОРСЬКОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

The article examines the international legal instruments which form the basis of international cooperation of States in ensuring maritime security. Despite a fairly large volume of achievements of the international community in the field of legal regulation of maritime safety, the level of accidents in the world's maritime fleet and the harmful consequences for humanity and the environment is still very high. The negative consequences of large ship accidents extend not only to the direct participants of the maritime enterprise, the ship, its crew and passengers, and shipowners, but also pollute and cause damage to coastal countries and the population whose lives are endangered by maritime accidents. Maritime security is a component of state security, so strategic tasks and priorities for the development of the maritime industry should be defined in strategic documents at the national level of each world maritime country. The correlation between national maritime legislation and international maritime legislation is relevant for maritime security. It is noted that international legal regulation of maritime security is becoming increasingly important in the context of rapid economic development and development of the high-tech sector, when the size of ships increases, the intensity of navigation in many areas of the World Ocean increases significantly, and the number of maritime accidents and disasters increases. The author identifies the factors that influence the need to create a legal framework for the safety of maritime activities and minimize the negative consequences for humanity and the environment. The UN, the International Maritime Organization and other international governmental and non-governmental organizations cooperating with them play an important role in the adoption of international norms (conventions, agreements, rules, recommendations). The implementation of national legal measures to ensure maritime safety is possible provided that a system of state maritime security is established and that the maritime administration, as well as the activities of controlling and inspecting authorities, work together in a joint, effective manner.

Avaliação da acurácia da informação em sites sobre leishmaniose visceral: uma estratégia de enfrentamento da desordem informacional

ABSTRACT New Information and Communication Technologies are increasingly present in the daily lives of people and institutions globally. The information they convey may need to be updated, complete, correct, or deliberately untrue. We live in a context of information mayhem. Health-related information like this can harm individuals and society. Some alternatives have been put forward to address this issue. This article discusses how online health information quality assessment and website certification can serve in confronting information disorder. It presents a methodology for assessing the accuracy of online information following the updated and scientifically proven information from evidence-based medicine. It analyzes the case of visceral leishmaniasis: one of the most prevalent neglected diseases in the world. Following this method, a tool with indicators was built, and the websites of international non-governmental organizations and the Ministries of Health of Brazil and India were evaluated. The results show that all the evaluated websites obtained at most 50% compliance with the indicators used.

Management of orofacial clefts in Africa, insufficient management centers, and workforce.

Management of orofacial clefts in Africa, insufficient management centers, and workforce.

Sustainability in Dutch and Flemish mental healthcare: A descriptive and comparative study

Introduction There is an urgent need for sustainable thinking and practices in healthcare systems to meet the challenge of climate change (Charlesworth & Jamieson, 2019; Corvalan et al., 2020; Luykx & Voetterl, 2022; Madden et al., 2020). This need is accelerated by the recent energy crisis. According to an international NGO policy paper (Karliner et al., 2019) healthcare institutions are large energy consumers and major emitters. The (mental) health sectors of the Netherlands and Flanders, the northern part of Belgium, also greatly contribute to the global climate crisis. Both regions have per capita emissions (between the 0.50t and 1t) that fall just below the world’s healthcare top emitters.ObjectivesTo evaluate the state of sustainability in Dutch and Flemish mental health institutions (including psychiatric hospitals, rehabilitation centers, and community mental health centers) and assess whether certain differences can be found in the climate policies of these institutions between both regions.Methods Board members of mental health institutions were asked to complete a 20-item online survey in which concrete actions, objectives and ambitions in the field of sustainability were questioned. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for each question. For certain topics chi-squared tests were performed to test differences in sustainability issues addressed in the questionnaire between Dutch and Flemish mental healthcare institutions.Results Survey response rates for Dutch and Flemish mental health institutions were 38% and 20%, respectively. Ninety-five percent and 38% of respectively the Dutch and Flemish institutions fully agreed that sustainability is a very important theme (χ2(1)=2,25, p=0,13). Key focus areas in both regions included sustainable energy transition (with half of the mental health institutions sourcing at least half of their energy via renewable energy resources and technologies) and recycling (almost 80% of the institutions). Statistically significant differences were found between both regions with regard to monitoring the environmental impact (Flanders 24% vs. The Netherlands 60%, χ2(1)=6,41, p=0,01) and fostering more sustainable commutes (Flanders 72% vs. The Netherlands 15%, χ2(1)=17,35, p<0,0001). The climate impact of medicines and food, as well as investments in sustainable projects, received little attention.ConclusionsAlthough a substantial part of Dutch and Flemish mental health institutions consider sustainability (very) important, a systemic ‘transformation’ will be necessary to make them climate neutral, as tenets of practicing mental healthcare sustainably include more than sustainable energy transition and recycling (Monsell et al., 2021). Moreover, a lack of sufficient investment opportunities, partly due to a lack of financial resources, seems to be the main barrier for many mental healthcare institutions for quickly reaching sustainability goals.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

The Impact of International Non-Governmental Organizations on International Environmental Policy: Greenpeace as a Model

Greenpeace is one of the largest and most active international non-governmental organizations in the environmental field. It is making great efforts to defend environmental issues at the international level, also To raise awareness of them, and to limit the effects of threats that our planet facing.

God’s Internationalists: World Vision and the Age of Evangelical Humanitarianism, by David P. King

With its multibillion-dollar budget funding scores of projects in over one hundred nations since its 1950 founding, World Vision’s history is vast and sprawling. As David King puts it, “the organization is simply too big and diverse to tell a single story.” In fact, “To paint a full picture of the organization, scholars would need to produce a number of ethnographically informed case studies” spanning many nations. Each “would convey a small piece of the truth about World Vision” (246). King’s book offers a substantial slice of World Vision’s institutional history that centers on its U.S. office. Drawing from years of meticulous research, God’s Internationalists paints a well-crafted and sophisticated portrait of key aspects of World Vision’s development across nearly seven decades.Covering a range of topics reflecting divergent aspects of World Vision’s identity (for example, humanitarianism, evangelism, international nongovernmental organizations, and Christianity’s twentieth-century spread), God’s Internationalists is likely to be useful to a wide readership. King situates his book within a burgeoning body of scholarship that studies American evangelicalism’s history through transnational lenses. It is here that King makes his greatest contribution: by demonstrating how much can be gained through using a transnational evangelical institution as an analytical focus, King makes a significant historiographic innovation in the study of American evangelicalism.On one level, King does so by documenting how U.S.-based evangelicals within World Vision interacted with fellow American evangelicals, missionaries, Christians outside the United States, donors, aid recipients, humanitarian crises, development projects, other humanitarian agencies, several World Vision national offices, World Vision personnel with increasingly diverse religious identities, and more. A constant barrage of such transnational encounters pushed the evangelical commitments of World Vision personnel in new directions, resulting in steady streams of internal conversations and negotiations regarding what it meant for World Vision to be an evangelical institution. At the same time, God’s Internationalists examines how discourses and norms from other international humanitarian organizations also navigating global geopolitics shaped World Vision’s identity. Ever nuanced, it even shows how World Vision’s “internationalization” sometimes kept it a step out of measure “from the identity politics, inerrancy debates, and culture wars that defined American evangelicals” (185).On another level, King tracks multiple ways in which World Vision, changed by transnational interactions, influenced global outlooks, values, and identities within American evangelicalism more broadly. This sometimes entailed placing alarming humanitarian needs abroad in front of American evangelicals, imploring their help, or educating evangelicals on humanitarian crises such as the AIDS epidemic (237–43). World Vision sometimes attempted to be a bridge between American evangelicals and Christians elsewhere in the world. For example, “World Vision positioned itself as the most logical common link within a maturing global evangelicalism. As global evangelicals spoke back to the West, World Vision felt they could come alongside as translators to a broad base of American Christians” (146). Even as transnational encounters led World Vision to reassess its own evangelical identity, World Vision often attempted to turn the gaze of American evangelicals beyond U.S. borders, influencing their understanding of—and place in—the world.Of course, any undertaking of this magnitude is bound to have at least some gaps. For instance, there is little sustained engagement with gender or race. As another example, while King examines two of World Vision’s founding myths (35–37, 70), he inadvertently reinforces a third, omitting a transnational dimension of World Vision’s creation by covering Bob Pierce’s founding role in World Vision while excluding Kyung-Chik Han’s. Drawing on Korean perspectives, subsequent scholarship has written in Han’s role.1 This illustrates a limitation of focusing primarily on one side of transnational encounters, a methodological consideration that could just as easily be posed to other volumes that seek fresh insights into U.S.-based Christianities by analyzing them through transnational frameworks.Yet, by demonstrating how World Vision’s U.S. office was shaped by, struggled against, and changed broader currents in American evangelicalism, the culture of international humanitarian NGOs, and, to an extent, even Christianities across the globe, King’s substantive approach situates what could have been a narrow institutional history within a confluence of larger historical streams that offers new purchase on each. Well-written and comprehensive, God’s Internationalists promises to reward anyone seeking more nuanced historical understandings of international relief and development, religious humanitarian organizations, and especially evangelicalism.

Somali Passport Service Providers Competing for Bribes: Which Government Body Is Taking More?

This research investigates the prevalence of corruption and use of intermediaries at immigration sites, the municipality, and the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) in Mogadishu, Somalia. Through an online survey, 80 responses were recorded from residents in Mogadishu who work in academia, businesses, and international NGOs. Five anonymous civil servants were interviewed over telephone to further learn about the difficulties and potential solutions to the corruption problem. The statistical analysis revealed that Immigration is relatively less corrupted. This is due to changes in management and administrative reforms, ability to challenge fraudulent temptation of staff through call centers, and having better institutional and staff capacities than the other two institutions in question. Furthermore, direct supervision from the Ministry of Internal Security at the site of immigration with relatively enhanced working conditions with higher salaries allows for better functioning compared to Mogadishu Municipality, which is a local authority, and CID, a subdivision of an underpaid police department. Alternatively, more than half of the citizens use an intermediary to obtain their passports, birth certificates, and criminal record letters. According to the binary regression analysis, male applicants are more likely to use an intermediary than females.

General principles of public administration of climate relations in the European Union

The article is devoted to the study of theoretical problems, the study of the role of the institution of the European Union, which carries out public administration in the field of environmental protection and climate change prevention.
 In the article, the author focuses on the fact that since the middle of the last century in Europe, there has been a significant deterioration of the environment, and the rise in temperature indicates significant problems associated with climate change.
 It is noted that public administration in the field of environmental protection and climate change prevention in the European Union by institutions implementing state policy in the specified field. The author investigated the formation of a system of bodies (institutions) of general and special competence in the field of environmental protection and climate change prevention in the EU.
 The author focuses on the fact that the formation of legal regulation of environmental and climate relations, as well as public administration in the specified area, was significantly influenced by the holding of the UN Stockholm Conference on environmental problems.
 The article examines the role of the European Union institution in the field of environmental protection and climate change prevention. It was concluded that the EU institutions are the main regulators of integration processes that ensure the consistency of the EU policy, especially in the field of environmental protection and climate change prevention.
 The article analyzes the system of bodies of special competence of the European Union and their influence on the implementation of EU policy in the field of environmental protection and climate change prevention. Also, in the article, the author emphasizes the areas of activity of non-governmental international organizations that contribute to the improvement of environmental protection and prevention of climate change.
 The author researched the experience of organizing public administration in the field of environmental protection and climate change prevention in the Federal Republic of Germany and the Republic of Italy and concluded on the expediency of borrowing the experience of the EU states in Ukraine.

Data or opinion?

I believe, with proper data comes better decisions and considerations. It is a fact that we have long been collecting data about oppression of Black and marginalized communities. Unfortunately, data collection methods often exclude segments of the population, commonly BIPOC communities. My long-term goals include focusing on implementing data-driven and human-centered solutions to social problems like hunger and education. It is not a secret that the most marginalized of us are also the most affected by food apartheid. Black people living in rural communities are 2.5 times more likely to be at risk of hunger compared to white counterparts. There is a growing need in the public policy sectors for professionals to analyze the raw data continuously generated on these issues. I believe my role as a Black Data Scientist extends beyond deriving software and modeling data—it is my duty to minimize the bias in data. This spans from how the data are collected, analyzed, and converted into useful insights. Growing up in Zimbabwe, one thing was clear; my escape route to survival was through education. I was raised in a low-income family; my father was a truck driver, and my mother was a housewife. In early 2007, my father had a rare and lethal condition, meningitis. When my father died, my world collapsed with him. My mother had no work experience, no education, or access to resources to ensure our family had the basics such as food and education. This lived experience means that I have been in the shoes of those whom non-governmental organization’s solutions aim to target. It also means that I have experienced the effects of the gap between data and policy as a Zimbabwean national. I was once a part of the 90% of starving children in Africa. However, because of government policies barring international organizations and non-governmental organizations from alleviating the pain, these solutions never reached me. My family and I just remained data points. At the age of 16, I copped a life changing opportunity. I was selected as one of three Zimbabwean students to attend United World College (UWC) in Eswatini. Hunger and poverty in Eswatini was as rampant as it was in Zimbabwe. In addition, because of the international community at UWC, with over 60 countries represented, I learned that these problems did not only exist in Africa. I became more aware of the system of oppression against BIPOC communities in North America through my yearlong Civic Engagement fellowship with Up-to-Us (a bipartisan umbrella organization of Net Impact). UWC and Up-to-Us provided me with a holistic and integrated dimension of world issues; this ignited my motivation to make a difference. Data science came naturally to me, and I saw it as my tool to continue fighting injustices. As an undergraduate at Earlham College, I am learning about the skills and bias related to data collection, analysis, and interpretation. I am working on my senior capstone project: Using Machine Learning to Predict Social Unrests. I am incorporating metrics such as GDP, GNI, discrimination proxies, and poverty rates to try to predict where there may be social unrests. I aim to use this tool to pinpoint locations where aid and policy changes are needed before the lack of support have a permanent and damaging effect on communities. I am applying to graduate school where I plan to get my masters and eventually PhD in Data Science so that I can dedicate my research to proving our oppression and experiences are more than data points. I want to leave a tangible impact with my work—one that will last for generations to come. The world continues to move into an era dominated by technology, and it is important that these tools do not hide systematic oppression and inequities among marginalized communities. I acknowledge my privilege to be graduating college. I view this privilege as an opportunity to guide younger people to finish college and inspire the idea of there being light at the end of the tunnel. One of the things you cannot buy someone is hope, but I do believe you can share with others. I continuously find ways to share my experience as a Rising Black Scientist to render hope to those who look like me and might doubt themselves. Through the “This is my story program” I co-founded during my gap year before college, I keep in touch with several of my mentees to continuously encourage them. I recognize that as a Black male, it is also my role to let my Black women counterparts feel seen and heard. While I cannot fully relate to their experience, I share stories of successful Black women in my outreach because I believe in the importance of young Black women having role models in science.