International Design Guidelines Research Articles

Smartification Furniture Manufacturing: A Furniture Prototype with Thermal-Based Sensors (Visions and Challenges)

Considering the swift advancement of technology paralleling the industrial revolution, Industry 4 and Industry 5 have emerged. The industry's developing focus has shifted beyond merely incorporating technical and interactive components. Concern for human beings and user's well-being has become a fundamental aspect of the furniture industry. This study proposes the manufacturing of an interactive furniture component that can be produced with limited skills. This prototype of smart furniture, utilizing existing materials, enhances safety and improves the security health of the users in the environment. The product is a living room table that produces a light warning when a thermal object, which may pose a risk of external heat to the user and occupants, is detected. This device is designed for consumers requiring continuous assistance, specifically children, the elderly, and the deaf. This will enable them to integrate into family dynamics without the need for a caregiver to alert them to potential hazards. The light warning followed international design guidelines, using red for severe heat and blue for extreme cold. The study provides a strategic design framework that assists the industry in developing interactive furniture production. This methodology also provides a development concept for common pre-manufactured furniture and techniques for incorporating interactive features. The study encountered multiple problems in practical implementation, the foremost being the lack of existing industrial design models. We encountered logistical challenges with the availability of raw materials and the compatibility among the industrial service provider, the furniture designer, and the techie tasked with integrating the interactive component.

Experimental study on the compressive behavior of UHPC filled stainless steel tubes subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading

Ultra-High Performance Concrete Filled Stainless Steel Tubular (UHPCFSST) column is a novel type of composite columns appealing to be adopted in corrosive and marine environment. To explore the axial performance of UHPCFSST columns, this paper initiates an experimental program containing 14 UHPCFSST columns subjected to either monotonic or cyclical axial compressive loading. The test variables in this program mainly include the column dimension, tube thickness and the loading schemes. Based on the test results, the damage evolution process, ultimate failure mode, load-deformation response and the typical mechanical performance indexes inclusive of loading-carrying capacity, stiffness degradation, as well as ductility coefficient are thoroughly examined. After that, theoretical analysis is carried out to explore the interaction behavior between UHPC and stainless-steel tube and hence judge the degree of confinement effect. To assess the applicability of the code equations stipulated in current international design guidelines and the empirical formulas proposed by other researchers, a small-scale dataset containing 41 UHPCFSST columns was compiled to make comparison of axial capacity between test results and analytical predictions. In view of the limited accuracy or the burdensome calculation process, a new formula considering actual loading carrying mechanism was proposed to calculate the axial capacity of UHPCFSST columns, which exhibits enhanced accuracy and efficiency than the current formulas.

Analytical and experimental shear evaluation of GFRP-reinforced concrete beams

Reinforced Concrete (RC) technology is advancing towards new frontiers enhancing its sustainability and durability through innovative materials. In particular, the application of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars, in lieu of steel reinforcement, shows excellent performance, especially in aggressive environments. Nevertheless, current international design guidelines and standards tend to be rather conservative, especially concerning shear reinforcement. This element hinders the technology’s competitiveness, not only in terms of material consumption but also in construction efficiency. This research aims to conduct an analytical comparison and experimental validation of the formulations found in some international standards pertaining to shear capacity in a specific case. The focus is on scenarios involving reduced shear reinforcement and cases where the number of stirrups falls below the minimum recommended by these standards. In the sample beam tests, two distinct flexural GFRP reinforcement ratios were employed to evaluate their influence on shear capacity, leading to diverse failure mechanisms: rupture of longitudinal GFRP bars and concrete crushing. The experimental results were used to compare the North American ACI, French AFGC, and Italian CNR shear capacity design approaches in the case of reduced transversal reinforced ratio. Analytical capacity expressions of the standards above are discussed with some remarks aiming at structural optimization.

Depth-dependent flexural behavior of plain and bar-reinforced ultra-high-performance hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete –analytical, numerical, and uncertainty modeling

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) has been the perfect material for precast, marine, defense, and high-rise structures due to its outstanding features, including high ductility, compressive strength, and enhanced durability. UHPC technology has gained wide attention for various applications. Government initiatives, however, have largely led to the development of these projects. The UHPC has not been widely adopted since there are no reliable and accurate codified formulas for predicting load-carrying capacity, which remains a significant obstacle. First, this study evaluated the applicability of popular international design guidelines for predicting the moment capacity of fiber-reinforced UHPC (UHFRC) beams. In addition, a nonlinear numerical approach for a robust model to predict the moment–curvature of UHFRC beams was developed and validated. The structural safety of UHFRC beams using a multivariate nonlinear probability model was verified. As beam depth increased, the reliability index decreased slightly, which could be attributed to its significant impact on the reliability index. The presence of reinforcement bars significantly affects the reliability index as its percentage increases. All reinforced beams with a depth of 120 mm or more and steel bars had a reliability index greater than 3.0. In the study, bar reinforcement is demonstrated to be a vital component of the UHFRC beam for ensuring structural integrity.

충격량에 대한 응답을 고려한 폭발강화격벽 설계 방법 연구

Blast Hardened Bulkhead (BHB) is an important measure that can increase the ship’s survivability as well as protect the lives of the crew by mitigating the damage extent caused by an internal explosion in the ship. In particular, both the pressure and the shock impulse should be considered when designing the BHB against reflected shock waves having a high pressure with a short duration. This study proposes a design method for BHB that considers both the pressure and the shock impulse generated during the internal explosion. In addition, analysis and design concepts for accident loads such as explosion, fire, and collision of NORSOK and DNVGL, one of the international design guidelines for the curtain plate type blast hardened bulkhead type applied by the Korean Navy, are utilized. If this method is applied, it is expected that it can be used as a design concept for the pressure as well as the shock impulse of the explosion load of the curtain plate.

Effects of debris flow rheology on overflow and impact dynamics against dual-rigid barriers

It is well recognised that the rheology of an interstitial fluid has profound effects on debris flow dynamics. Existing design guidelines for multiple resisting barriers, however, do not consider the rheological behaviour of debris flows explicitly while estimating barrier spacing. A modified overflow equation is proposed, considering an improved overflow trajectory and a new yield stress-based velocity attenuation model, to estimate the overflow distance in two-phase flows. This study experimentally investigates the effects of yield stress of an interstitial fluid on the impact behaviour of two-phase flows with similar Froude numbers against dual-rigid barriers. The flow composition is varied to model a wide range of natural flows based on dimensionless yield stress. The results reveal that the hydrodynamic impact coefficient increases with increasing dimensionless yield stress and exceeds the existing international design guidelines by more than 13%. The existing guidelines underestimate the overflow distance by up to 115%. The modified formulation is verified and conservatively predicts overflow distance for water floods to debris flows. It is recommended that the dimensionless yield stress of interstitial fluid together with Froude number should be used to characterise the impact and overflow dynamics of two-phase flow for a conservative design of dual barriers.

Dynamic Behavior of the Composite Steel–Concrete Beam Floor Systems under Free and Forced Vibration

This paper aims to investigate the dynamic behavior of composite steel–concrete floor systems under both free and forced vibrations. A combination of numerical and analytical methods was comprehensively employed to calibrate the suggested solutions to extend the application of accurate numerical methods in future design purposes. Different commercial Finite Element Packages including ABAQUS/CAE and Strand7 were precisely utilized. The obtained results from the Finite Element Simulations were broadly compared with the available international design guidelines including British Standard BS 6472 and international standard ISO 10137. The first 10 active vibration modes in different composite steel–concrete beam floor systems were numerically investigated. Different concrete slabs by respecting the designated various types of secondary and primary steel beam components were comprehensively examined. It was found that the lengths of primary and secondary beams can considerably influence the computed fundamental frequencies and the response factors of the simulated composite floor system. Based on carrying out an extensive parametrical study, further practical recommendations were suggested to provide a reliable benchmark for structural designers.

Confinement of FRP concrete columns: Review of design guidelines and comparison with experimental results

A regulatory framework is required to ensure the correct design of Fibre-Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) increasingly being used as an externally-bonded strengthening system on concrete columns. Several design guidelines on the confinement of FRP concrete have been developed over the past few years worldwide, each proposing a different approach, resulting in different predictions. This study aims to evaluate and compare nine international design guidelines used to predict the compressive strength of confined concrete in FRP-strengthened concrete columns and weigh them against experimental results. The results of this investigation reveal that the predictions from the guidelines on the compressive strengthening of FRP-confined concrete are generally suitable for circular columns, with the ACI-440 and CNR-DT 200 guideline predictions being two of the most accurate. Nevertheless, the guidelines generally tend to overestimate the load-carrying capacity for the compressive strength of FRP-confined concrete in non-circular columns, for which further experimental work using large-scale specimens is required.

Evaluating the Design Criteria for Light Embankment Piling: Timber Piles in Road and Railway Foundations

Three-dimensional finite element (FE) simulations were performed to further develop the Swedish design guidelines for geogrid-reinforced timber pile-supported embankments, also known as lightly piled embankments. Lightly piled embankments are constructed mainly in areas which typically have highly compressible soils, and the method utilises untreated timber piles as its key feature. The timber piles are installed in a triangular arrangement instead of the more common square arrangement, with a centre-to-centre distance of 0.8–1.2 m. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current standard using FE modelling setups with square and triangular pile arrangements with varying centre-to-centre distances, based on a typical road foundation case. The evaluation mainly focused on comparing the embankment settlements, as well as the load and stress distribution in the embankment, the piles and the geosynthetic reinforcement. As part of the evaluation, a state-of-the-art study was done on international design guidelines and analytical models. From the FE simulations, no evident difference in mechanical behaviour was found between the triangular and square piling patterns. The maximum allowed centre-to-centre distance between piles can potentially be increased to 1.4 m, decreasing the number of piles by as much as one third.

Design considerations of drag anchors in cohesive soil for floating facilities in the South China sea

Deep-sea drag anchor technology is an efficient solution for mooring offshore floating facilities. It has been widely adopted for temporary oil & gas engineering vessels in China. This paper presents a design strategy of drag anchors in cohesive soils for offshore floating facilities in the South China Sea. The design considerations and challenges encountered in practice are outlined, and technical solutions for the anchor design from the installation, through severe annual typhoons, to the end of design life are presented. The primary aims of the paper are to provide design specification of the drag anchor, considering geotechnical and metocean characteristics in the South China Sea, in a line with the international design guidelines, as well as to highlight its promising application in both conventional and renewable sectors in the South China Sea.

Behavior and Strength Predictions for CFRP Confined Rubberized Concrete under Axial Compression

This paper presents experimental versus theoretical comparison of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) confined rubberized concrete (a new structural material). A total of sixty six rubberized concrete cylinders were tested in axial compression. The specimens were cast using 0 to 50% rubber replacement. Twenty seven cylinders were then confined with one, two and three layers of CFRP jackets. Axial compression results of the experimental study were compared with the North American and European design guidelines. The results indicate that the addition of rubber content in the concrete leads to premature micro cracking and lateral expansion in concrete. This increased lateral dilation exploited the potential of FRP jackets. The axial compressive strength and strain values for CFRP confined RuC cylinders reached up to unprecedented 600 and 330 percent of unconfined samples. Furthermore, the current international design guidelines developed for conventional concrete confinement failed to predict the compressive strength of rubberized concrete. There is a strong need to re-evaluate the current design codes and their applicability to investigate fiber reinforced confined rubberized concrete. Moreover, the proposed equations in this research can better predict the axial compressive strength of FRP confined RuC.

Design Guidelines for the Size and Length of Chinese Characters Displayed in the Intelligent Vehicle’s Central Console Interface

In order to ensure the driver’s safe driving, the human–computer interaction interface of an intelligent vehicle needs to convey important information. The text is an important carrier of this kind of information. The design criteria of English characters have been widely discussed, including the color, meaning, size and length. However, design guidelines for Chinese characters in central consoles of vehicles have rarely been discussed from a human–computer interaction perspective. In this paper, we investigated the size and the length of Chinese characters in the intelligent vehicle’s central control screen, based on international design guidelines and standards. The experiment involved 30 participants performing simulated in-vehicle secondary tasks. The result from the experiments shows that the usability of characters increases and the driver’s workload decreases as the characters get larger and shorter. We also propose a set of recommended values for the size and length of Chinese characters in this context. Future work will focus on providing design guidelines for other aspects of HMI design in intelligent vehicles.

Specific Process Conditions for Non-Hazardous Classification of Hydrogen Handling Facilities.

Hazardous area classification design is required to reduce the explosion risk in process plants. Among the international design guidelines, only IEC 60079-10-1 proposes a new type of zone, namely zone 2 NE, to prevent explosion hazards. We studied how to meet the zone 2 NE grade for a facility handling hydrogen gas, which is considered as most dangerous among explosive gases. Zone 2 NE can be achieved considering the grade of release, as well as the availability and effectiveness of ventilation, which are factors indicative of the facility condition and its surroundings. In the present study, we demonstrate that zone 2 NE can be achieved when the degree of ventilation is high by accessing temperature, pressure, and size of leak hole. The release characteristic can be derived by substituting the process condition of the hydrogen gas facility. The equations are summarized considering relation of the operating temperature, operating pressure, and size of leak hole. Through this relationship, the non-hazardous condition can be realized from the perspective of inherent safety by the combination of each parameter before the initial design of the hydrogen gas facility.

Durability of Externally Bonded Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites in Concrete Structures: A Critical Review.

Externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been in use in civil infrastructure for decades, but their long-term performance is still difficult to predict due to many knowledge gaps in the understanding of degradation mechanisms. This paper summarizes critical durability issues associated with the application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for rehabilitation of concrete structures. A variety of factors that affect the longevity of FRP composites are discussed: installation, quality control, material selection, and environmental conditions. Critical review of design approaches currently used in various international design guidelines is presented to identify potential opportunities for refinement of design guidance with respect to durability. Interdisciplinary approaches that combine materials science and structural engineering are recognized as having potential to develop composites with improved durability.

Finite Element Modeling of Bond Behavior of FRP and Steel Plates.

Strengthening systems for existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures are increasingly needed due to several problems such as degradation of materials over the time, underdesign, serviceability or seismic upgrading, or new code requirements. In the last decades, strengthening by fibers composite materials applied with various techniques (FRP, FRCM, NSM) were largely investigated and theoretical formulations have been introduced in national and international design guidelines. Although they are an excellent strengthening solution, steel plates may represent still a valid traditional alternative, due to low costs, ductile stress-strain behavior, simple and fast mounting with possibility of reusing the material. Guidelines for a correct design are still lack and, therefore, detailed models and design formulas are needed. In this paper, the bond behavior at the plate-concrete interface, which plays a key role for the effectiveness of the strengthening system, is analyzed by means of 3D finite element models calibrated on experimental results available in literature. Parametric analyses were carried out by changing some meaningful parameters.

Better Natural Ventilation Design for Single Sided Apartments Utilising Computational Fluid Dynamics

Wind-driven natural cross ventilation to many single-aspect apartments can be achieved via building indentations and façade articulation. The ventilation rate of these apartments will rely on pressures differences between openings caused by approaching wind pressure, local wind climate and interaction with the surrounding built environment and external pressure gradients on the building indentations or any other facades articulation and their potential driving force on natural ventilation. Detailed simulation methods are therefore required to consider all above mentioned parameters and provide internal and external airflow information to the design team to allow for design modifications or refinement where required to provide robust natural cross ventilation for such apartments. This study assesses the above parameters for a proposed development, designed with recesses and slots to enhance natural cross ventilation in single-sided apartments, and presents a reliable procedure to advise on compliance with national and/or international design guidelines utilising an advanced combined outdoor-indoor Computational Fluid Flow (CFD) analysis integrated with localized weather data for the project site.

비상대피공간의 환기시설 구축을 위한 기술지침 연구

Purpose: This study intends to suggest the correct guidelines for the future facility and operation management through analysis of domestic and international design guidelines for ventilation facilities in emergency evacuation spaces. Method: First, it analyzes changes in indoor climate in evacuation facilities and examines the importance of ventilation necessary to maintain a certain standard indoor climate according to these changes. Second, it analyzes the current state of ventilation facilities in emergency evacuation spaces and analyzes actual ventilation guidelines and research results in Korea. Third, it analyzes more specific guidelines and related technologies, such as the structure of the evacuation space in foreign countries, the connection of ventilation systems, the composition of ventilation systems, and ventilation rates. Finally, based on the results of this analysis, it would like to propose what system implementation is required to respond to emergency situations in the future. Result: In the evacuation facility, changes of indoor climate are rapidly changed according to the size of the space and the ventilation rate of the ventilation system when people stay for a certain period, so it is necessary to establish a system for this. Depending on the structure or area of the emergency evacuation space and the ventilation facilities applied, domestic and foreign established guidelines differ. It can be seen that the guidelines are more specifically.

The Role of Contemporary Biographical Museums in Heritage Conservation in the UAE

The first generation of Museums in the UAE was more oriented towards displaying Artifacts and ethnographic segments of history. On the other hand, the current trend is more toward the changes and associated collective memories of the community in a rapidly developing modern nation state. His Highness, Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan was the founder of the state and had a powerful and influential vision and personality that not only influenced his society, but also passed through to the whole Gulf region. Having a biographical Museum for Sheikh Zayed is essential for documenting and preserving the details of his personality and presenting different aspects of his life in an innovative manner. Such museum will allow younger, technology-oriented generations to follow in the footsteps of Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan to develop and progress their country. In addition, a biographical museum will provide a platform to reconnect with the past to conserve UAE heritage. Emerging contemporary museums in Al-Saadiyat Island exemplify the shift, from traditional forts that were restored into museums, to new forms of spaces. This new type offers technologies to support the exhibition of Artifacts and objects in context and scale based on international design guidelines. Therefore, the biographical museum that is proposed by this research is to be built in Al-Saadiyat Island. This Paper aims to highlight the importance of having a modern/contemporary biographical museum in the conservation of UAE heritage, and applies interior design theories within an academic context in order to connect between theory and practice. The research will show some of the design proposals for such a type of museums.

Comparing empirical water depth observations of a box gutter roof drainage system to three different international design guidelines

Effective roof drainage is necessary to protect buildings and their contents from rainfall damage. Regulatory documents exist to ensure that a building's roof drainage system is adequate for the anticipated rainfall events experienced during the life of the building. Empirical observations that inform international design guidelines are largely attributable to a small number of investigative studies with a limited range of roof drainage system configurations and flow conditions. This paper compares the observed hydraulic performance of a 600mm wide, rectangular box gutter case study model under various flowrates to values predicted in the Australian, US and European standards. The study measured the depth of water at various locations in the box gutter over a range of flowrates from 3L/s to 20L/s to determine whether the gutter depths recommended by the various design guidelines were adequate. Four different gutter slopes (1:200; 1:150; 1:100; and 1:40) were tested in the study. The results of the study indicated that the depth of flow in the box gutter was highly dependent on the inflow rate and the gutter slope. The results showed that the observed gutter water levels may or may not be considered adequate and safe, depending on the individual guideline applied. As regulatory documents aim to provide effective guidance, a deficit of box gutter depth is concerning while a surplus represents wasted resources. The findings of this study demonstrate some of the challenges faced by designers of roof drainage systems and hydraulic engineers.

국외 요양시설 디자인가이드라인에 나타난 치유성능 연구

Although nursing homes where physically weak seniors live must be planned as an healing environment for maintaining and improving holistic health conditions of the senior residents, many of the nursing homes in Korea are currently placed in poor environment due to lack of minimum criteria or design guideline for spatial planning. Therefore, this study aims to extract healing elements shown in nursing home design guidelines that have been developed and utilized in several developed welfare countries where aging has started before Korea. The subjects of this study were 4 international nursing homes design guidelines; and they were analyzed by the content analysis technique. As for analysis units, design guideline items were selected; and spatial composition, three dimensions of health, and healing elements for supporting the health conditions were used as analysis categories. As results, firstly, among total 259 guidelines, the guidelines that commonly applied to all the spaces turned out to be the most, then the guidelines to be applied in bathroom turned out to be the most. Secondly, in terms of holistic health, the proportion of design guideline for supporting physical health turned out to be highest followed by the one for mental health and social health. Thirdly, In terms of healing elements, items for safety, accessibility, comfort, and convenience that supported physical health and cognition that supported mental health turned out to be high. This study is expected to provide the framework for comprehensively understanding the existing design guidelines of nursing homes in the perspective of healing and to be utilized as fundamental resource for spatial planning to improve healing effects in the nursing homes in the future.