International Coordination Research Articles

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

The article is devoted to the search for conceptual solutions to the problem of ensuring sustainable economic growth in the new unstable economic conditions. This topic remains extremely relevant in the modern world, where various challenges are faced, such as climate change, resource depletion, population growth, increased social inequality and other problems. The authors explore the evolution of the concept of sustainable development, highlighting various essential aspects of understanding the category of sustainability. In different time periods, climate change and environmental challenges, social justice and efficiency, global cooperation and risk management, digitalization and technological innovation have consistently been at the center of the problem of sustainable development. As a result, strategies to reduce the negative impact on the environment and adapt to climate change have been replaced by strategies of green technologies, which, in turn, have been replaced by strategies of international cooperation and coordination of actions by all members of society to solve global problems of our time. The authors prove the importance of considering not only environmental, but also social aspects when developing sustainable development strategies to ensure social justice and improve the quality of life of all segments of society. In conclusion, the authors conclude that risk management related to economic instability, environmental changes and other factors requires new strategies for sustainable development, which in turn is impossible without effective public management, public involvement, and informed decision-making.

Epidemiological Aspects and Basic Directions of the Protective Medications against Monkeypox Development

Relevance. After smallpox eradication, in conditions of population immunity to orthopoxviruses absence, Monkeypox virus became most significant orthopoxvirus, pathogenic for humans. Therefore the generalization of data on the areas of infection outbreaks, human diseases and methods of prevention and treatment of monkey pox is important task. Aim. To characterize the problem of monkeypox in the world based on an analysis of foreign scientific publications over the past 20 years. Materials and methods. The work used publications presented in the main international medical information databases PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, etc. To analyze the publications, the analytical epidemiological method was used. Results and discussion. Monkeypox virus, obtained and identified in 1958, by genetic and phenotypic differences divides on two clades: West-African with lethality 3.6% and Central-African (Congo Basin) with lethality 10%. Monkeypox virus transmission to men happens in two ways, either from animal-to-human or human-to-human. Monkey pox is endemic only on African continent, but In 2003 year the first outbreak, numbering 47 confirmed cases, was occurred in non-endemic country – USA and the largest monkeypox outbreak began in Nigeria in September 2017 year and continue to the present. Comparison of the genome sequences of strains, isolated from patients in non-endemic countries, showed, that it genetically close to West-african strains, belong to II clades and were descended from a common ancestor. Many cases of disease in humans in the current outbreak have been traced to sexual transmission especially among men, who identify ourselves as gay or bisexual. The basis method for identification of agent in present time is PCR-RT targeting on the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene. Usually monkeypox of human is mild, self-limiting disease. The symptoms of monkeypox are varied and non-specific. One of the most frequently observed clinical symptoms is lymphadenopathy. Most patients recover during some weeks. However, specific antiviral treatment – tecovirimat (S-246) and brincidofovir (CMX-001) – may be used for seriously ill or immunocompromised individuals. For prophylactic disease in present time are use vaccines JYNNEOSTM, ACAM2000R and Aventis Pasteur (APSV). Conclusion. General vaccination against monkeypox don't develop accordingly to modern recommendations WHO. Ring vaccination is recommended to conduct for suppression of spread virus in nidus of infection among population. Timely international coordination is needed to prevent the global spread of a disease with epidemic potential.

Multicountry Time-Varying Taylor Rule: Modeling Unconventional Monetary Policies and Bond Premiums

In the post-financial-crisis era, advanced economies have increasingly adopted unconventional monetary policies such as zero interest rate policy, negative interest rate policy, forward guidance communication, and international coordination policies. Consequently, the traditional Taylor rule has lost some of its explanatory power. This analysis extends the Taylor rule from a single-country to a multicountry analysis using cross-country panel data, incorporating nonmacro factors and stationary correlation in the diffusion matrix for a dynamic factor analysis, specifically covering the Group of Seven countries with datasets compiled by Bloomberg L.P. for the period 1999–2022. This approach comprehensively models these unconventional monetary policies, demonstrating greater statistical validity than existing models. Notably, the model extracts the impact of zero interest rate policy and negative interest rate policy as nonmacro factors and presents the high correlation of residuals as indicative of international coordination among central banks. Additionally, by interpreting the discrepancy between the Taylor rule and actual rate as unintended interest rate fluctuations by central banks, the study posits that interest rates will eventually return to the central bank’s intended fair value. The model’s estimation errors could be treated akin to bond value factors in global risk premia.

Use of Ebola Vaccines - Worldwide, 2021-2023.

Ebola virus disease (Ebola) is a rare but severe illness in humans, with an average case fatality rate of approximately 50%. Two licensed vaccines are currently available against Orthoebolavirus zairense, the virus that causes Ebola: the 1-dose rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP (ERVEBO [Merck]) and the 2-dose regimen of Ad26.ZEBOV and MVA-BN-Filo (Zabdeno/Mvabea [Johnson & Johnson]). The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization recommends the use of 1-dose ERVEBO during Ebola outbreaks, and in 2021, a global stockpile of ERVEBO was established to ensure equitable, timely, and targeted access to vaccine doses for future Ebola outbreaks. This report describes the use of Ebola vaccines and the role of the stockpile developed and managed by the International Coordinating Group (ICG) on Vaccine Provision during 2021-2023. A total of 145,690 doses have been shipped from the ICG stockpile since 2021. However, because outbreaks since 2021 have been limited and rapidly contained, most doses (139,120; 95%) shipped from the ICG stockpile have been repurposed for preventive vaccination of high-risk groups, compared with 6,570 (5%) used for outbreak response. Repurposing doses for preventive vaccination could be prioritized in the absence of Ebola outbreaks to prevent transmission and maximize the cost-efficiency and benefits of the stockpile.

White tides: The plastic nurdles problem

The proliferation of plastic pollution, particularly from nurdles (small plastic pellets used in manufacturing), poses significant environmental and ecological risks. Originating with the invention of Bakelite in 1907 and escalating post-World War II with advanced petrochemical technologies, nurdles are the second largest source of primary microplastic pollution globally. Each year an estimated 445,970 tonnes of nurdles enter the environment worldwide. Nurdle spills, such as those along Spain's Galician coast and other global incidents, underline the need for improved spill response, preventive measures, and international regulatory coordination. The environmental impact of nurdles, compared to more visible oil spills, is insidious and long-lasting due to their persistence and widespread dispersion. Current regulations, like the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) guidelines, reveal gaps in enforcement and fail to fully address the long-term consequences of spills. Recent technological innovations and policy interventions aim to mitigate risks, but there's an urgent need for coordinated global action, stricter controls, and investment in biodegradable alternatives to safeguard marine environments and ensure ecological sustainability.

Coming of age: governance challenges in updated AMR national action plans in the EU.

National action plans (NAPs) are key instruments for governing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In Europe, we can now observe many countries updating their NAPs which raise two key research questions; what substantial modifications are states opting for, and how do they wish to address challenges related to AMR governance in a comparative perspective? Building on a previous analytical classification, we address these two questions by examining data of updated versions of NAPs in 13 European Union member states covering seventeen elements related to AMR governance. Our results substantiate the large variation with regard to both substantive issues and governance-related matters. Most tellingly, they highlight the growing importance of the One Health approach in updated versions of NAPs. Our analysis also shows that while substantive issues remain important, One Health and the coordination and collaboration issues it entails are becoming more salient in the second or third generation of NAPs. Updated NAPs suggest that EU member states are becoming increasingly knowledgeable on the causes and consequences of AMR and how it needs to be addressed. The enhanced level of knowledge also leads these countries to address the next set of issues and challenges; to improve domestic and international coordination and collaboration. Thus, the revised NAPs present a noticeable development from substantive issues towards governance issues.

DART: Latest results from the Dimorphos impact and a look forward to future planetary defense initiatives

DART, the Double Asteroid Redirection Test, successfully impacted asteroid Dimorphos on September 26, 2022, becoming the first mission to demonstrate asteroid deflection. Shared live via a NASA broadcast, over a million concurrent viewers around the world watched as the DART spacecraft streamed images to Earth up to the final second before its impact with Dimorphos. In this paper, we share the final phases of the DART encounter and the latest results from the DART Investigation Team's analysis of ground and space-based data. This includes measurements on the amount of deflection that DART imparted on Dimorphos, a determination of the momentum transfer enhancement factor, and results on understanding the geology and surface characteristics of the impact site. The success of the DART mission paves the future for a bold international Planetary Defense program. We also share ideas on bolstering international coordination, developing new technologies that can mitigate different types of asteroid threats, and closing identified gaps in our overall preparedness.

The Evolution of Internet Law in The Digital Age

This paper explores the evolution of internet law in the digital era. With the rapid proliferation of digital technologies, the legal landscape is facing numerous challenges and undergoing significant changes. The paper discusses the origins and development of internet law, the challenges posed by the characteristics of the digital era such as strong fluidity of information and cross-border nature, and the evolution of internet law to adapt to these challenges. It further proposes strategies to cope with these challenges, such as establishing a global framework for internet law and strengthening international legal coordination. The paper also forecasts potential trends in the development of internet law, such as the emergence of laws pertaining to new technologies like artificial intelligence and blockchain, and offers suggestions for future development. It emphasizes the importance of integrating technology and law, and enhancing the adaptability of law to new technologies. The paper concludes by reiterating the importance of internet law in the digital era and summarizing its evolution and potential future directions.

Assessing the role of carbon pricing in global climate change mitigation strategies

Carbon pricing has emerged as a crucial policy tool in global efforts to mitigate climate change by internalizing the costs of carbon emissions and incentivizing emission reductions. This review provides an assessment of the role of carbon pricing in global climate change mitigation strategies. Carbon pricing mechanisms, including carbon taxes and emissions trading systems (ETS), have gained traction worldwide as governments seek effective ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These mechanisms establish a price on carbon emissions, creating economic incentives for businesses and individuals to reduce their carbon footprint. The effectiveness of carbon pricing in mitigating climate change depends on various factors, including the stringency of pricing mechanisms, coverage of sectors and gases, and complementary policies and measures. Studies have shown that well-designed carbon pricing policies can lead to significant emission reductions while promoting innovation and investment in clean technologies. However, carbon pricing also faces challenges and limitations, including concerns about equity, competitiveness, and political acceptability. Distributional impacts on vulnerable populations and energy-intensive industries must be carefully addressed to ensure the fairness and effectiveness of carbon pricing policies. Furthermore, the success of carbon pricing depends on international cooperation and coordination, as emissions can easily shift across borders in response to pricing disparities. Global efforts to harmonize carbon pricing mechanisms and establish international carbon markets can enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of mitigation efforts. In conclusion, carbon pricing plays a crucial role in global climate change mitigation strategies by aligning economic incentives with environmental objectives. While it offers significant potential for reducing emissions and fostering the transition to a low-carbon economy, addressing challenges such as equity concerns and promoting international cooperation is essential for maximizing its effectiveness. By integrating carbon pricing into comprehensive climate policy frameworks, policymakers can accelerate progress towards a sustainable and resilient future.

Towards advancing Out-of-Hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) registries globally: Considerations from the global OHCA registry (GOHCAR) collaborative

A growing number out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) registries have been developed across the globe. A few of these are national, while others cover larger geographical regions. These registries have common objectives; continuous quality improvement, epidemiological research and providing infrastructure for clinical trials. OHCA registries make performance comparison across Emergency Medical Services systems possible for benchmarking, hypothesis generation and further research. Changes in OHCA incidence and outcomes provide insights about the effects of secular trends or health services interventions. These registries, therefore, have become a mainstay of OHCA management and research. However, developing and maintaining these registries is challenging. Coordination of different service providers to support data collection, sustainable resourcing, data quality and data security are the key challenges faced by these registries.Despite all these challenges, noteworthy progress has been made and further standardization and co-ordination across registries can result in great international benefit. In this paper we present a ‘why’ and ‘how to’ model for setting up OHCA registries, and suggestions for better international co-ordination through a Global OHCA Registries Collaborative (GOHCAR). We draw together the knowledge of a cohort of international researchers, with experience and expertise in OHCA registry development, management, and data synthesis.

Northwestern Mediterranean Heavy Precipitation Events in a Warmer Climate: Robust Versus Uncertain Changes With a Large Convection‐Permitting Model Ensemble

AbstractTaking advantage of a large ensemble of Convection Permitting‐Regional Climate Models on a pan‐Alpine domain and of an object‐oriented dedicated analysis, this study aims to investigate future changes in high‐impact fall Mediterranean Heavy Precipitation Events at high warming levels. We identify a robust multi‐model agreement for an increased frequency from central Italy to the northern Balkans combined with a substantial extension of the affected areas, for a dominant influence of the driving Global Climate Models for projecting changes in the frequency, and for an increase in intensity, area, volume and severity over the French Mediterranean. However, large quantitative uncertainties persist despite the use of convection‐permitting models, with no clear agreement in frequency changes over southeastern France and a large range of plausible changes in events' properties, including for the most intense events. Model diversity and international coordination are still needed to provide policy‐relevant climate information regarding precipitation extremes.

LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND TAX COMPLIANCE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: A FINANCE PERSPECTIVE

In the wake of rapid digitalization, the landscape of commerce has undergone a profound transformation, presenting unprecedented challenges to traditional tax systems and legal frameworks. This abstract examines the evolving dynamics of tax compliance within the digital economy through the lens of finance. The digital economy encompasses a broad spectrum of economic activities facilitated by digital technologies, including e-commerce, digital platforms, and virtual currencies. These innovations have blurred the boundaries of traditional tax jurisdictions, leading to complexities in determining tax liabilities and enforcement mechanisms. As such, the adequacy of existing legal frameworks in addressing tax challenges posed by the digital economy has come under scrutiny. From a finance perspective, ensuring tax compliance in the digital economy involves understanding the intricate interplay between technology, business models, and regulatory frameworks. Digital businesses often operate across multiple jurisdictions, exploiting loopholes and jurisdictional discrepancies to minimize tax obligations. Such practices have raised concerns regarding tax fairness and the erosion of tax bases, prompting policymakers to explore new regulatory approaches. One key aspect of addressing tax compliance in the digital economy is the development of international cooperation and coordination mechanisms. Given the transnational nature of digital transactions, effective tax enforcement requires collaboration among countries to combat tax evasion and profit shifting. Initiatives such as the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project by the OECD seek to establish common standards and guidelines for taxing digital businesses. Moreover, the emergence of innovative technologies, such as blockchain and artificial intelligence, presents both opportunities and challenges for tax authorities. While these technologies offer potential solutions for enhancing tax administration and enforcement, they also introduce new complexities, such as the anonymity of transactions and the difficulty of tracking digital assets. Navigating the complexities of tax compliance in the digital economy requires a multifaceted approach that integrates legal, technological, and financial perspectives. By fostering international cooperation, leveraging technological innovations, and adapting regulatory frameworks, policymakers can mitigate tax challenges and promote a fair and sustainable tax system in the digital age.
 Keywords: Tax, Digital Economy, Finance, Legal, Review.

LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND TAX COMPLIANCE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: A FINANCE PERSPECTIVE

In the wake of rapid digitalization, the landscape of commerce has undergone a profound transformation, presenting unprecedented challenges to traditional tax systems and legal frameworks. This abstract examines the evolving dynamics of tax compliance within the digital economy through the lens of finance. The digital economy encompasses a broad spectrum of economic activities facilitated by digital technologies, including e-commerce, digital platforms, and virtual currencies. These innovations have blurred the boundaries of traditional tax jurisdictions, leading to complexities in determining tax liabilities and enforcement mechanisms. As such, the adequacy of existing legal frameworks in addressing tax challenges posed by the digital economy has come under scrutiny. From a finance perspective, ensuring tax compliance in the digital economy involves understanding the intricate interplay between technology, business models, and regulatory frameworks. Digital businesses often operate across multiple jurisdictions, exploiting loopholes and jurisdictional discrepancies to minimize tax obligations. Such practices have raised concerns regarding tax fairness and the erosion of tax bases, prompting policymakers to explore new regulatory approaches. One key aspect of addressing tax compliance in the digital economy is the development of international cooperation and coordination mechanisms. Given the transnational nature of digital transactions, effective tax enforcement requires collaboration among countries to combat tax evasion and profit shifting. Initiatives such as the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project by the OECD seek to establish common standards and guidelines for taxing digital businesses. Moreover, the emergence of innovative technologies, such as blockchain and artificial intelligence, presents both opportunities and challenges for tax authorities. While these technologies offer potential solutions for enhancing tax administration and enforcement, they also introduce new complexities, such as the anonymity of transactions and the difficulty of tracking digital assets. Navigating the complexities of tax compliance in the digital economy requires a multifaceted approach that integrates legal, technological, and financial perspectives. By fostering international cooperation, leveraging technological innovations, and adapting regulatory frameworks, policymakers can mitigate tax challenges and promote a fair and sustainable tax system in the digital age.
 Keywords: Tax, Digital Economy, Finance, Legal, Review.

Shielding Africa, Protecting the World: Unleashing the Power of Preventative Use of Ebola Vaccines

Africa CDC recently conducted a comprehensive risk ranking assessment of epidemic-prone diseases across the continent, identifying Ebola as one of the top 19 infectious diseases with the highest scores in disease severity risk and epidemic potential. The Ebolaviruses first described in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in 1976 have left a harrowing trail across sub-Saharan Africa, triggering no less than 34 Ebola outbreaks in 11 sub-Saharan Africa countries, a statistic further compounded by the recent outbreak in Uganda in 2022. At present, the World Health Organization (WHO) has approved two Ebola vaccines, including Ervebo and two-component Zabdeno and Mvabea boost vaccines, for use by individuals above the age of 1 year, including pregnant women as per the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) recommendations. The use of these vaccines has demonstrated noteworthy efficacy in safeguarding against Ebola in most African communities and frontline health workers in Ebola-endemic countries such as Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia, among others. Unfortunately, the uptake of these vaccines in Ebola-endemic countries remains dishearteningly constrained despite their availability due to, among other things, the unpredictable timing of outbreaks, sub-optimal surveillance, vaccine demand volatility, palpable vaccine hesitancy, and fragile health infrastructure. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that includes a synergy of partnerships between governments, communities, development partners, and private sector partners, such as pharmaceuticals. Recognizing that outbreaks originate and seize at the community level, the imperative of confronting hesitancy through sustained proactive community engagement and utilizing promising vaccination strategies such as ring vaccination must be encouraged. Governments must increase investments to strengthen the regulatory environment for timely access to vaccine stockpiles, robust and cost-effective Ebola vaccination programs for at-risk populations, and preventative use for the health workforce. The International Coordinating Group (ICG) on Vaccine Provision also recommends that national and international health authorities initiate vaccine access by submitting a request to the ICG. This opportunity is at no cost for GAVI-eligible countries and on a reimbursement basis for non-eligible countries. In parallel, Africa CDC is also working closely with Member States on the continent to increase availability and access to medical countermeasures, which include therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics, making it critical that Africa CDC is included in the ICG. This will promote timely issue profiling and resolution for increased demand for vaccine stockpiles across the continent where they are needed most as the continent moves towards enhanced health security.

Using OSSEs to Evaluate GXS Impact in the Context of International Coordination

Abstract The Geostationary Extended Observations (GeoXO) program plans to include a hyperspectral infrared (IR) sounder on its central satellite, expected to launch in the mid-2030s. As part of the follow-on to the GOES program, the NOAA/NASA GeoXO Sounder (GXS) instrument will join several international counterparts in a geostationary orbit. In preparation, the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) assessed the potential effectiveness of GXS both as a single GEO IR sounder and as part of a global ring that includes international partners. Using a global observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) framework, GXS was assessed from a numerical weather prediction (NWP) perspective. Evaluation of the ability of GXS, both alone and as part of a global ring of GEO sounders, to improve weather prediction of thermodynamic variables was performed globally and regionally. GXS dominated regional analysis and forecast improvements and contributed significantly to global increases in forecast skill relative to a Control. However, more sustained global improvements, on the order of 4 days, relied on international partnerships. Additionally, GXS showed the capability to improve hurricane forecast track errors on the time scales necessary for evacuation warnings. The FSOI metric over CONUS showed that the GXS observations provided the largest radiance impact on the moist energy error norm reduction. The high-temporal-resolution atmospheric profile information over much of the Western Hemisphere from GXS provides an opportunity to improve the representation of weather systems and their forecasts. Significance Statement NOAA and NASA are currently planning the GeoXO mission as a follow-on to the GOES program. As part of this process, NASA’s Global Modeling and Assimilation Office has performed several experiments using an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) framework to assess the potential impact of the GeoXO Sounder (GXS) on numerical weather prediction within the context of international partners launching similar instruments. As part of this assessment, it was found that assimilation of GXS data has the ability to improve both the model analyzed weather and forecasts of the weather, specifically over the domain that GXS observes. Global improvements relied more heavily on a solution consisting of multiple instruments to form a global ring.

Adenocortical carcinoma: A rare malignant tumor

Adrenocortical adenocarcinoma (ACA) is a rare malignancy that develops at the expense of the adrenal cortex. The key to its treatment lies in surgery, with complete resection of a localized form offering the best chance of cure. This article presents the case of a 68-year-old man treated for adrenocortical adenocarcinoma at the Hassan 2 University Hospital in Fez. The patient, with no notable pathological history, consulted for dizziness and abdominal pain, leading to the discovery of a malignant adrenal mass on radiological evaluation. A successful left laparotomy adrenalectomy was performed, confirming, by pathological analysis, a Weiss score 4 adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical results showed expression of cytokeratin AE1/AE3, while other markers were absent. The article highlights the efficacy of surgery in the treatment of localized forms of this rare tumor, while highlighting diagnostic challenges and the need for international coordination in adrenocortical adenocarcinoma research and care.

Maritime boundaries in the energy transition: carbon dioxide (CO2) storage across maritime jurisdictions

Governments around the world are looking to ensure their transition to full low-carbon economies whilst tackling climate change by implementing offshore carbon capture and storage (CCS) – a method of permanently removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the burning of fossil fuels and burying it deep below the seabed in suitable geological formations. Among the main targets of such geological formations are depleted, or nearly depleted, offshore oil and gas reservoirs within existing oil-producing fields. However, such reservoirs will frequently transcend maritime boundaries and jurisdictions, ie a shared geological formation could be used on both sides of the maritime boundary for CO2 sequestration and storage. This raises the potential for disputes among nations, transboundary environmental degradation, and business disruption. The paper discusses the role of CCS in the low-carbon energy transition, focusing specifically on international legal aspects related to the storage of CO2 in sub-seabed geological formations of the continental shelf. Ongoing CO2 storage projects are examined to showcase critical technical aspects, including reservoir selection, well design, and post-injection monitoring. The analysis highlights the need for international coordination in situations where CO2 storage occurs across an international boundary and the importance of consent from all states with jurisdiction over the relevant CO2 storage formations. The paper concludes that existing maritime boundary agreements, including those with straddling deposit clauses, are unlikely to cover transboundary CO2 storage operations, except if they are considered incidental to ongoing petroleum operations.

An employment double dividend and welfare in a North–South model of trade with or without international policy coordination

An employment double dividend and welfare in a North–South model of trade with or without international policy coordination

Pajak Karbon sebagai Instrumen Kebijakan untuk Mendorong Transisi Energi dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi yang Berkelanjutan

Energy transition and sustainable economic growth have become global priorities in addressing climate change. Carbon taxation has been recognized as one of the effective policy instruments in reducing carbon emissions and promoting the use of clean energy sources. However, the implementation and impact of carbon taxation are still subject to debate, particularly in the context of economic growth. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the role of carbon taxation in energy transition and economic growth, as well as identifying the associated benefits and challenges. The concept of carbon taxation and its impact on energy transformation are the main focus of this study. Within the concept of carbon taxation, the appropriate tax rate and effective design are crucial keys. Carbon taxation can provide economic incentives to reduce carbon emissions and encourage the use of clean energy sources. However, its implementation faces challenges such as uneven social impacts and international coordination. Case studies of countries adopting carbon taxation are also conducted to illustrate the real-life experiences and impacts of this policy. Carbon taxation has great potential in driving energy transition and sustainable economic growth. Through carbon emission reduction, increased utilization of clean energy, technological innovation, and revenue for investment, carbon taxation can bring significant benefits. However, challenges in implementation and international coordination need to be overcome. Inclusive supportive policies, proper tax design, and strong international cooperation are some recommendations to optimize the benefits of carbon taxation.
 Keywords: carbon taxation, energy transition, economic growth, carbon emissions, clean energy sources.

The international governance of corporate tax avoidance: A paradigm shift from tax competition to international cooperation?

Since the 1970s, constraints on public revenues have resulted in a policy condition of austerity while tax competition has induced governments to retrench welfare programs, rather than enhance tax revenues. Yet, after the global financial crisis, governments intensified efforts to increase tax revenues, through international measures to combat corporate tax avoidance and evasion. These efforts complement, rather than replace, the earlier focus on retrenchment but may have the potential to reduce pressures of austerity in the medium term. The article investigates three initiatives at international tax policy coordination, with the aim of assessing their potential to limit tax competition and to generate revenue increases.