International Scientific Cooperation Research Articles

All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference "Development of Russia's Scientific Potential"

On September 15–16, 2022 RIEPP hosted the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference "Development of Russia's Scientific Potential" aimed at addressing topical issues and decision-making in the develop­ment of international cooperation in science and technology in Russia in terms of global challenges, intellectual property management in science and technology, improving government support of scientific and tech­nological activities, and the functioning of scientific and technological infrastructure as the basis for the development of critical technologies in the Russian Federation; Improving the organization of record keep­ing and archiving in the Ministry of Education and Science of the Rus­sian Federation and its subordinate organizations. The conference was moderated by the director of RIEPP I. E. Ilina. Representatives of federal and regional state authorities, scientific and educational organizations, regional funds for the support of scientific and scientific-technical activ­ity, leading specialists and experts on intellectual property management and technology transfer, employees of RAS, representatives of leading CKPs and UNUs were participants of the round tables.

European research area: a new stage of development and opportunities for integration of Ukraine in the war and post-war periods

Ukraine’s European integration aspirations, granting our state the status of a candidate for EU membership, as well as the need for financial, technological, managerial, and other assistance from the EU, in particular in the post-war restoration of the field of research and innovation, actualize the task of accelerating its integration into European Research Area (ERA). The article aims to analyze the current stage of development of the European Research Area in the context of the new strategic goals of the EU and, considering this and the war conflict in Ukraine, to identify opportunities for expanding cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the field of research and innovation, deepening its integration into the ERA as a source of post-war reconstruction, stabilization and advanced innovative development of the national economy. It is shown that the war unleashed by the Russian Federation against Ukraine led to the formation of a new normal in international scientific cooperation and served as a trigger for the development of a self-sufficient pan-European innovation ecosystem that would more closely connect science and industry and be able to solve global challenges. The essence of a new European Innovation Agenda is highlighted, in the implementation of which the central place is given to the European Research Area. An idea of the ERA and the main results of its implementation in the EU over twenty years are revealed. The features of the current stage of development of the ERA and its priorities in the context of the new strategic agenda of the EU are defined. An analysis was made of the fundamental documents that should guide the EU member states in the field of research and innovation – a Pact for research and innovation and the ERA policy agenda for the period 2022-2024. The key features of the current program period of the EU development are identified. The article focuses on the main tools and initiatives aimed at bringing the EU closer to its strategic goals: smart specialisation strategies, mission-oriented innovation policy, Partnerships for regional innovations. According to the results of summarizing the initiatives in support of Ukrainian scientists and innovative entrepreneurs, introduced by the European Commission in response to the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, taking into account the new strategic plans and goals of the EU in the context of global geopolitical changes, opportunities were identified and proposals were made to expand cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in research and innovation during the war and post-war periods. Their implementation will make it possible to increase Ukrainian presence in the ERA as a condition for ensuring its post-war innovative growth and prosperity for the long term.

Prospects for the development of the innovative infrastructure of the country under the conditions of Industry 4.0

Problem setting. In the conditions of the digital economy, the level of development of science and technology is a determining factor in the progress of society and a source of economic growth in Ukraine. Therefore, one of the priority tasks of modern state policy is the formation and ensuring the functioning of a stable innovative infrastructure. Target of research. To conduct an analysis of the current legislation in the field of innovation to identify the effectiveness of the influence of state regulation on the development of innovative infrastructure and its components in the conditions of Industry 4.0. Analysis of recent researches and publications. In the domestic scientific literature, among the representatives of both economic and legal sciences, in the conditions of qualitative changes in the world economy, the problem of the development of innovative infrastructure, its essence and history are dealt with, in particular, by such scientists as H. P. Klimova, I V. Podrez-Ryapolova, A. S. Samorodov, V. V. Maloyvan and others. Article’s main body. The article examines the prospects for the development of Ukraine’s innovative infrastructure in the conditions of the digital economy, and solves the problems of ensuring the effectiveness of its functioning. The current legislation of Ukraine in this area, international legal acts, scientific works have been analyzed, conclusions have been drawn that have both theoretical and practical significance regarding the outlined issue. It is noted that the infrastructure (production, social, urban, innovative, research, educational, information, etc.) in the market economy is traditionally considered as a specific system (subsystem) of interconnected institutions, the purpose of which is to create general conditions for the functioning of subjects in various spheres of economy. It was concluded that the innovative infrastructure of Ukraine consists of a set of enterprises, organizations, institutions, their associations, associations of any form of ownership, which provide services for the provision of innovative activities (financial, consulting, marketing, information and communication, legal, educational, etc.). The state must provide conditions for the development of the infrastructure of knowledge dissemination (patent organizations, research centers, communication links, open databases, etc.), organize an innovative structure of education and science, providing sufficient funding for these systems, and also direct its efforts to the development of human creative potential. At the same time, solving the problem of the competitiveness of scientific research and scientific and technical (experimental) development in modern conditions is impossible without the integration of the scientific and innovative system of Ukraine into the European Research Area – a system of programs and political instruments that unites the institutional environment of research and development of the states that are members of the European Union and associated members for the purpose of development of international scientific and technical cooperation, free transfer of knowledge, mobility of researchers. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Summarizing the above, it should be noted that in the conditions of the digital economy, one of the priority tasks of modern state policy is the formation and ensuring the functioning of a stable innovative infrastructure, in particular, the creation of the necessary organizational, legal and financial conditions for the development of the research infrastructure system, promoting the integration of the scientific and innovative system of Ukraine to the EDP, the development of «digital infrastructures», in particular, e-infrastructures, the accession of Ukraine to the Single Digital Market of the EU, the adaptation of higher education to the European Higher Education Area.

Neutrality in Twentieth-Century Europe: Intersections of Science, Culture, and Politics after the First World War

Neutrality in Twentieth-Century Europe is an interesting contribution to the discussion of neutrality in scholarship and politics. It is especially useful as a contribution to the analysis of the relationship of science, culture, and politics during an era of strong division. Because the book focuses on the period after the First World War, it offers an interesting prehistory of issues that became prominent during the Second World War and the Cold War. During all of these periods, changes in international politics influenced the relationship of scholarship, culture, and politics.The main focus of the book is on the smaller European states that adhered strictly to a neutral position during the First World War. Important concepts connected to “neutrality” include “impartiality,” “objectivity” and “internationalism,” which are covered in the book's fifteen essays, divided into four thematic parts dealing with internationalism, science, culture, and politics. The starting point for the volume is that neutrality as a cultural, scientific and political resource was in itself a construct that was given meanings and used rhetorically for a variety of new purposes. The concept endowed smaller countries and intellectuals with a new kind of role in European (and even world-scale) scientific, political, and cultural discussions. The aim of the smaller countries was to become neutral mediators between the former belligerent states in order to facilitate international cooperation and enhance international scientific cooperation. The period after the First World War is defined as an era of emerging nation-states, but the main actors in the discourse were primarily individuals, small groups, and organizations.The book discusses the intersections of science, culture, and politics before and during the negotiations that led to the controversial Treaty of Versailles. The talks helped neutrality to gain a new appeal, spurring small, neutral countries such as the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway to mediate in the complex situation. The war and its aftermath introduced modern nation-states as the basis for a new world order. Although the actors analyzed in the volume were committed to internationalism, they ultimately reinforced nationalism as representatives of nation-states.Before the First World War, Germany was a scientific powerhouse and closely connected to wider scientific developments in Europe. After the war began and Germany became a defeated power in 1918, the demand to leave Germany out of scientific circles, such as the International Research Council (IRC)—especially in the wake of the “Proclamation of the Civilized World” in 1914—caused a complex situation in European scientific and political spheres. No matter how important the cause of internationalism and peace may have been, remaining neutral in politics and science proved exceedingly difficult. This was true of Dutch relations with Germany and scientific organizations such as the IRC. Denmark met difficulties in enhancing science on the basis of internationalism. In Sweden and Norway, the Nobel Prize institution gave both countries more power within the scientific community. Sweden, which had strongly emphasized its neutral and apolitical role in foreign policy, met the challenge when it wanted to gain a role as a mediator of the new era based on peaceful scientific, technological, and economic progress. The demands and goals of objectivity and impartiality in the case of the Nobel Prize were challenged when international ties in science and culture were severed. Swedish science had been strongly oriented toward Germany, and it had to reassess its Nobel Prize policy under the pressure of divided scientific values.These issues pertained not only to science and politics but also to “European” ideas and idealism. Pan-Europeanism, Zionism, and scientific debate created the basis of cultural encounters in Europe in the 1920s. The aim to restore peace and to solve the problems caused by the war—such as the problem of refugees when millions of people were left without their countries and citizenship—became the main aim of the international actors. The First World War was both a military disaster and a humanitarian catastrophe confronting the League of Nations and individual actors. In the process, neutral Scandinavian countries had a role to play.Neutrality in Twentieth-Century Europe is an enlightening contribution to the international and transnational interaction of scientists, organizations, and smaller states in the interwar period. By analyzing themes such as neutrality, objectivity, impartiality, and internationalism in the context of a divided world, the volume sheds valuable light on themes that resurfaced during the Cold War. The book is well worth reading for those interested in Cold War–era developments in the fields of science, culture, and politics.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION OF UKRAINE IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD

The purpose of the article is to investigate the prospects of development of international scientific and technical cooperation of Ukraine after the war. The article presents the state of international scientific and technical cooperation of Ukraine in the prewar period. Methodology. The study is based on the comparison of data of the state bodies of Ukraine, intergovernmental economic organizations, opinions of international and Ukrainian experts, etc. The results of the study showed that Ukraine has positive prospects for the development of international scientific and technological cooperation. Numerous examples of foreign science and technology assistance during the war and initiatives to restore Ukraine after the war are illustrated. Foreign universities and various organizations provide significant support to Ukrainian students, researchers and professors who were forced to leave Ukraine as a result of the war. Many international companies in various industries offer technological support during the war and are willing to invest in the reconstruction of Ukraine in the postwar period. Practical implications. This article may be useful for the formation of the strategy of post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. Understanding the prospects for the development of international scientific and technical cooperation in Ukraine will allow to properly regulate the state policy. It will help to determine which areas of international cooperation should be given more attention, taking into account the assistance already provided by Ukraine's foreign partners. The article will be useful for companies that want to help Ukraine with their services or technology. It will help foreign partners understand what areas they should focus on when supporting Ukraine. Value/originality. The article is valuable for the people, the government and the world in understanding the prospects of Ukraine in international scientific and technical cooperation. The originality lies in the systematization of a large amount of knowledge and information on the topic. A comparison is made of the pre-war situation, the changes that are already visible, and the prospects. All this provides a holistic unique picture for a complete analysis of international scientific and technological cooperation in Ukraine.

Science diplomacy of the European Union in the time of COVID-19 pandemic

The aim of the article is to analyse the essence and specificity of the European Union’s (EU) science diplomacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. For this aim, approaches in defining the concept of science diplomacy and its genesis have been analysed; an attempt has been made to define the specificity of the EU science diplomacy, and the analysis has been conducted of the EU’s actions during the COVID-19 pandemic that fall within the defining scope of science diplomacy. The article refers to the concept of strategic autonomy of the EU as a broader political formula, of which science diplomacy should be a part. The author also formulates directions for changes that will clarify the place and role of EU science diplomacy in the future. Primary sources (normative acts, policy documents), and available scholar literature and reports on science diplomacy and international scientific cooperation were used for the analysis. The list of activities implemented by the EU during the COVID-19 pandemic was created, dividing them according to the criterion of types of science diplomacy and the direction of impact. This allows us to conclude that EU science diplomacy is a set of activities that support and complement the activities of the Member States, as well as coordination activities in those areas, where the community response creates added value. This is important to determine the further development of EU science diplomacy and prepare the organization for future crises requiring a supranational response using scientific cooperation and expertise in the decision-making process.

Coal Modeling Investigations in International Collaboration in the Light of Bibliometric Analysis of the Problem

The article concerns an analysis of records registered in Web of Science (WoS) database related to the problem of coal modeling. All publications registered in the WoS from the time period 1951–2021 were analyzed, mostly in terms of international collaboration, merit content and research areas. It appeared that international scientific cooperation on this topic is differently considered, depending on the country. The leader in terms of the number of documents remains China, while the highest citation counts were gained by research teams, with the USA as the leader. Several sub-categories within research areas could be also divided on the basis of key words, while the most popular topic is connected with energetical aspects of coal utilization.

Cooperating in asymmetric contexts: an interdisciplinary approach to ST&I negotiations involving developing countries

What drives the implementation of international cooperation in science, technology and innovation (ST&I)? Why do negotiations in some areas evolve to concrete measures and others do not? What factors explain variations in implementation in initiatives with different countries? At which circumstances can implementation be effective from the point of view of developing countries? To answer those questions this paper proposes an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that draws on studies from international politics, political economy, foreign policy analysis, science and technology policy and history of science and technology. The paper departs from conceptual and theoretical elaborations on power and shows how they relate to ST&I and asymmetric negotiations involving developing countries and powerful counterparts. It concludes by an attempt to integrate key points raised by the revised literature, proposing four patterns on implementation and non-implementation and illustrating them with suggested cases for future research on Brazil-United States nuclear and aeronautic agreements and Brazil-China space and agriculture agreements.

Enhancing International Scientific Cooperation: Arctic Science and Technology Advice with Ministries

This sixth Synthesis with the Science Diplomacy Action serial is the product of the February-March 2022 webinar series on Enhancing International Scientific Cooperation: Arctic Science and Technology Advice with Ministries, funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan to EvREsearch LTD with Science Diplomacy Center™ coordination and logistics provided by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). These inclusive webinars began on 21 February 2022 and continued despite Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, emphasizing the importance of “open science” with both allies and adversaries for our shared survival as a globally interconnected civilization. The webinar series was designed to address an inevitable question: “What are the relationships and synergies between the Arctic Science Ministerial (ASM) process and the 2017 Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation, both of which involve ministries and science?” The three webinars involved keynote presentations from leaders of the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC), International Arctic Social Sciences Association (IASSA) and University of the Arctic (UArctic) as well as from ASM1 (2016), ASM2 (2018), ASM3 (2021) and ASM4 (2023 pending). Each webinar was designed further around leading questions with keynote presenters from Arctic and non-Arctic states inclusively, involving: Finland, Germany, Japan, Norway, Russian Federation, United Kingdom and Unites States with registered participants from 49 nations. The first webinar focused on “What is Science” with expert contributions from the perspectives of the natural sciences, social sciences and Indigenous knowledge. The second webinar was convened on 10 March 2022 to address: “How Can Science Transform Data into Evidence for Informed Decisionmaking?” The third webinar was convened on 24 March 2022, focusing on “What International Efforts/Processes Are Needed to Facilitate Progress in Understanding the Arctic System and Its Global Impacts?” These transdisciplinary dialogues demonstrated the importance of international cooperation and common-interest building with science diplomacy, enabling open science with inclusion and continuity despite global geopolitics. The webinar series originated in sight of Science and Technology Advice with Ministries, initially with foreign affairs, science and environment ministries but extending to ministries of defense under current world affairs. Lessons from this holistic (international, interdisciplinary and inclusive) webinar series reinforce strategies with informed decisionmaking to operate across a continuum of urgencies, short-to-long term (pandemic to climate timescales) “for benefit of all on Earth across generations.”

The authors analyzed the China’s experience in borrowing foreign innovations and international scientific and technical cooperation, and identified the factors influencing the organization of scientific and technical cooperation

The successful experience of China in borrowing foreign innovations and international scientific and technical cooperation is analyzed. There is a stereotype that China has made an innovation breakthrough by directly borrowing foreign technology and innovation. However, the process of their development was more complex and mutually beneficial, and ultimately gave rise to the conditions for the creation of their own technologies and innovations, this is confirmed by China’s world leader today in patent registration and the publication of scientific articles. The article identifies the factors of such success associated with properly organized scientific and technical cooperation.

Assessment of collaboration patterns in the field of biology in Armenia during 2007-2020: a bibliometric overview

Bibliometric analysis is widely used for the assessment of collaboration both at the domestic and international levels, which has been known as one of the essential parts of academic performance and enhancement of scientific productivity and visibility. Evaluation of national and international cooperation in the framework of jointly published papers in biology underlies the core of present study. This research provides insight into the nature of scientific productivity and international scientific cooperation. The study aims to give a bibliometric overview via scientometric indicators based on a bibliometric database of published articles in the Biological Journal of Armenia during 2007-2020. The main indicators used for the evaluation of co-authorship patterns include the degree of collaboration, collaboration index, and the collaboration coefficient. The visualization of landscapes for both institution-wise and country-wise distributions within the international cooperation has also been performed.

The Development of Cooperation with Foreign Partners as One of the Directions to Accelerate the Implementation of Russia's Priorities in Science, Technology and Education

Introduction. Under current conditions, it is necessary to specify the priorities of scientific and technological cooperation, both thematic and geographical, to develop an approach to the search for and selection of partners. The article analyzes the existing forms of scientific and technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign countries within the framework of the EAEU. The analysis comprises the following areas of cooperation: an integrated scientific and technological space; joint use of scientific infrastructure; interstate research projects, programs and their financing; digital platforms; exchange of scientific information and popularization of science. The article specifically focuses on the cooperation in the field of intellectual property. Particular attention is paid in the article to intellectual property interactions. Methods. General theoretical methods (analysis, generalization and systemic approach) and private scientific methods (formal-legal, method of interpretation of rules of law) were used. Results and Discussion. The article sets the directions for the development of cooperation between Russia and foreign countries in the scientific and technical sphere, which would make it possible to increase the effectiveness of such cooperation. Regulatory legal acts and treaties by areas of cooperation were systematized in order to assess their coverage of all areas of cooperation. The authors note the poorly developed system for planning the results of international scientific and technical cooperation, and indicators to assess its performance. Conclusion. The key areas of cooperation classified by the implementation horizon into tactical and strategic. Specification for scientific organizations and universities of the tasks and results of international scientific, technological and educational cooperation promotes the effectiveness of such interaction and the national interests of the country.

Frantz Grenet - Full Member of the French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres

Prominent French orientalist, professor of College de France Frantz Grenet made an exceptional contribution to the study of the ancient and medieval history of Central Asia. Professor F. Grenet has been promoting international scientific cooperation for a long time, including cooperation between France and Russia. The election of Professor F. Grenet as a full member of the French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres is highly significant event for the world oriental studies.

Analysis of Information Resources Reflecting the Development of Arctic Research

The scientific study of the Arctic is a geographically determined area of multi- and interdisciplinary research, the analysis of the development of which at the global and national levels is of interest for bibliometric analytics. The basis for such an analysis can be information about the scientific knowledge produced in the world, which is accumulated by bibliographic databases (DBs) of different levels. The aim of this article is to give a comparative assessment of the degree of coverage of the Arctic topics in three well-known DBs: Web of Science Core Collection, Google Scholar and VINITI RAS; perform a bibliometric review of Arctic research (in the world and in Russia) using the global polythematic DB Web of Science Core Collection and the domestic DB VINITI RAS. Based on a specially formed sample of publications indexed in the DB Web of Science Core Collection for the period 1980-2020, the scale of production of scientific knowledge about the Arctic, the contribution of the most significant countries participating in research, including Russia, are estimated; a high degree of international scientific cooperation is shown. The Top 10 most productive Russian cities in the study of the Arctic have been identified, the publication contribution of Siberian scientists, who have significantly increased their activity since 2014, has been evaluated. With the help of the DB VINITI RAS, which has a greater coverage of Russian publications, the subjects of works related to the study of the Siberian region of the Arctic are characterized. In particular, it is shown that most of them over the past three years have been aimed at problems of geology, solving problems of economics and energy.

International Scientific Cooperation – Approaches to the Analysis of the Situation

The directions of analysis of international cooperation in science are considered including access to foreign financing, access to modern scientific equipment, exchange of ideas, access to potential customers for R&D, independent examination of scientific results and the organization of scientific research management. The analysis of approaches to the organization of international cooperation in science under sanctions pressure is given and proposals for priority actions in this matter are formulated: clarification of priorities for theorganization of scientific research; development of scientific instrumentation and production of consumables for scientific research; provision of access to foreign scientific and technical information; organization of presentation of the results of Russian scientific research primarily for Russian consumers of information.

Topical issues of information support of research infrastructures

Problem setting. The construction of an innovation society and ensuring the competitiveness of domestic science depends largely on the effective activity of research infrastructures. In turn, research infrastructures depend on their information support, as information is one of the most valuable resources in the modern world. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Innovative infrastructures were investigated in the works of such domestic scientists as S. V. Hlibko, I. V. Podrez-Riapolova and others. Research infrastructure was considered by N. M. Vnukova, O. V. Holovashchenko, V. P. Kokhan. H. P. Klimova investigated the issue of knowledge transfer in innovative infrastructures. Among the foreign scientists who have studied research infrastructure, you can mention M. Stührenberg, O. Schonefeld, A. Witt, F. Giladi and others. Target of research. The purpose of the article is to identify legal and organizational obstacles that interfere with the rational use of data, as well as to determine the means of eliminating them for establishing effective information support of research infrastructures. Article’s main body. Effective activity of research infrastructures is possible solely if their information support is available. In turn, obtaining access to information and its circulation are faced with a number of legal and organizational problems. Legal problems include: 1) copyright issues that are quite inconsistent in different countries and requires special approaches; 2) issues of protection of personal data; 3) issues of behavior of Internet giants; 4) issues of international scientific cooperation under a single agreed legislation. Organizational problems include: 1) the issue of irrational use of data through their localization, stagnation and «dying» in one place; 2) issues of implementation of fair-principles of data management; 3) questions of standardization of data for the machine processing; 4) issues of construction of centralized data infrastructure. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Researchers who work with personal data of EU citizens should pay attention to the peculiarities of protection of personal data defined by General Data Protection Regulation, Regulation No. 1725/2018 and other acts. The specifics of copyright rules at the level of individual national legislation should also be taken into account. One of the significant obstacles to the free receipt of large and useful arrays of information is the behavior of Internet giants, which complicate its free circulation on the basis of “protection of personal data”. In connection with this domestic legislators, it is advisable to draw a clear boundary between «personal», «non -personal», «mixed», «anonymized» and «pseudonymized» data. For more efficient development of national research infrastructures, Ukraine should increase international cooperation, in particular on ERIC projects and integration into the European Research Area. In order to prevent irrational use of information, it is necessary to promote FAIR-principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) of data management and pay attention to the standardization of scientific data for their processing machine. It is advisable to build a centralized data infrastructure, which will be able to ensure the practical execution of these condemnations and rationalizes the accumulation and circulation of data.

Designing Model for the Development of International Scientific Cooperation in the Iranian Higher Education System with a Grounded Theory Approach

Designing Model for the Development of International Scientific Cooperation in the Iranian Higher Education System with a Grounded Theory Approach

On the Development of the Scientific Base of Quantum Technologies

The purpose of the article is to study the development of research in the field of quantum technologies, based on a bibliometric analysis of publications indexed in databases from the Web of Science Core Collection from 1990 to 2020. The global output of publications, the productivity of individual countries and organizations, indicators of international scientific cooperation are considered. The characteristic features of world studies in the field are revealed: a high concentration in the group of leaders, a noticeable participation of corporations and military scientific structures, and growing international cooperation. Considerable attention is paid to the positions of Russia, which towards the end of the period returned to the top ten countries in terms of productivity. The Russian Academy of Sciences is the sixth among the world scientific organizations in the production of publications on quantum technologies for the entire period; Russian scientists actively cooperate with foreign scientists, including those from leading Western countries. The internal landscape is characterized by a significant predominance of the “Center”, where the country’s leading research institutes and universities are located, and the still small research contribution of the Russian commercial sector.

Academician of the Russian academy of sciences Yu.L. Shevchenko and his contribution to the development of the Military Medical Academy and health care of the Russian Federation (on his 75th anniversary)

April 7, 2022 marks the 75th anniversary of the outstanding national cardiac surgeon, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Yuri Leonidovich Shevchenko. Yu.L. Shevchenko graduated from the Military Medical Academy in 1974 and after a year of servicing in the military he returned to the Academy, where he worked for a quarter of a century, having done his way up from a senior resident of the clinic of the Hospital Surgery Department to the Head of the Academy. During his leadership of the Academy (19922000) he did a lot not only for its preservation but also for its development and re-equipment. Great attention was paid to the international scientific cooperation, increasing the public prestige of the Academy and preserving its historical heritage: the academician B.V. Petrovsky medal "For outstanding surgeon in the world" was established; the monument "Military medics who died in wars" was opened; the Institute of honorary doctors and academicians of the Military Medical Academy was restored; the Academy was included in the State List of especially valuable objects of cultural heritage of Russian Federation. Internship and certification of graduates were introduced in the educational and scientific activities, and the Academy scientific schools were preserved and strengthened. As the Minister of Health of Russian Federation Yu.L. Shevchenko participated in the development of a number of federal target programs: justified and implemented in practice the territorial system of health care, also he was one of the initiators of creation and formation of health insurance system. Yu.L. Shevchenko contributed greatly to the development of Russian and world cardiosurgery. His works were a milestone in solving the problems of surgical treatment of infectious endocarditis. For the first time, the "sanitizing effect" of artificial circulation was theoretically substantiated and proved in practice, the optimal values of perfusion during surgical treatment of generalized forms of infection were developed, and the integral approach to sanitation of the heart chambers was substantiated. Since 2002 Yu.L. Shevchenko has been the head of Pirogov National Medical-Surgical Center. For his great contribution to the development of medical science academician Yu.L. Shevchenko was awarded the State Prize and honorary titles of Honoured Scientist and Honoured Physician of Russia, he was awarded the Order of Merit for the Motherland of 4th Class and the Order of Honour.

Sharing Arctic Science: Applying the Common Heritage and Common Concern of Humankind in the Arctic

Abstract Addressing climate change effectively and efficiently requires a more in-depth understanding of its impacts and the interrelationships between climate patterns around the world. Given the magnitude of climatic and oceanic changes in the Arctic, marine scientific research in this region is of particular interest to humankind as it would improve mitigation and remediation strategies. The application of the Common Heritage and Common Concern of Humankind principles to Arctic Science aims at enhancing international scientific cooperation in the Arctic and generalizing the sharing of Arctic Scientific Data and Results. Despite exhibiting inherent conceptual limitations, both concepts show potential to legally and inclusively frame the Sharing of Arctic Science for the benefit of humankind. Moreover, this application contributes to the debate on a sui generis concept reflecting the need to face future challenges of climate change for the sake of humankind.