Level Of International Collaboration Research Articles

Research funding in the Middle East and North Africa: analyses of acknowledgments in scientific publications indexed in the Web of Science (2008–2021)

AbstractFunding acknowledgments are important objects of study in the context of science funding. This study uses a mixed-methods approach to analyze the funding acknowledgments found in 2.3 million scientific publications published between 2008 and 2021 by authors affiliated with research institutions in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The aim is to identify the major funders, assess their contribution to national scientific publications, and gain insights into the funding mechanism in relation to collaboration and publication. Publication data from the Web of Science is examined to provide key insights about funding activities. Saudi Arabia and Qatar lead the region, as about half of their publications include acknowledgments to funding sources. Most MENA countries exhibit strong linkages with foreign agencies, mainly due to a high level of international collaboration. The distinction between domestic and international publications reveals some differences in terms of funding structures. For instance, Turkey and Iran are dominated by one or two major funders whereas a few other countries like Saudi Arabia showcase multiple funders. Iran and Kuwait are examples of countries where research is mainly funded by domestic funders. The government and academic sectors mainly fund scientific research in MENA whereas the industry sector plays little or no role in terms of research funding. Lastly, the qualitative analyses provide more context into the complex funding mechanism. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the funding structure in MENA countries and provide insights to funders and research managers to evaluate the funding landscape.

Bibliometric analysis of scientific research on Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.

Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. is an African wild tree found in many countries across the continent. Its leaves, bark, root, and fruits are used in food, cosmetics, and traditional medicine. However, no systematic bibliometric review on S. birrea have been performed so far. This study covered publications made in 1986–2022 and investigated such bibliometric indicators as knowledge dynamics, links and structure, relevant journals, productive organizations, renowned authors, authoring patterns, national and international collaboration levels, etc. The bibliometric data on a total of 369 publications were downloaded from Scopus database and analyzed using the MS-Excel and VOSViewer software. The Scopus publications on S. birrea showed a versatile range in the interdisciplinary areas of research, with agricultural and biological sciences predominating. The Republic of South Africa was responsible for the largest number of citations. All in all, 63 countries published research on S. birrea in the specified time period, and the share of African countries was 65.43% of the total global research. Co-authorship and international collaboration were registered for six clusters. A total of 1114 researchers and 160 institutions actively contributed to S. birrea studies, with 37 having a minimum of five publications. Mapping of knowledge structure using the keyword co-occurrence revealed the related research areas. The Journal of Ethnopharmacology took the lead in terms of average citation. The co-citation analysis revealed some remarkable dynamics in S. birrea research. This bibliometric study provides a complete insight into S. birrea research development and publication patterns over the last 36 years.

Evolution and Trends of Aptamers in Cancer Research: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature over the Last Decade.

Aptamers are increasingly applied in cancer research. Here, we have performed the first bibliometric analysis to demonstrate the evolution of aptamers in cancer research over the past decade and to reveal future trends. Original articles and reviews on aptamers in cancer research published from 2013 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and R software were used for bibliometric analysis of the literature and visualization of the results. A total of 1627 eligible publications were analyzed. Annual and cumulative publications have been found to be steadily increased. China was the most productive country (884 publications) and Hunan University was the most productive institution (97 publications). The United States had the highest level of international collaboration (betweenness centrality = 0.55). Wei-Hong Tan was the most productive author (68 publications) and Craig Tuerk was the most cited author (387 citations). Analytical Chemistry and Biosensors and Bioelectronics were the most influential journals in this field. Three major themes were identified: aptamer selection techniques, aptamer-targeted drug delivery, and aptasensors for cancer detection. The research hotspots have shifted from aptamer selection, targeted drug delivery, molecular imaging, and biomarker detection to electrochemical aptasensors and therapeutic applications. The future may focus on high specificity and affinity in aptamer selection, aptasensor fabrication, aptamer- targeted drug delivery, and therapeutic aptamer development. The field of aptamers in cancer research has been steadily developing over the past decade, and future research may focus on aptamer application in cancer detection and therapy and the improvement of aptamer selection.

Mapping Two Decades of Research Productivity in the Middle Eastern and Arab Countries: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis

Middle Eastern and Arab countries have been experiencing significant advancements in scientific research and development over the past few decades. Understanding the trends, patterns, and impact of research within this region can provide valuable insights into its scientific landscape, identify areas of strength, and uncover potential areas for improvement. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research productivity in the Middle Eastern and Arab region over a 20-year period. The findings revealed a consistent increase in research productivity, yet mapped significant disparities between countries in scholarly output, excellence, and impact. Adjusting for population size and GDP, Iran displayed the highest publication activity, trailed by Egypt and Turkey. Delving into the distribution of research output across different journal quartiles, the results revealed that this region has a lower percentage of scholarly output published in high-impact journals (both the top 10% and the top 25% categories). Compared to North America and the European Union, the Middle Eastern and Arab region consistently exhibited lower performance in terms of top 10% citations, average citations per publication, and field-weighted citation impact. The field of physical sciences took the lead as the most prevalent subject area in the Middle Eastern and Arab region, comprising about 60.5% of the research emphasis. Conversely, social sciences garnered comparatively less research attention, making up approximately 8.9% of the focus. The region showed strong international collaboration levels (40.5%), yet relatively low national (24.4%) and academic–corporate collaborations (1.5%). The outcomes of this study can facilitate international comparisons and benchmarking, allowing Middle Eastern and Arab countries to position themselves within the global scientific community. There remains a need to prioritize quality over quantity by emphasizing rigorous research practices and collaboration. An ongoing evaluation of research performance using a combination of indicators can help track progress and adjust strategies as needed.

A bibliometrics study of phase change materials (PCMs)

Articles on phase change materials (PCMs) were subjected to a scientometric study to determine the leading organizations, nations, journals, and topic areas over the last four decades. According to the analysis, there were significantly more publications on PCM between 2011 and 2022. In terms of total publications and total citations, China, the US, and India were discovered to be the top three nations. The country with the most citations per article was Singapore. Considering the collaboration aspect, the research revealed that Saudi Arabia exhibited the most extensive level of international collaboration. Chinese Acad Sci, Xi An Jiao Tong Univ, Univ Lleida, South China Univ Technol, and Sichuan Univ ranked first through fifth in terms of total publications. The most scientific work was produced in the Energy & Fuels topic area of PCM, while China was more active in the Web of Science topic areas. The rise in PCM publications in recent years is indicative of the field's expanding significance and interest in energy storage and sustainable energy. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the subject of PCM is highlighted by the high level of cooperation among nations and institutions. Examining keyword trends from 1991 to 2022 shows a growth in the use of “Thermal conductivity” beginning in 1999, a steady mention of “Latent Heat Storage” after 2010, and a consistent usage of “Energy storage” since 2005.

Revealing trends: A bibliometric analysis of 28 years of space weather event research publications using the Scopus databases (1994–2022)

In modern times, any disturbances caused by natural or artificial factors to technological systems must be identified and eliminated promptly. Space weather has been acknowledged for more than ten years as a key cause of breakdowns in numerous ground- and space-based technology systems that are essential to human life. Thus, this article about research interest trends related to space weather events (SWEs), from all around the world was analyzed through bibliometric analysis using Scopus publications from 1994 until 2022. Initially, 2779 journal articles on SWE were collected over the course of 28 years, but only 1713 were retained when review articles were omitted. The study also presents the trends of co-authorships in correspondence to countries/academic institutions and co-occurrences of author keywords. Since 2005, the number of publications regarding SWE has steadily increased, resulting in a substantial library of publications until 2022. The three top-ranked nations that produced the most papers with the highest levels of international collaboration and networking are the United States, the United Kingdom, and China.

SciVal Insights on HR Management: Analyzing Key Trends and High-Performance Work Systems and Personnel, and Human Resource (HR) Practice

From 2013 to 2022, this document provides an examination of the academic progression in High-Performance Work Systems (HPWS), Personnel, and Human Resource (HR) Practice. The system exploited SciVal to determine the cluster, then analyzed to get understanding into the top academic outputs related to the authors, publications, nations, as well the universities. The research, has a scholarly output of 3,385 papers, demonstrates the large themes received within the academic profession. This domain’s publications have a field-weighted citation impact of 1.25, suggesting a 25% higher citation rate than the world average, show their significant power in the academic area. The current study’s key findings show a high level of international collaboration, contribution to the worldwide applicability of HR practices. The findings, as evidenced by 52,209 citations and over 203,594 views, illustrate the body of work’s importance and extensive group discussion. With a topic prominence percentile of 99.357, this field is at the front end of academic study, indicating its critical participation in ongoing HR discussions and progression. Added more the study show a shift in focus within human resource management, with classic notions complemented by emerging themes such as ‘Employee Performance’ and ‘Employee Well-being, which have witnessed an exponential function increase in scholarly production. This indicates a shift towards employee-centric approaches to recognize the direct influence of employee well-being towards performance.

Driving Pressure: What Is the Harm?

Driving Pressure: What Is the Harm?

International scientific collaboration in the research system: dynamics, opportunities and challenges for Kazakhstan

Introduction. International scientific collaboration and science diplomacy are essential components of international relations and international law, facilitating cross-cultural interactions at various political, societal, social, humanitarian, and technical levels. The sphere of international scientific collaboration, increasingly intertwined with science diplomacy, holds significant relevance in the realm of global relations and international jurisprudence. It fosters multifaceted exchanges spanning political, societal, humanitarian, and technical domains. In the current epoch, often termed the «International Era,» the dynamics of international scientific collaboration assume heightened importance. This era marks a distinct phase in the evolutionary trajectory of global science, progressing from individual, institutional, to national stages. Methodology. This study delves into the nature and scope of international scientific cooperation involving Kazakhstani scientific entities and researchers. It employs an analytical framework grounded in epistemology and gnoseology, complemented by statistical and correlational analysis. The investigation categorizes the diverse forms and types of international scientific engagements, adopting a synectics approach. It introduces the concept of «commensalism» as a contemporary model of international collaboration in the Kazakhstani scientific context. The paper confronts challenges associated with the saturation of information in scientific publications and introduces the notion of the «dark matter of science.» It proposes hypotheses on the structures, targeted outcomes, and methodologies pertinent to international scientific cooperation. The research employs scientometric data, exemplified through national and academic research scenarios, to establish correlations. It interprets Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall correlation coefficients within the context of scientometric parameters, focusing on publication activities in international scientific collaboration. Results. The study unveils critical insights into the dynamics of international scientific collaboration and its economic implications. Key findings include a positive correlation between the number of joint publications and the H-index across various research fields, with notable variations in research funding and commercialization potential. Engineering, Physics & Astronomy, and Medical Sciences emerge as leading disciplines in terms of joint publication volume, H-index, and economic parameters. In contrast, Social Sciences show a lower level of international collaboration and economic impact, suggesting a more localized research focus. The data also highlights significant economic viability in fields like Materials Science and Environmental Sciences, driven by global emphasis on sustainability and technological advancements. Scientific Novelty. The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive analysis of the economic aspects of international scientific collaboration, especially in the context of Kazakhstani research. It bridges the gap in understanding how international collaboration, especially with scientifically advanced countries, impacts not only academic metrics like the H-index but also economic factors such as research funding and commercialization. This study is one of the first to quantitatively analyze these aspects in the Kazakhstani research context, offering a new perspective on the economic benefits and challenges of global scientific partnerships. Practical Significance. This research holds significant practical implications for policy-makers, researchers, and academic institutions in Kazakhstan. By identifying the fields with the highest economic benefits from international collaboration, it provides a strategic roadmap for allocating resources and prioritizing research areas. The findings can guide policy decisions to enhance Kazakhstan’s integration into the global research community, optimize research funding allocation, and harness the commercial potential of scientific advancements. Additionally, it offers insights for individual researchers to strategically collaborate internationally for maximizing their academic impact and economic benefits.

Bibliometric Analysis of Dental Informatics via Pubmed

Introduction: This study examines the main characteristics of dental informatics research using bibliometric analysis of articles in the online journal database PubMed, to identify the main trends of research in dental informatics. The study aims to identify trends, geographic distribution of papers and authors, rates of collaboration, and performances of journals and institutions. 
 Methods: Information on dental informatics was extracted solely from the PubMed online journal database from January 1989 to September 2019. A three-phase search approach was employed. Bibliometrics was used to examine the growth and progress of dental informatics over time.
 Results: A total of n=236 papers on dental informatics were identified, with an average of 7.9 papers per year. The trend of papers published increased over time with 41 countries represented in this study. There were only 15 countries which had 10 or more representatives, seven of which came from Europe. North America produced the most research in dental informatics, with 149 paper affiliations and ten were cross regional, in 61% of the total papers.
 Discussion: The topic of dental informatics began in the mid to late 1980s, with the most productive years in the last decade, reaching a high point in the mid 2010s. There was a low level of international collaboration, and few conducted across different continents.
 Conclusion: There is steady increase in the pace of research in dental informatics, with growing interest in exploring various implementation methods. Collaboration has become a product of a globalised world, with the potential to share data and exchange ideas using cutting-edge technologies. As these trends continue, the field of dental informatics may see further growth and development, with more technology available to provide communication and share data points and methods becoming widespread.

Global research on cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis: A bibliometric analysis.

Cysticercosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage Taenia solium. As a neglected tropical disease that is also difficult to diagnose, cysticercosis constitutes an important public health and research challenge. To characterize the development of research on cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, considering the level of scientific evidence provided and the contribution of different countries to research, according to their endemic nature and their income level. Indexed publications on cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis were retrieved from the MEDLINE database, and the evolution of scientific production and the topic areas addressed in the body of research were analyzed. A total of 7,860 papers published between 1928 and 2021 were analyzed. The volume of annual publications increased over time, standing at over 200 documents/year since 2010. Case studies constitute the main study design (27.4% of the documents with available information, n = 2,155), with fewer studies that provide the highest levels of scientific evidence, such as clinical studies (1.9%, n = 149) or systematic reviews (0.8%, n = 63). The most productive journals belong to the Parasitology and Tropical Medicine categories. Although the USA is the most productive country (n = 2,292), countries where Tenia solium is endemic, such as India (n = 1,749), Brazil (n = 941) and Peru (n = 898) also stand out, as does Mexico (n = 1,414). However, other endemic countries in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa show little participation in the research. The level of international collaboration by country is very uneven, with some countries presenting very low values, such as India (9.9% of documents in international collaboration) or Brazil (18.7%); while there is evidence of intense international collaboration in countries like Peru (91.3%), Tanzania (88.2%) or Kenya (93.1%). Research output has coalesced in three thematic clusters: basic research in animals; parasitism, animal health, and zoonoses; and the diagnosis and therapeutic approach in diseases associated with cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis. The generation of knowledge on cysticercosis presents different features from other areas of research, such as the outstanding contribution of only some endemic countries; and the relevance of comprehensive approaches to research (animal and human health). Studies that provide higher levels of scientific evidence should be promoted, as should research in endemic areas.

Our Solar Future — Roadmap to Mobilize USD 1 Trillion by 2030

This Roadmap provides recommendations for mobilizing a massive and more equitable scale-up of investment in solar energy by 2030. The solution pathways and recommendations in the paper focus on tackling policy and market barriers in all solar market segments, reducing investment risk in developing and emerging economies, and spurring a new level of international collaboration to overcome global investment challenges at scale.

A One Health information database based on standard bibliometric analysis

BackgroundOne Health is an integrated concept of health that aims to optimize the health of humans, animals, plants, and the environment. Identifying research gaps and specific expertise areas is important for understanding the role of One Health in practice. This information on One Health could be used to promote collaboration and research, inspire innovative ideas, and accelerate the translation of evidence-based practices into policies. MethodsWe searched the Scopus database for publications related to One Health between 2012 and 2021 to extract bibliometric information and investigate the possibility of establishing a dedicated expertise database. We matched scholarly information using SciVal to exclude duplicate information and identify scholars’ affiliations, countries, and academic profiles. Individual academic contributions to One Health were evaluated according to their citations, publication impact, publication type, and author contributions. ResultsA total of 8,313 publications on One Health over a ten-year period were identified, with the number of publications increasing over time. The largest number of publications came from the United States and the United Kingdom. These countries also had the highest number of experts and a high level of international collaboration. We identified 500 scholars from 53 countries and 313 affiliations with a median Hirsch Index of 20 who could be included in a One Health expert database. These scientists had a median of six publications on One Health, with topics mostly focusing on dengue and antimicrobial resistance. ConclusionA One Health information database could be used as a third-party reference for scholars, a source to track the ongoing academic progress, and support for active scholars in this field of research.

Bibliometric Analysis of Publications on the Omicron Variant from 2020 to 2022 in the Scopus Database Using R and VOSviewer.

Human respiratory infections caused by coronaviruses can range from mild to deadly. Although there are numerous studies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), few have been published on its Omicron variant. In order to remedy this deficiency, this study undertook a bibliometric analysis of the publishing patterns of studies on the Omicron variant and identified hotspots. Automated transportation, environmental protection, improved healthcare, innovation in banking, and smart homes are just a few areas where machine learning has found use in tackling complicated problems. The sophisticated Scopus database was queried for papers with the term “Omicron” in the title published between January 2020 and June 2022. Microsoft Excel 365, VOSviewer, Bibliometrix, and Biblioshiny from R were used for a statistical analysis of the publications. Over the study period, 1917 relevant publications were found in the Scopus database. Viruses was the most popular in publications for Omicron variant research, with 150 papers published, while Cell was the most cited source. The bibliometric analysis determined the most productive nations, with USA leading the list with the highest number of publications (344) and the highest level of international collaboration on the Omicron variant. This study highlights scientific advances and scholarly collaboration trends and serves as a model for demonstrating global trends in Omicron variant research. It can aid policymakers and medical researchers to fully grasp the current status of research on the Omicron variant. It also provides normative data on the Omicron variant for visualization, study, and application.

Scientometric Analysis of Kazakhstani Universities’ Publication Activity

The article analyzes the publication activity of Kazakhstani universities. The aim of the study is to identify the main trends and factors influencing the increase in scientific productivity in universities. The study was carried out using the method of scientometric analysis of universities' data in the Scopus and Web of Science databases and InCites and SciVal electronic analytical tools. At the same time, both quantitative and qualitative indicators were “measured”, to the latter the authors attributed the citation of publications and journal quartiles. The level of international collaboration and the share of publications as the first author or corresponding author is also considered. Based on the data obtained, the ranking of organizations was carried out, the features of the publication activity of each of the groups, as well as the factors influencing the publication strategy of universities’ teaching staff, were identified. The positive results of the policy of increasing publication activity at universities, including participation in world academic rankings, include an increase in the number of publications, including in journals, of the first two quartiles (that is, the improvement of the quality), a high level of international collaboration, and an increase in the recognition of scientists and their contribution to research (citation and position of the author). At the same time, the problem of manipulating scientometric indicators to improve individual indicators and universities’ performance remains relevant. Higher education institutions can use the results of this study to develop publication strategies and adjust approaches to hiring faculty in terms of analyzing their publication activity. Key words: Publication activity, university, scientometric analysis, scientific productivity

Gender differences in peruvian nursing: a bibliometric analysis in scopus and web of science

This paper aims to perform a bibliometric and gender perspective analysis of scientific publications in Scopus and Web of Science in the area of Peruvian nursing. A bibliometric analysis design was used. The analysis comprised 130 articles in Scopus and 104 articles in Web of Science. The main indicators included the annual production of articles, the most cited authors and articles, and a thematic analysis of the keywords. In terms of authorship in Scopus, there are seven women among the first 10 authors, but in Web of Science, there are only 3. For citations, female nurses and authors at Scopus receive a higher proportion of citations than males. However, in Web of Science, male nurses receive proportionately more citations. Regarding the first 10 journals we found on the Web of Science, Emerging Source Citation Index journals have more indexed articles than Journal Citation Reports journals. The statistical correlation coefficient between the articles published in Scopus and Web of Science is 0.92. The scientific production in Peru in the nursing field shows no female bias in Scopus, but that is not the case for Web of Science. In addition, the total number of articles published in Peru respecting other fields is low, as is the level of international collaboration between the authors.

De Novo and Dominantly Inherited SPTAN1 Mutations Cause Spastic Paraplegia and Cerebellar Ataxia.

Pathogenic variants in SPTAN1 have been linked to a remarkably broad phenotypical spectrum. Clinical presentations include epileptic syndromes, intellectual disability, and hereditary motor neuropathy. We investigated the role of SPTAN1 variants in rare neurological disorders such as ataxia and spastic paraplegia. We screened 10,000 NGS datasets across two international consortia and one local database, indicative of the level of international collaboration currently required to identify genes causative for rare disease. We performed in silico modeling of the identified SPTAN1 variants. We describe 22 patients from 14 families with five novel SPTAN1 variants. Of six patients with cerebellar ataxia, four carry a de novo SPTAN1 variant and two show a sporadic inheritance. In this group, one variant (p.Lys2083del) is recurrent in four patients. Two patients have novel de novo missense mutations (p.Arg1098Cys, p.Arg1624Cys) associated with cerebellar ataxia, in one patient accompanied by intellectual disability and epilepsy. We furthermore report a recurrent missense mutation (p.Arg19Trp) in 15 patients with spastic paraplegia from seven families with a dominant inheritance pattern in four and a de novo origin in one case. One further patient carrying a de novo missense mutation (p.Gln2205Pro) has a complex spastic ataxic phenotype. Through protein modeling we show that mutated amino acids are located at crucial interlinking positions, interconnecting the three-helix bundle of a spectrin repeat. We show that SPTAN1 is a relevant candidate gene for ataxia and spastic paraplegia. We suggest that for the mutations identified in this study, disruption of the interlinking of spectrin helices could be a key feature of the pathomechanism. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Twenty Years of Law Journal Publishing: A Comparative Analysis of International Publication Trends

The analyses of publishing trends are gaining importance across various disciplines, yet we have limited knowledge on the extent to which international publication processes have developed within the field of legal studies. Based on bibliometric and network analyses focusing on the past two decades, our research investigates publishing and internationalization processes in the pool of Scopus-indexed law journals, as well as the publication patterns of the most prolific Law scholars. Results indicate that most legal studies journals are concentrated in the hands of a few global publishers and university presses, and, while the number of Scopus-indexed law journals are high, the level of internationalization is relatively low. Consequently, further efforts are prompted to enhance geographical diversity and increase the level of international collaboration.

Visualizing the landscape and evolution of capacitive deionization by scientometric analysis

Capacitive deionization (CDI) as an emerging desalination technology attracts increasing attention due to its advantages such as low cost, environmental friendliness, simple operation, and large water recovery. This study presents a systematic, objective, and comprehensive review of CDI research via scientometric analysis. The dataset was collected from Web of Science and analysed by software Biblioshiny, VOSviewer and CiteSpace. After analysing a sum of 2270 documents, we identified the most influential journals, countries, institutions, authors, and publications. We also mapped the networks of co-authorship, co-citation, and keywords co-occurrence. Desalination has the largest number of publications in CDI. China is the country with the largest number of publications, and Egypt has the highest level of international collaboration. The keyword and cluster analyses demonstrate the evolution of CDI electrodes from traditional carbon materials through carbon-based nanomaterials to Faradaic materials and the diversification of CDI cell architectures. The timeline visualization displays five popular research topics, including electrode materials, charge efficiency, water salinity, CDI cell architectures, and selective removal. Moreover, we provided several recommendations for future research. This article will give authors an intuitive understanding of the research status, frontier topics, and emerging trends in CDI.

Academic Profession in Chile: Perspectives From an International Survey

Este artículo presenta los primeros resultados para Chile de la encuesta internacional de la profesión académica APIKS (Academic Profession in the Knowledge-Based Society), aplicada a los académicos de 11 universidades entre fines de 2018 y principios de 2019. Las universidades participantes incluyen los tres tipos principales de universidades en Chile: estatales, privadas con aporte estatal (conocidas también como G9) y privadas sin aporte estatal. Respondieron la encuesta, de manera completa, 1.258 académicos y académicas. Se presentan aquí, descriptivamente, los resultados de los siguientes módulos de la encuesta: distribución del tiempo de los académicos en las diversas funciones universitarias, características de la labor de docencia, características del trabajo de investigación y perfil de las actividades de vinculación con el medio. También se informan los resultados de la experiencia de los académicos en etapas formativas de sus carreras: profesores instructores y asistentes. Los principales resultados sugieren que la docencia de pregrado sigue siendo la labor central de los académicos en todos los tipos de universidades, que una cuarta parte del tiempo se dedica a la gestión, que los modos de producción de conocimiento, con altos niveles de colaboración nacional e internacional, enfatizan la publicación de artículos en revistas por sobre otras formas de comunicación científica, y que los vínculos con el medio privilegian, como socios, a otras universidades, al gobierno y a las ONG, en desmedro de la empresa privada. También aparece que los apoyos de las universidades a sus académicos, en etapas formativas, son aún incipientes.