International Academy Research Articles

Scientific aspirations of the Chinese Space Station program: an interview with Ming Gao.

On 17 June 2021, China's spacecraft Shenzhou 12 took three Chinese astronauts into the Earth's orbit and docked with the assembly of Tianhe and Tianzhou, the core module and cargo ship of the Chinese Space Station (CSS), which had been launched and assembled in orbit earlier this year. The three astronauts became the first visitors of the CSS and would stay in orbit for about three months. In 2022, two laboratory cabin modules, Wentian and Mengtian, will be launched and assembled into Tianhe, completing the basic structure of the CSS. The CSS is designed to be used for at least 10 years, and will provide an outer space experimental platform for researchers from multiple disciplines.On 23 July 2021, National Science Review (NSR) interviewed Professor Ming Gao (高铭), the Commander-in-Chief of the Space Utilizaiton System of the China Manned Space Program, Director General of the Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization (CSU) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and an Academician of the International Academy of Astronautics. The Space Utilizaiton System is the scientific part of the CSS project, responsible for the design and organization of the onboard research programs. Gao has been involved in China's Manned Space Program since 1994, and has experienced the whole development process from the Shenzhou spacecraft to the CSS. In this interview, she introduces the scientific goals, plans and aspirations of the CSS.

In memory of Dr Maria Helena Gilleece MD, MBChB, BSc Hons (Biochem), MRCP, MRCPath, PGCMed (27th November 1959-24th June 2021).

In memory of Dr Maria Helena Gilleece MD, MBChB, BSc Hons (Biochem), MRCP, MRCPath, PGCMed (27th November 1959-24th June 2021).

Application of the International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology in routine reporting of pleural effusion and assessment of the risk of malignancy.

The International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (ISRSFC) was proposed by the International Academy of Cytology and the American Society of Cytopathology. We have applied this system for reporting of pleural effusion cytology and report our experience. All the pleural effusions from January 2019 to June 2020 were retrieved from the database. All these cases were reviewed and recategorized according to the proposed system of 5 categories: non-diagnostic (ND), negative for malignancy (NFM), atypia of uncertain significance (AUS), suspicious for malignancy (SFM), and malignant (MAL). The risk of malignancy (ROM) for each category was evaluated. A total of 939 cases were studied. The age of patients ranged from 2 to 88 years, and the volume of fluid ranged from 1 to 600 ml. There were 41 ND (4.37%), 697 NFM (74.23%), 44 AUS (4.69%), 27 SFM (2.88%), and 130 MAL (13.84%) cases. The ROM for the categories were found to be 87.5%, 51.61%, 88.23%, 87.5%, and 100% respectively. The ISRSFC is a user-friendly system for use in reporting of pleural fluid. The criteria for defining the various categories need to be further elaborative and stricter for this system to be more effective. More studies are required for the estimation of the ROM for each category.

12th Meeting of the International Academy of Health Preference Research.

12th Meeting of the International Academy of Health Preference Research.

Entrepreneurial Education and Youth Development in Central Asia: Kazakhstan

This chapter discusses entrepreneurial education in Kazakhstan, based on the case of the School of Entrepreneurship and Innovation (SEI) of the Almaty Management University (AlmaU). Provided that the President of Kazakhstan defined stimulation of entrepreneurship among communities in Kazakhstan, the business community as well as higher education institutions began to build academic programs around entrepreneurship. The School of Entrepreneurship and Innovation (SEI) of the Almaty Management University (AlmaU), also previously known as the International Academy of Business has been the first to launch entrepreneurship-related academic programs. AlmaU has the opportunity to learn from models and best practices of teaching entrepreneurship in universities all over the world and focus on integrating the most relevant content. The following chapter focuses on the entrepreneurial initiatives promoted by SEI - student start-ups, meet-ups, the ‘Ecosystem of Student Entrepreneurship’ project, which are aimed at educating future leaders, market influencers, and market shapers who would advocate positive socioeconomic and sociocultural changes in Kazakhstan. doi.org/10.52536/KS/vol_82_issue_2_A2

A retrospective analysis of 512 cases of breast fine needle aspiration cytology utilizing the recently proposed IAC Yokohama system for reporting breast cytopathology.

Recently the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) introduced a new reporting system for breast fine-needle aspiration cytology that classifies cytologic diagnoses into five-categories: (I) insufficient material, (II) benign, (III) atypical, (IV) suspicious of malignancy, and (V) malignant. The current study was undertaken to categorize the breast lesions utilizing the newly proposed IAC Yokohama classification system and evaluate the risk of malignancy (ROM) for respective categories and the diagnostic yield of this technique. All FNAs of breast lesions over 2.5 years were categorized retrospectively using the newly proposed IAC Yokohama reporting system. The ROM was calculated along with sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, diagnostic accuracy, false positive, and false-negative rate using the histological diagnosis as the gold standard. The 512 cases were distributed as follows: Category I (insufficient material) 7.4%, Category II (benign) 74%, Category III (atypical) 5.7%, Category IV(suspicious) 1.4%, and Category V (malignant) 11.5%. Histopathological correlation was available in 285 (55.7%) cases. The respective ROM calculated was 33.3%, 0.5%, 13.3%, 83.3%, and 100% for Category I-V. The Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive and Negative Predictive Value, and Diagnostic accuracy were 95%, 99.5%, 98.27%, 98.6, and 98.5% respectively. Despite previous attempts to establish a standardized diagnostic terminology, there has been a lack of a single internationally approved standardized reporting system allowing substantial diagnostic clarity and incorporating distinct diagnostic categories, each linked with a specific ROM and recommended management. This System also provides enhanced communication between pathologists and attending clinicians for the benefit of the patient.

Sharp Bounds for the Inverse Sum Indeg Index of Graph Operations

Vukičević and Gasperov introduced the concept of 148 discrete Adriatic indices in 2010. These indices showed good predictive properties against the testing sets of the International Academy of Mathematical Chemistry. Among these indices, twenty indices were taken as beneficial predictors of physicochemical properties. The inverse sum indeg index denoted by ISI G k of G k is a notable predictor of total surface area for octane isomers and is presented as ISI G k = ∑ g k g k ′ ∈ E G k d G k g k d G k g k ′ / d G k g k + d G k g k ′ , where d G k g k represents the degree of g k ∈ V G k . In this paper, we determine sharp bounds for ISI index of graph operations, including the Cartesian product, tensor product, strong product, composition, disjunction, symmetric difference, corona product, Indu–Bala product, union of graphs, double graph, and strong double graph.

Kazakh prose of the early of ХХ century in the studies of Zinol Bisengali

This article is devoted to the scientific activities of the doctor of philological sciences, professor, academician of the Shyngys Aitmatov International Academy of Social Sciences Zinol-Gabden Kabiuly Bisengali, who made an invaluable contribution to the study of Kazakh literature, the study of Kazakh prose of the early twentieth century. The relevance of scientific research lies in the analysis and identification of the features of the first samples of the prose genre, published in the press, in the study of the formation of the domestic prose genre at the beginning of the new century, in determining the patterns of its development, achievements and shortcomings. The article also examines the preconditions for the formation and development of professional prose and its unique originality, the connection between prose and the real life of the people. The author analyzes the unique methods and styles of individual writers, which Z. Bisengali explored in his scientific works. Particular attention is paid to an in-depth study of the formation of novel thinking in our literature. The article examines the artistic features of the Kazakh novel of the early twentieth century, analyzed in the studies of Zinol-Gabden Bisengali, studies in detail the thematic and worldview, artistic and stylistic studies of Kazakh writers, such as Sh. Kudaiberdyuly, M. Dulatov, S. Toraigyrov, Zh. Aymauytov, M Auezov, S. Seifullin, S. Mukanov and others. The article also presents the works of the scientist, revealing the peculiarities of thinking of Kazakh novelists of the early twentieth century and various factors that influenced their work.

A retrospective analysis of 30 years of Nurse Author & Editor

A retrospective analysis of 30 years of <i>Nurse Author &amp; Editor</i>

The International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Cytopathology showed improved diagnostic accuracy.

The aim of the International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Cytopathology is to improve cytology practice. This study assessed cytologic diagnoses made with the system and its efficacy when it was applied by pathologists with different levels of experience. In all, 1080 cases of breast fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) over a period of 16years were reviewed and reclassified with the system. The category distribution and the diagnostic performance were compared with the original diagnoses. The concordance rates for diagnoses from pathologists with different levels of experience were also determined. The distribution of cytologic diagnoses made with the system was as follows: 11.7% were insufficient, 56.6% were benign, 20.1% were atypical, 6.1% were suspicious for malignancy, and 5.6% were malignant. The rates for the insufficient and atypical categories were lower than the original diagnosis rates (13.1% and 23.8%, respectively). Overall, 120 cases (11.1%) were recategorized. Among those recategorized as benign, suspicious, or malignant with follow-up data, 96.7% were correctly reclassified. A significant improvement in diagnostic performance was found with the system (P<.001). Such improvement was also seen in problematic breast lesions, including fibroepithelial lesions, papillary lesions, and low-grade carcinomas. Pathologists with intermediate experience showed a higher concordance with an expert pathologist in the diagnoses than those with short experience (κ, 0.838 vs 0.634). The system effectively categorized the diagnoses, and the diagnostic performance of FNAB reporting was improved. The structured reporting also enhanced the reproducibility of reporting by pathologists with intermediate experience and, to some extent, those with short experience.

Education in developing countries and reducing maternal mortality: a forgotten piece of the puzzle?

Despite substantial improvement in reducing maternal mortality during the recent decades, we constantly face tragic fact that maternal mortality (especially preventable deaths) is still unacceptably too high, particularly in the developing countries, where 99% of all maternal deaths worldwide occur. Poverty, lack of proper statistics, gender inequality, beliefs and corruption-associated poor governmental policies are just few of the reasons why decline in maternal mortality has not been as sharp as it was wished and expected. Education has not yet been fully recognized as the way out of poverty, improvement of women's role in the society and consequent better perinatal care and consequent lower maternal mortality. Education should be improved on all levels including girls, women and their partners, medical providers, religious and governmental authorities. Teaching the teachers should be also an essential part of global strategy to lower maternal mortality. This paper is mostly a commentary, not a systematic review nor a meta-analysis with the aim to rise attention (again) to the role of different aspects of education in lowering maternal mortality. The International Academy of Perinatal Medicine should play a crucial role in pushing the efforts on this issue as the influential instance that promotes reflection and dialog in perinatal medicine, especially in aspects such as bioethics, the appropriate use of technological advances, and the sociological and humanistic dimensions of this specific problem of huge magnitude. The five concrete steps to achieve these goals are listed and discussed.

Tourism in Brazil: from politics, social inequality, corruption and violence towards the 2030 Brazilian tourism agenda

Turismo en Brasil: de la política, la desigualdad social, la corrupción y la violencia hacia la agenda turística Brasileña 2030Diseño/metodología/enfoqueEste artículo de opinión es una combinación de reflexiones de destacados académicos brasileños del turismo, la mayoría miembros de ABRATUR, la Academia Internacional para el Desarrollo de la Investigación en Turismo en Brasil. Se utilizan fuentes secundarias (por ejemplo, informes gubernamentales) y literatura académica para respaldar este artículo. Los temas relacionados con el turismo que se tratan en este documento incluyen economía, política y planificación, marketing, transporte, turismo basado en la naturaleza, gastronomía, hotelería, y educación, entre otros.PropósitoA diferencia de la mayoría de las publicaciones académicas sobre el turismo en Brasil, este artículo ofrece una perspectiva global e integral. Al analizar los desarrollos clave y centrarse en 2000–2019, este documento también considera problemas estructurales de larga data que obstaculizan el desarrollo del turismo. Aunque este documento trata de Brasil, se pueden identificar problemas muy similares en muchos otros países del mundo.ResultadosBrasil ha perdido varias oportunidades únicas para colocarse como un destino de renombre internacional. Los esfuerzos realizados desde la década de 1990 para apoyar el desarrollo del turismo regional solo han logrado un éxito moderado debido a que la inestabilidad política, la violencia y la corrupción han impactado al turismo. La falta de un enfoque coordinado entre los distintos niveles de gobierno, la escasez de datos turísticos, una campaña de marketing supra gubernamental a largo plazo, entre otros factores, han significado que Brasil haya perdido varias oportunidades críticas en la década de 2010 para establecerse como un destino turístico líder en el mercado global.Originalidad/valorUn artículo de opinión único de destacados expertos académicos en turismo en Brasil, que ofrece por primera vez una visión general de los problemas críticos del desarrollo desde la década del 2000. El documento presenta asuntos que han obstaculizado las posibles contribuciones del turismo a la nación más grande de América del Sur. Si bien estos asuntos pueden ser específicos de Brasil, muchos de estos desafíos no son diferentes a los de otras naciones (democráticas) emergentes. Ofrecemos diversas recomendaciones técnicas y de políticas públicas para impulsar el desarrollo turístico hacia la agenda 2030.

Олег Андреевич Жидков — ученый и педагог

This article is dedicate to 90 anniversary of the birth day of the prominent russian scientist, member of the International academy of the sciencies of the high school, doctor of law, professor, honoured man of science of the Russian Federation Oleg Andreevich Zjidkov. 43 years of his life were binding with Peoples friendship university of Russia (before 1992 — Peoples friendship university named by Patrice Lumumba). This article is dedicates the scientific and teaching activities of the professor О.А. Zjidkov.

Accuracy of Breast Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy Using the International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System in Clinico-Radiologically Indeterminate Lesions: Initial Findings Demonstrating Value in Lesions of Low Suspicion of Malignancy

Background: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in breast lesions offers accurate results in differentiating benign and malignant lesions. However, its role is unclear when core-needle biopsy (CNB) is available, the latter providing additional information regarding tumor grade, invasion, and hormone receptor status in malignant lesions. In benign breast lesions, especially in BIRADS category 4a and 4b, FNAB, and CNB provide similar pathological information, whereby FNAB may serve as a more rapid and cost-effective investigation. The study was planned to reevaluate the diagnostic accuracy of FNAB in BIRADS category 4a, 4b, and 4c lesions. Materials and Methods: FNAB and biopsy reports of all patients with breast lesions sent between September 1, 2018, and November 30, 2020, were collected and the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) Yokohama category and BIRADS score were recorded for each case. The rate of malignancy and the accuracy of FNAB in diagnosing malignancy were calculated for each BIRADS 4a, 4b, and 4c subgroup. Results: A total of 249 cases of BIRADS 4 lesions had corresponding cytology and histopathology diagnoses. FNAB showed high diagnostic accuracy in all BIRADS groups. A benign categorization was associated with a very low number of false-negative diagnoses, especially in BIRADS 4a lesions. Conclusion: The study reconfirms the excellent accuracy of breast FNAB using the IAC Yokohama system in diagnosing breast malignancies. Furthermore, BIRADS 4a lesions found to be belonging to the cytological benign category may be excluded from CRB and kept on clinical follow-up.

The International Academy of Health Sciences Informatics (IAHSI): 2020 Report.

SummaryObjectives : To summarize the major activities of the International Academy of Health Sciences Informatics (IAHSI) in the 2020 time period and to welcome its 2020 Class of Fellows. Method : Report from the members of the Academy’s Board. Results : Due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, both Plenary meetings in 2020 had to be organized as virtual meetings. Scientific discussions, focusing on mobilizing computable biomedical knowledge and on data standards and interoperability formed major parts of these meetings. A statement on the use of informatics in pandemic situations was elaborated and sent to the World Health Organization. A panel on data standards and interoperability started its work. 34 Fellows were welcomed in the 2020 Class of Fellows so that the Academy now consists of 179 members. Conclusions : There was a shift from supporting to strategic activities in the Academy’s work. After having achieved organizational stability, the Academy can now focus on its strategic work and so on its main objective.

Digital Health during COVID-19: Informatics Dialogue with the World Health Organization.

SummaryBackground : On December 16, 2020 representatives of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA), a Non-Governmental Organization in official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO), along with its International Academy for Health Sciences Informatics (IAHSI), held an open dialogue with WHO Director General (WHO DG) Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus about the opportunities and challenges of digital health during the COVID-19 global pandemic. Objectives : The aim of this paper is to report the outcomes of the dialogue and discussions with more than 200 participants representing different civil society organizations (CSOs). Methods : The dialogue was held in form of a webinar. After an initial address of the WHO DG, short presentations by the panelists, and live discussions between panelists, the WHO DG and WHO representatives took place. The audience was able to post questions in written. These written discussions were saved with participants’ consent and summarized in this paper. Results : The main themes that were brought up by the audience for discussion were: (a) opportunities and challenges in general; (b) ethics and artificial intelligence; (c) digital divide; (d) education. Proposed actions included the development of a roadmap based on the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions : Decision making by policy makers needs to be evidence-based and health informatics research should be used to support decisions surrounding digital health, and we further propose next steps in the collaboration between IMIA and WHO such as future engagement in the World Health Assembly.

Effectuation of International Academy of Cytology Yokahama Reporting System of Breast Cytology to Assess Malignancy Risk and Accuracy.

Introduction:Recently the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) proposed a new Yokahama reporting system for breast fine-needle aspiration cytology (2019) in order to standardize reporting pattern and to link cytology reporting to management algorithms.Aims and Objectives:To categorize the samples according to the newly proposed IAC Yokahama reporting system of breast cytology and to assess diagnostic accuracy and corresponding risk of malignancy (ROM) for each category.Materials and Methods:This is a retrospective study of breast cytology cases done at Department of Pathology. The slides are retrieved from pathology archives and classified using a recently proposed IAC, Yokahama reporting system of breast cytology into five categories. The risk of malignancy, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy were estimated on the basis of the final histopathological diagnosis.Results:Of the 386 cases of breast FNAC, 226 (55.55%) had the corresponding histological diagnosis. The respective ROM for each category was 22.22% for category 1 (insufficient material), 5.32% for category 2 (benign), 26.31% for category 3 (atypical), 100% for category 4 (suspicious for malignancy), and 100 % category 5 (malignant). Malignant cases were considered only when positive tests, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy were 89.66%, 100%, 100%, 90.2%, and 94.69%, respectively.Conclusions:The present study showed statistically significant sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy, especially with malignant cases. Hence, using the IAC Yokahama reporting system of breast cytology is effective to standardize the reporting in various institutes and provide clear guidelines to clinician for further management.

International Academy of Cytology Guidelines Based Categorization of Breast Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Lesions and their Histopathological Correlation

International Academy of Cytology Guidelines Based Categorization of Breast Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Lesions and their Histopathological Correlation

Prospective evaluation of accuracy of fine-needle aspiration biopsy for breast lesions using the International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System for reporting breast cytopathology.

Classification of breast lesions into different cytological groups can accurately be done using the International Academy of Cytology (IAC) Yokohama System for reporting breast cytopathology. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of breast lesions has been considered to be the primary investigation in detecting breast cancers, especially in low-cost settings. The main objective of this study was to prospectively re-confirm the diagnostic accuracy of breast FNAB using the IAC Yokohama system. Additionally, separate secondary subgroup analysis was done to confirm the accuracy of breast FNAB excluding lymph-node positive and lymphadenopathy positive tumors. A prospective study was done on patients undergoing biopsy of breast lesions between September 01, 2019 and November 30, 2020 (519 biopsies on 487 unique patients). Of these 519 histopathology biopsies, 505 had corresponding FNAB report of the same site. The FNAB was reported using the IAC Yokohama system and the most suitable category was allotted in every case. The rates of malignancy for each category and the accuracy of breast FNAB in diagnosing malignancy were calculated. Of the total 487 patients, 120 cases were benign on histology, while 367 were malignant. The rates of malignancy in benign, atypical, suspicious and malignant categories were 5%, 25%, 71%, and 99.7%, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of atypical, suspicious and malignant categories was calculated as 90.1%, 95.2%, and 93.3%, respectively. The high diagnostic accuracy for each BIRADS category suggest excellent accuracy for Breast FNAB using the IAC Yokohama system.

Вклад С. Н. Иконниковой в развитие отечественной культурологической науки

The article is devoted to the formation and the development of the academic, creative and organization path of Svetlana N. Ikonnikova – Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, International Academy of Sciences of Higher School. The main stages of the biography and the results of her academic activity are considered in this article. It is shown that Svetlana N. Ikonnikova made the great contribution to the formation of such branch of Humanities as the Sociology of Youth. The separate stage is the creation of the Department of Theory and History, which played an important role in the development of the St. Petersburg School of Cultural Studies as well as the study of problems of theory and history of culture. The author shows the development of Svetlana N. Ikonnikova’s biographical method in Cultural Studies. This method played an important role in the study of personal contribution of creative personalities to the development of culture. The author analyzes the personal contribution of Svetlana N. Ikonnikova to the institutionalization of Cultural Studies as an academic and educational subject.