Internal Movement Research Articles

Automatic prediction model for online diaphragm motion tracking based on optical surface monitoring by machine learning.

The aim of this study was to establish a correlation model between external surface motion and internal diaphragm apex movement using machine learning and to realize online automatic prediction of the diaphragm motion trajectory based on optical surface monitoring. The optical body surface parameters and kilovoltage (kV) X-ray fluoroscopic images of 7 liver tumor patients were captured synchronously for 50 seconds. The location of the diaphragm apex was manually delineated by a radiation oncologist and automatically detected with a convolutional network model in fluoroscopic images. The correlation model between the body surface parameters and the diaphragm apex of each patient was developed through linear regression (LR) based on synchronous datasets before radiotherapy. Model 1 (M1) was trained with data from the first 30 seconds of the datasets and tested with data from the following 20 seconds of the datasets in the first fraction to evaluate the intra-fractional prediction accuracy. Model 2 (M2) was trained with data from the first 30 seconds of the datasets in the next fraction. The motion trajectory of the diaphragm apex during the following 20 seconds in the next fraction was predicted with M1 and M2, respectively, to evaluate the inter-fractional prediction accuracy. The prediction errors of the 2 models were compared to analyze whether the correlation model needed to be re-established. The average mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) using M1 trained with automatic detection location for the first fraction were 3.12±0.80 and 3.82±0.98 mm in the superior-inferior (SI) direction and 1.38±0.24 and 1.74±0.32 mm in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction, respectively. The average MAE and RMSE of M1 versus M2 in the AP direction were 2.63±0.71 versus 1.28±0.48 mm and 3.26±0.90 versus 1.61±0.60 mm, respectively. The average MAE and RMSE of M1 versus M2 in the SI direction were 5.84±1.22 versus 3.37±0.43 mm and 7.22±1.45 versus 4.07±0.54 mm, respectively. The prediction accuracy of M2 was significantly higher than that of M1. This study shows that it is feasible to use optical body surface information to automatically predict the diaphragm motion trajectory. At the same time, it is necessary to establish a new correlation model for the current fraction before each treatment.

Numerical approach for flexible body with internal boundary movement

In this paper, a numerical method is proposed for a flexible tether motion that spans two different environments and has large displacement and deformation. When considering the behavior of a tethered system in which the tether cable is subjected to the above conditions, variations of an internal boundary in the tether must be considered. In general, the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF), a nonlinear finite element method, is effective for the dynamic simulation of a flexible body with large displacement and deformation. However, in conventional methods, such as ANCF, the analysis accuracy decreases and the calculation cost increases when the movement of an internal boundary across different environments is considered. In this study, an efficient numerical approach that considers the variations of an internal boundary by using ANCF using variable-domain finite elements is proposed. In addition, to further improve the calculation efficiency, dimensionless variables are introduced using appropriate representative values. The accuracy of the numerical results obtained using the proposed method, which considers an internal variable boundary, is similar to that for a conventional method.

Dynamics of factors associated with rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths in African countries

BackgroundAfrican countries have not had the high case and death rates from COVID-19 as was predicted early in the pandemic. It is not well understood what factors modulated the rate of COVID-19 cases and death on the continent.MethodsWe collated data from the World Bank data site, Our World in Data and Freedom House for African for 54 African countries who are members of the African Union. We used them as explanatory variables in two general linear model regression analyses. COVID cases and deaths per 100,000 obtained from WHO COVID-19 dashboard on August 12, 2021, as outcome variables in two prediction models.ResultsGDP, percentage of population under 14 years of age, Maternal Mortality Ratio, number of international tourists visiting per year and public transportation closures were not significant in predicting COVID-19 cases. Higher percentage of unemployed adults in the population, lower percentage of the population over 25 years of age with secondary education, internal travel restrictions increased spread of COVID-19 while international travel restrictions were associated with lower COVID-19 cases per 100,000 population. Higher levels of democratization results in higher cases of COVID-19. Unemployment, education and democratization were still significant for COVID-19 death in the same direction as they were for COVID-19 cases. Number of tourism visitors per year was also associated with higher COVID-19 death rates but not with case rates.ConclusionIn African countries, internal movement restrictions enacted to inhibit COVID-19, had the opposite effect and enabled COVID-19 spread. Low Education levels and high unemployment were associated with having higher death rates from COVID-19. More studies are needed to understand the impact of tourism on COVID-19 and other infectious diseases arising from other regions on African countries, in order to put in place adequate control protocols.

Importance of brahma muhuruta a scientific review

Ayurveda is science of longevity. It deliberates on purpose of long life and maintain healthy condition. Ayurveda mentioned about different modalities and principle for healthy life like dincharya, ratricharya, ritucharya, sadvritta, rasayan therapy, proper aahara vihara, vyayam, achara rasayan etc. In which bramha muhurtha jagarana stands as important principle as modern regimen of today’s life has alarming effect on body. Bramha muhurtha is known as amrutavela. This article is based on different classical texts, journal, books, internet sources, research papers, experiences and observation. The aim of this article is emphasis on waking up in bramha muhurtha along with its benefits with modern correlation. It helps to keep body healthy by maintaining equilibrium in dosha, dhatu, mala, and agni. It helps in proper voiding of bowel by inducing external as well as internal movement. It has remarkable effect on genetic, endocrine, excretory, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive, and nervous system.

Virtual special issue: Internal migration in times of COVID‐19

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has potentially altered the system of population movement around the world. As COVID‐19 hit cities the hardest in the wake of the pandemic, apocalyptic headlines anticipated the ‘death of cities’. Yet, little was known about the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on cities and the ways it has shaped the patterns of internal population movement in and out of cities. This virtual special issue aims to consolidate our knowledge of the impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on internal migration, discuss key lessons we have learnt so far, and identify areas for future enquiry. It brings together evidence from six different countries: Australia, Germany, Japan, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom, covering the pandemic in varying temporal lengths. Systematic patterns emerge. A first commonality is an overall reduction of internal migration rates during the early days of the pandemic but to a lesser degree than expected. Second, the impacts of COVID‐19 leading to out‐migration from cities seem to have been temporary, though evidence from Spain and Britain points to scarring effects with persistent losses in highly dense areas. Third, changes in internal migration generated small impacts on the population structure of cities but large‐scale changes in small, rural and low‐density areas.

Internal migration during the war in Ukraine: Recent challenges and problems

Insecurity, chaotic extensive internal movement, and external migration, growing social vulnerability, and decreasing economic stability of internally displaced persons, characterize the migration crisis caused by the large-scale Russian war against Ukraine. The aim of this paper is to reveal the needs (tangible and intangible), challenges, and opportunities for the social integration of internally displaced persons in the host communities (on the example of the Pidberiztsivska territorial community of Lviv oblast). The paper presents the sociological survey through in-depth interviews based on questionnaires. The sample is based on five strata (four starostyn areas and the administrative center) and amounts to 4% of the statistical population (50 displaced persons). The paper specifies that the host society’s lack of affordable housing (68.6% of respondents) and limited employment opportunities (39.9% of respondents) are the main challenges for internally displaced persons. The survey reveals a low level of integration of internally displaced persons and a lack of desire to assimilate into the host society caused by positive aspirations to emigrate abroad (13.5% of respondents) and intentions to return to their previous (permanent) place of residence (54% of respondents). Mapping the problems and needs of internally displaced persons can constitute the information-analytical basis for ensuring the communities’ economic progress in times of war in terms of accumulation and efficient use of the capacity of internally displaced persons. AcknowledgmentThe study is conducted within the framework of the grant “Instruments for the support of integration of IDPs into life in the Pidberiztsivska territorial community: A pilot project in Lviv oblast” funded by the International Renaissance Foundation (Grant registration number 54766, 2022–2023).

Longitudinal settlements during tunneling in soft Clay, using transparent soil models

The purpose of this study was to measure internal longitudinal displacements taking place during tunnel excavation and compare them to the displacements predicted using available analytical and empirical formulations. A physical model made with transparent soil permitted exploring the internal soil deformations, within the supporting soils. A soil surrogate made of Magnesium Lithium Phyllosilicate (MLPS) was used to represent soft clay. Tunneling was simulated using a moveable trap door arrangement for different face losses ranging from 5 to 30% D. Internal soil movements in the longitudinal direction were captured for three cover-to-diameter (C/D) ratios ranging from 1.5 to 3.5. Shear as well as volumetric strains were computed using the captured spatial displacements. The results demonstrate that the shape of the longitudinal profile is more dependent on the overburden depth of the tunnel in comparison to face losses, in particular: (i) subsurface settlement is approximately 2–4 times the observed surface settlement for the same C/D ratio; (ii) a longitudinal soil arch is likely to form with the increase of C/D ratio which limits the observed settlement; and (iii) shear strain fields showed that a cascading failure may occur with the increase in face movements, especially for shallow tunnels. Finally, the computed and measured surface and subsurface settlement profiles were generally in agreement especially as C/D increases, thus validating methods used to predict subsurface settlements where measurements are sparse.

Radiotherapy for mediastinal lymphoma in breath hold using surface monitoring and nasal high flow oxygen: Clinical experiences and breath hold stability

PurposeIn this study we describe the clinical introduction and evaluation of radiotherapy in mediastinal lymphoma in breath hold using surface monitoring combined with nasal high flow therapy (NHFT) to prolong breath hold duration. Materials and methods11 Patients with mediastinal lymphoma were evaluated. 6 Patients received NHFT, 5 patients were treated in breath hold without NHFT. Breath hold stability as measured by a surface scanning system was evaluated, as well as internal movement based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) before and after treatment. Based on internal movement, margins were determined. In a parallel planning study we compared free breathing plans with breath hold plans using the determined margins. ResultsAverage inter breath hold stability was 0.6 mm for NHFT treatments, and 0.5 mm for non-NHFT treatments (p > 0.1). Intra breath hold stability was 0.8 vs. 0.6 mm (p > 0.1) on average. Using NHFT, average breath hold duration increased from 34 s to 60 s (p < 0.01). Residual CTV motion derived from CBCTs before and after each fraction was 2.0 mm for NHFT vs 2.2 mm for non-NHFT (p > 0.1). Combined with inter-fraction motion, a uniform mediastinal margin of 5 mm appears to be sufficient. In breath hold, mean lung dose is reduced by 2.6 Gy (p < 0.001), while mean heart dose is reduced by 2.0 Gy (p < 0.001). ConclusionTreatment of mediastinal lymphoma in breath hold is feasible and safe. The addition of NHFT approximately increases breath hold durations with a factor two while stability is maintained. By reducing breathing motion, margins can be decreased to 5 mm. A considerable dose reduction in heart, lungs, esophagus, and breasts can be achieved with this method.

Abstract P4-07-10: Effect of acupuncture and exercise therapy on muscular strength, lymphedema and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: randomized clinical trial

Abstract Introduction: The continuous advance in the early detection and treatment of breast cancer has significantly reduced mortality and, consequently, increased the number of survivors with treatment side effects that act on the quality of life, such as lymphedema, loss of upper limb strength, shoulder dysfunction, decreased functional capacity, flexibility, and joint mobility. Exercise therapy is a recognized practice for the rehabilitation of these disorders; however, acupuncture needs to be better evaluated to compare its equivalence with classical therapy. Objective: To compare three distinct rehabilitation treatments (exercise therapy, acupuncture and Stiper®) in women undergoing breast cancer surgery, assessing strength, lymphedema and quality of life. Methods: Seventy-nine women with pain above 3 on the visual analogue pain scale (VAS) and with more than 90 days of surgery were included. They were divided into three groups that received weekly treatment for 10 weeks: group I (G1) treated with standard, pre-defined exercise therapy, based on stretching of the cervical muscles, shoulder girdle and shoulder ROM exercises with a duration of 30 minutes, group II (G2) treated with 30 minutes of acupuncture using predefined points and group III (G3) treated with the same acupuncture points as group II, however, using the Stiper® (silicon oxide micronized quartz pellet) in place of needles. Results: Sixty-seven patients completed the treatment, being 26 from G1, 23 from G2 and 18 from G3. There was an improvement in upper limb muscle strength over time in all groups, except for abduction and internal rotation movements. During treatment, there was no increase in the number of patients with lymphedema and there was no statistical difference between the groups. Regarding the EORTC QLQ-C30 quality of life questionnaire, nine of the fifteen factors analyzed showed significant differences between sessions. The factors that did not have significant differences between the three groups were Social Function, Nausea and Vomiting, Dyspnea, Loss of Appetite, Constipation and Diarrhea. Conclusion: The rehabilitation of physical dysfunctions in women who survived breast cancer through exercise therapy, acupuncture and Stiper® in upper limb muscle strength, lymphedema and quality of life, proved to be effective, without difference between groups, which leads to the conclusion that acupuncture didn’t show superiority of results when compared with exercise therapy, thus being an effective approach for the rehabilitation of these women. Citation Format: Patricia Santolia, Gil Facina, Cinira Haddad, Samantha K. Lopes de Almeida Rizzi, Afonso Nazário, Simone Elias. Effect of acupuncture and exercise therapy on muscular strength, lymphedema and quality of life in breast cancer survivors: randomized clinical trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2022 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2022 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(5 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-07-10.

COVID-19 and Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions in the United States: A County-Level Analysis.

Declines in outpatient antibiotic prescribing were reported during the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States; however, the overall impact of COVID-19 cases on antibiotic prescribing remains unclear. This was an ecological study using random-effects panel regression of monthly reported COVID-19 county case and antibiotic prescription data, controlling for seasonality, urbanicity, health care access, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), and sociodemographic factors. Antibiotic prescribing fell 26.8% in 2020 compared with prior years. Each 1% increase in county-level monthly COVID-19 cases was associated with a 0.009% (95% CI, 0.007% to 0.012%; P < .01) increase in prescriptions per 100 000 population dispensed to all ages and a 0.012% (95% CI, -0.017% to -0.008%; P < .01) decrease in prescriptions per 100 000 children. Counties with schools open for in-person instruction were associated with a 0.044% (95% CI, 0.024% to 0.065%; P < .01) increase in prescriptions per 100 000 children compared with counties that closed schools. Internal movement restrictions and requiring facemasks were also associated with lower prescribing among children. The positive association of COVID-19 cases with prescribing for all ages and the negative association for children indicate that increases in prescribing occurred primarily among adults. The rarity of bacterial coinfection in COVID-19 patients suggests that a fraction of these prescriptions may have been inappropriate. Facemasks and school closures were correlated with reductions in prescribing among children, possibly due to the prevention of other upper respiratory infections. The strongest predictors of prescribing were prior years' prescribing trends, suggesting the possibility that behavioral norms are an important driver of prescribing practices.

2D-3D perovskite memristor with low energy consumption and high stability for neural morphology calculation

Recently, rapid progress has been made in the application of organic-inorganic halide perovskites in electronic devices, such as memristors and artificial synaptic devices. Organic-inorganic halide perovskite is considered as a promising candidate for the next generation of computing devices due to its ion migration property and advantages in manufacturing. In this work, a two-dimensional (2D)-3D organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite memristor was studied, using the stacking structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/FA1−yMAyPbI3−xClx/(PEA)2PbI4/Au. The results show that this new type of memristor has novel resistance switching characteristics, such as scanning-rate-dependent current switching property, good current-voltage (I-V) curve repeatability, and ultralow energy consumption. A defect-modulated electron tunneling mechanism is demonstrated using the p-i-n junction model, and it is proven that the conductance state of the memristive device is determined by the defect concentration in the perovskite film near the electrode sides. In addition to the good memristive properties, this 2D-3D perovskite memristor can also function well as an artificial synapse, and its internal defect movement can faithfully simulate the inflow and extrusion of Ca2+ in biological synapses. Moreover, this perovskite-based artificial synapse has ultra-low power consumption due to the switchable p-i-n structure in organic-inorganic halide perovskites. Our finding highlights the immense application potential of the 2D-3D perovskite memristor in the future neuromorphic computing system.

A Grounded Theory of Living in Two Worlds: Torres Strait Islanders’ Experience of Contemporary Migration

ABSTRACT This study explored the resettlement experiences of Torres Strait Islanders who moved to the Australian mainland. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 individuals, using a grounded theory method. Findings suggest that Torres Strait Islander contemporary out-movers are adjusting rather than assimilating to the Australian mainstream culture. The concept of “living in two worlds” required managing the crossing between the obligations of island life and demands and expectations of the mainstream. As people made sense of their experiences, out-movers developed strategies to “manage the crossings” from one world to another- the simpler lifestyle of “island life” that offered a greater sense of certainty and familiarity, and “mainstream” which may present many challenges, competing demands and expectations. While Torres Strait Islander out-movement is internal, there are similarities to international migration experiences, and like other internal movements, this movement tended to go unnoticed. Migration is an important area of social work practice that needs the attention of social workers, particularly with the predicted increases in out-movements that may occur in response to economic and climate-related change. IMPLICATIONS Torres Strait Islander internal migration is absent from social work literature. There is a gap in knowledge of how contemporary migrants experience and make sense of life on the mainland. Social work can learn from this movement to prepare for future migration responding to environmental and economic imperatives, both internally and internationally.

Moving to a healthier city? An analysis from China's internal population migration.

A healthy urban environment is considered as an important issue for the amenity and equity of migrants. China has one of the largest internal population movements in the world, and the environmental health of its migrants becomes a growing concern. Based on the 1‰ microdata from the 2015 1% population sample survey, this study uses the spatial visualization and spatial econometric interaction model to reveal intercity population migration patterns and the role of environmental health in China. The results are as follows. First, the main direction of population migration is toward economically developed high class cities, especially the eastern coast where the intercity population migration is most active. However, these major destinations are not necessarily the healthiest areas for the environment. Second, environmentally friendly cities are mainly located in the southern region. Among them, the areas with less serious atmospheric pollution are mainly distributed in the south, climate comfort zones are mainly located in the southeastern region, but areas with more urban green space are mainly distributed in the northwestern region. Third, compared with socioeconomic factors, environmental health factors have not yet become a major driver of population migration. Migrants often place higher value on income than on environmental health. The government should focus not only on the public service wellbeing of migrant workers, but also on their environmental health vulnerability.

Confronting Secondary Metabolites with Water Uptake and Transport in Plants under Abiotic Stress.

Phenolic compounds and glucosinolates are secondary plant metabolites that play fundamental roles in plant resistance to abiotic stress. These compounds have been found to increase in stress situations related to plant adaptive capacity. This review assesses the functions of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates in plant interactions involving abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, high temperature, metals toxicity, and mineral deficiency or excess. Furthermore, their relation with water uptake and transport mediated through aquaporins is reviewed. In this way, the increases of phenolic compounds and glucosinolate synthesis have been related to primary responses to abiotic stress and induction of resistance. Thus, their metabolic pathways, root exudation, and external application are related to internal cell and tissue movement, with a lack of information in this latter aspect.

Design of an Application-specific VLIW Vector Processor for ORB Feature Extraction

In computer-vision feature extraction algorithms, compressing the image into a sparse set of trackable keypoints, empowers navigation-critical systems such as Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) in autonomous robots, and also other applications such as augmented reality and 3D reconstruction. Most of those applications are performed in battery-powered gadgets featuring in common a very stringent power-budget. Near-to-sensor computing of feature extraction algorithms allows for several design optimizations. First, the overall on-chip memory requirements can be lessened, and second, the internal data movement can be minimized. This work explores the usage of an Application Specific Instruction Set Processor (ASIP) dedicated to perform feature extraction in a real-time and energy-efficient manner. The ASIP features a Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) architecture comprising one RV32I RISC-V and three vector slots. The on-chip memory sub-system implements parallel multi-bank memories with near-memory data shuffling to enable single-cycle multi-pattern vector access. Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF (ORB) are thoroughly explored to validate the proposed architecture, achieving a throughput of 140 Frames-Per-Second (FPS) for VGA images for one scale, while reducing the number of memory accesses by 2 orders of magnitude as compared to other embedded general-purpose architectures.

Fears and Tears: Should More People Be Moving within and from Developing Countries, and What Stops this Movement?

Abstract Only one in seven of the world's population have ever migrated, despite the enormous gains in income possible through international and internal movement. I examine the evidence for different explanations given in the economics literature for this lack of movement and their implications for policy. Incorrect information about the gains to migrating, liquidity constraints that prevent poor people paying the costs of moving, and high costs of movement arising from both physical transportation costs and policy barriers all inhibit movement and offer scope for policy efforts to inform, provide credit, and lower moving costs. However, the economics literature has paid less attention to the fears people have when faced with the uncertainty of moving to a new place, and to the reasons behind the tears they shed when moving. While these tears reveal the attachment people have to particular places, this attachment is not fixed, but itself changes with migration experiences. Psychological factors such as a bias toward the status quo and the inability to picture what one is giving up by not migrating can result in people not moving, even when they would benefit from movement and are not constrained by finances or policy barriers from doing so. This suggests new avenues for policy interventions that can help individuals better visualize the opportunity costs of not moving, alleviate their uncertainties, and help shift their default behavior from not migrating.

Panic Buying Behavior Analysis according to Consumer Income and Product Type during COVID-19

In 2020, just before measures were established by governments to minimize the spread of SARS-CoV-2, such as social distancing, quarantine, lockdowns, and internal movement restrictions, people began to buy some products in quantities much superior to their regular needs. This behavior is called panic buying and is a typical human response in times of crisis and uncertainty. This study compares retail sale levels during the period in which panic purchases occurred to the sales levels before and after that period. We analyzed the sales of five groups of products from 144 stores of two major retailers in São Paulo, Brazil. Several regression models were used to evaluate the data obtained from demographic information, actual sales, per capita income, and product sales transactions. The results show that sales before, during, and after the panic buying period varied according to the product type and increased according to the average per capita income of each store’s influence area. These results may assist policymakers in introducing public policies and managing resources during a crisis that requires social distancing and lockdowns.

Demographic dynamics and characteristics of urbanization in Albania in the third decade of transition: the determining steps in shaping the demographic-territorial model of transition

The third phase of urbanization of Albania in transition was shaped by: (i) external migration; (ii) decline in natural population growth; and (iii) internal migration. In the period 2014-2022, 178,094 more inhabitants left Albania than returned. This number has increased a lot in the last two years, which also shows the future trend of the phenomenon. Another contributor to this basic national phenomenon remains the level of natural population growth. During the years 2014-2022, Albania: (i) grew by 42,054 new inhabitants, as a result of natural growth (birth-death difference); and, this growth has generally come in a downward trend, where it is worth differentiating the year 2021 where the natural growth is negative. The phenomenon of population aging accompanied this transition decade. Internal migration led to large-scale urbanization of some areas and drastic depopulation of others. The internal migration scheme contributed to the further deepening of the demographic difference between the three main regions of the country: Greater Region Tirana-Durres; The Middle Region Fier-Vlora and the Abandoned Region that includes the other eight districts of the country. Internal migratory movements are also clearly visible at the inter-county level. For the period 2014-2016, the districts of Tirana, Fier, Durrës and Vlora experienced growth and hold the main weight of the total population, which is expressed by about 58%. Internal demographic movements continued to contribute to the deepening of demographic differences between the three regions of the country, even in the 2017-2019 period. Large districts will continue to remain so and grow further, while small districts will continue to shrink. Even in the following three years, 2020-2022, internal demographic movements continued to contribute to the deepening of demographic differences between the three regions of the country. These demographic dynamics established the demographic-territorial model of the country and the dominance of the District of Tirana over the other 11 districts of the country.

Lensing to employee attrition rate and internal movement in an organization: Application and intervention through Markov chain

The objective of the paper is to apply Absorbing Markov chain model in the study of employees’ attrition rate of an organisation over a discrete time interval. This requires transition probability matrix to be stochastic and Markov network to have at least one ‘absorbing state’. The paper addresses this problem by associating the employees leaving the organisation with a state, hereafter called ‘ exit state’, which is ascribed to ‘the absorbing state’. The physical interpretation of the probabilistic characteristic of an absorbing state logically relates it to a ‘void’ . The state of ‘void’ has no resource / element in the initial state of the system, and, in the final state, any resource/ element transitioned to this state becomes irretrievable, hence non-contributory to the organisation for all practical purpose. This concept supports the construction of stochastic matrix of Markov analysis. The dynamics of free markets and prevalent meaning of freedom- freedom from fear, freedom from scarcity and freedom from harsh subordination, as perceived by the present-day digital generation, are the reasons behind their good intention to exercise freedom of choosing and changing organisations. It is, therefore, a matter of concern for corporate leadership to ponder over how to retain talented personnel and keep watch over changing trends of employees quitting the organisations. The present paper demonstrates the successful application of our conceptual model by a case study of employees’ attrition rate of an MNC operating in India, discusses the causes of high attrition rate and provides suggestions to leadership for win-win interaction with the employees.

Regional histories of climate mobility: Oceania

The research relevance is determined by both the growing threats of climate change to Ukraine and russian military aggression against Ukraine, which increase the number of people changing their place of residence due to the deteriorating environmental situation. The experience of countries that have already faced environmental migration predetermined the study’s relevance. The research aims to study and summarise the findings of Western researchers on the consequences of climate change for Oceania, which is seen as a threat to stability, security, and peace in the region and as a factor contributing to the spread of violence and conflict in the region, as well as internal and international population movements. The main methods used to study this issue are analysis, induction, deduction, and synthesis, which allow for describing and highlighting the most important aspects of the problem of environmental migration. The study demonstrates the relationship between climate change and environmental migration and considers its types. The study analyses the role of various actors, regional and national initiatives in improving the efficiency of this process, as well as the case of Tuvalu, which is threatened by flooding and the resettlement of all residents and the government to other countries. The author considers the idea of virtualisation of this state – the creation of its twin in the metaverse in the event of this scenario. Ways to improve climate mobility planning and a set of measures that can contribute to better integration of environmental migrants into host societies are proposed. Potential problems that could lead to conflict situations in the case of environmental displacement are identified. It is concluded that the negative effects of climate change make it important to develop changes in international legislation and to study this aspect in depth by scientists and various international, regional, and local organisations. The author outlines the ways of further research on the problem of environmental migration. The results of the study are of theoretical and practical value for ecologists, historians, sociologists, politicians, and those involved in migration issues