Internal Mix Research Articles

PERAN MEDIASI KUALITAS KETERHUBUNGAN DALAM PEMASARAN INTERNAL PERGURUAN TINGGI

Higher education institutions provide educational service that involves high intensity of interaction between lecturers and students. The relationship of a lecturer with the university determines the quality of the education that will be given to students. Exchanges that occur between lecturers and the higher education organizations, such as internal marketing activities, cannot be considered merely as a simple transactional economic process since educational role contains social elements in it. Relationship among university lecturers certainly plays an important role in determining lecturers' behavioral intention in conducting their academic tasks. This study is aimed to analyze the mediating role on the relationship quality of lecturers-college in marketing process where the effect of internal marketing offerings on Academic Behavioral Intention. With an online survey of 256 private university lecturers, this research seeks to analyze the magnitude of influence of the quality of Lecturer Connectivity on Academic Behavior Intention of lecturers. Data analysis was performed by utilizing Structural Equation Modeling with Lisrel software. Results have shown that the effect of the internal marketing mix towards Academic Behavioral Intention seemed to be greater through relationship quality in comparison to its direct influence.

The Effects of Fin Parameters on the Solidification of PCMs in a Fin-Enhanced Thermal Energy Storage System

In the present study, a triplex-tube, employing fin-enhanced phase change materials (PCMs), as a thermal energy storage (TES) system was studied numerically. The main flaw of the PCMs is their low thermal conductivity that restricts their effectiveness for energy storage applications. Metallic (copper) fins are added to the geometry of the system to improve their function by extending the heat transfer area. The effects of the presence, configuration, and dimensions of copper fins were investigated to understand the best design for minimizing the solidification time and achieving the best performance enhancement for the TES system selected for this study. The results revealed that the best performance belonged to fins with a mix configuration, with an attachment angle of 90° and the length and width of 28 mm and 1 mm, respectively. Using this configuration could reduce the required time for complete solidification by around 42% compared to the system without fins. Moreover, it was concluded that increasing the length of the fin could offer its positive effect for enhancing the performance of TES system up to an optimal point only while increasing the width showed a diverse influence. Furthermore, the angles between the tube surface and the fin direction were investigated and 90° was found to be the best choice for the TES case selected in this study. In addition, placement of the fins on the surface of internal or external tube or mix method did not show a significant effect while placing the fins on the external surface of the tube showed even a negative impact on the performance of the TES system compared with when no fins were applied.

The influence of eleven Ps: An internal marketing and brand awareness perspective in a service environment

Service organisations, of which car rental companies are an example, play a vital role in South Africa’s economy, contributing 74% to the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) (Department of Trade and Industry 2009) . Car rental companies, like many other service organisations, operate in a complex and extremely competitive environment. The employees of car rental companies are their most important asset. They require special attention to ensure their loyalty and commitment to deliver service excellence to customers. The brand’s image depends on the role employees play in delivering the service (Wilson, Zeithaml, Bitner & Gremler 2012: 249). The aim of this research was to provide guidance to South African car rental companies to improve their respective brand awareness, enabling them to expand their customer bases whilst retaining existing customers. The influence of the 11 internal marketing mix elements (product, price, place, promotion, people, processes, physical evidence, personal relationships, packaging, positioning and performance) on South African car rental customers’ perception of brand awareness (brand recognition, trustworthiness, overall evaluation and loyalty) was investigated using structural equation modelling. Recommendations emanating from the findings include continual training of employees, communication with employees, rewarding employees and participation of employees in strategic discussions.

The Reciprocity Dimension of Solidarity: Insights from Three European Countries

The article argues that closer attention to how solidarity is understood and expressed in different European contexts can shed light on the conditions for establishing a social and solidarity economy. Drawing on data collected within the H2020 SOLIDUS project, which explores current expressions of European solidarity, the comparative analysis covers three social economy initiatives, each representing a country with different political and economic context. The analysis focuses on solidarity as reciprocity and, in particular, how it is affected by such factors as actor motivations, internal participatory functioning, resource mix and political legitimacy. While further empirical work is needed, the findings suggest that solidarity as reciprocity produced by social and solidarity economy organisations thrives where political institutions are both supportive and trusted, where public funding is accessible, and where partnerships with relatively autonomous social and solidarity economy organisations are genuinely collaborative.

The effects of internal marketing mix on performance in a healthcare context

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of internal marketing mix on organisation performance. Statistical population includes the employees of a community health service delivering dental, community nursing, physiotherapy, psychology, social work and occupational therapy services across some sites in Tehran. For data analysis, 211 completed and usable questionnaires were used. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to test the relationships among the research variables. The findings showed that strategic reward, internal communications, training and development, and leadership have a significant positive effect on performance.

The effects of internal marketing mix on performance in a healthcare context

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of internal marketing mix on organisation performance. Statistical population includes the employees of a community health service delivering dental, community nursing, physiotherapy, psychology, social work and occupational therapy services across some sites in Tehran. For data analysis, 211 completed and usable questionnaires were used. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to test the relationships among the research variables. The findings showed that strategic reward, internal communications, training and development, and leadership have a significant positive effect on performance.

Strengthening graduate employee commitment through internal marketing in the South African retail banking industry

A strong internal marketing strategy can be critical to achieving and sustaining a competitive advantage as well as driving organisational change and enhanced organisational performance. This study sought to determine the influence of internal marketing mix elements on the satisfaction levels of recently employed graduates (GradDPs) within the retail banking industry in South Africa. The study also identified links between the satisfaction of GradDPs and their affective commitment in this context. A census approach to generating data was applied in the study by using a person-administered and an electronic survey method. Regression analysis was used to test the relationships proposed in the study. The results indicated that internal marketing significantly influences GradDP employee satisfaction within retail banks in South Africa and that a positive relationship exists between GradDP employee satisfaction and their affective commitment. The study results allowed for recommendations that retail banks provide training and support programmes to assist managers in developing a more participative style of leading. Such programmes would assist leaders in consulting employees more often and ensuring that they have sufficient autonomy when executing their work. It would also help leaders to create a safer GradDP employee environment that fosters openness, risk-taking and idea generation.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ЛОЯЛЬНОСТІ ПЕРСОНАЛУ В УМОВАХ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ ВНУТРІШНЬОГО МАРКЕТИНГУ

The article presents the results of the research on staff loyalty in organizations of various industries in Kharkiv, defines organizations with generally stable workforce, determines key factors, which contribute to longer employee commitment. A critical analysis has been conducted of different definitions of the concept « staff loyalty » . It suggests its own way of classifying types of loyalty. Definitions have been given of main types of employee loyalty. Theoretical and methodological means of measuring potential loyalty of employees and job candidates have been analyzed. Recommendations have been developed for setting up employee loyalty programmes within the internal marketing mix framework. Key elements and features of internal marketing of an organization and its staff have been examined. It has been concluded that the loyalty can be managed to achieve an optimal level of staff turnover in an organization.

Assessment of simpler calibration models in the development and validation of a fast postmortem multi-analyte LC-QTOF quantitation method in whole blood with simultaneous screening capabilities using SWATH acquisition.

In postmortem toxicology, fast methods can provide a triage to avoid unnecessary autopsies. Usually, this requires multiple qualitative and quantitative analytical methods. The aim of the present study was to develop a postmortem LC-QTOF method for simultaneous screening and quantitation using easy sample preparation and reduced alternative calibration models. Hence, a method for 24 highly relevant substances in forensic toxicology was fully validated using the following calibration models: one-point external, one-point internal via corresponding deuterated standards, multi-point external daily calibration, and multi-point external weekly calibration. Two hundred microliters of postmortem blood were spiked with internal deuterated standard mixture and extracted by acetonitrile protein precipitation. Analysis was performed on a Sciex 6600 QTOF instrument with ESI+ mode using data-independent acquisition (DIA) namely sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH). Validation of the different calibration models included selectivity, autosampler stability, recovery, matrix effects, accuracy, and precision for 24 substances. In addition, corresponding deuterated analogs of 52 substances were included to the internal standard mix for semi-quantitative concentration assessment. The simple protein precipitation provided recoveries higher than 55 and 75% for all analytes at low and high concentrations, respectively. Accuracy and precision criteria (bias and imprecision ± 15 and ± 20% near the limit of quantitation) were fulfilled by the different calibration models for most analytes. The validated method was successfully applied to more than 100 authentic postmortem samples and 3 proficiency tests. Furthermore, the one-point internal calibration via corresponding deuterated standard proved to be a considerably time saving technique for 76 analytes. Graphical abstract One-point and multi-point calibration and the resulting beta-tolerance intervals from method validation.

Design and Experiment of an Internal Mix Airblast Spray-Coating Valve

In order to attain high speed and high precision in modern electronic coating, an internal-mix airblast spray-coating valve was designed. The device used a reciprocating piston to control the supply of liquid, which was mixed with gas in the atomization chamber and was sprayed out from the nozzle. The movement of gas and liquid in the spraying nozzle was first analyzed. The structural parameters of the spraying nozzle are designed and optimized via finite element software. Finally, the experimental platform was set up to test the performance of the optimized spray-coating valve. Results show that supply pressures of atomizing gas and fluid all directly affect the coating layer width and thickness, and that the spraying regularity between them was obtained. When the fluid viscosity, atomizing air pressure, fluid supply pressure, and spraying height were 200 cps, 30 kpa, 20 kpa, and 8 mm, respectively, the rate of the moving platform was 100 mm/s, the length of the coating layer was 100 mm, the coating layer width was 9.4 mm, the coating layer thickness was $230~\mu \text{m}$ , and the average coating mass was 186 mg. The accuracy of the coating mass can be controlled at less than 5%.

Influence of internal relative humidity and mix design of radiation shielding concrete on air permeability index

The permeation properties of concrete are strongly influenced by the degree of saturation of capillary pores. Test results of the Autoclam air permeability index (API) of radiation shielding concrete are presented. Concrete specimens were made with CEM I and CEM III/A cements and special aggregates for radiation shielding: crushed barite, magnetite, serpentine and amphibolite. Two procedures of accelerated drying with simultaneous measurement of moisture distribution in the specimens were proposed. The specimens were tested at different RH levels from a fully saturated state to an oven dried state. The linear relationship between the API and RH was obtained. Effects of heavyweight and hydrogen-bearing aggregates on air permeability index were revealed.

Liquid Extraction Surface Analysis Mass Spectrometry Method for Identifying the Presence and Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

The early stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver (steatosis). This can lead to cell injury and inflammation resulting in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). To determine whether lipid profiling of liver tissue can identify metabolic signatures associated with disease presence and severity, we explored liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry (LESA-MS) as a novel sampling tool. Using LESA-MS, lipids were extracted directly from the surface of ultrathin slices of liver tissue prior to detection by high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). An isotopically labeled internal standard mix was incorporated into the extraction solvent to attain semiquantitative data. Data mining and multivariate statistics were employed to evaluate the generated lipid profiles and abundances. With this approach, we were able to differentiate healthy and NAFLD liver in mouse and human tissue samples, finding several triacylglyceride (TAG) and free fatty acid (FFA) species to be significantly increased. Furthermore, LESA-MS was able to successfully differentiate between simple steatosis and more severe NASH, based on a set of short-chain TAGs and FFAs. We compared the data obtained by LESA-MS to that from liquid chromatography (LC)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization MS. Advantages of LESA-MS include rapid analysis, minimal sample preparation, and high lipid coverage. Furthermore, since tissue slices are routinely used for diagnostics in clinical settings, LESA-MS is ideally placed to complement traditional histology. Overall LESA-MS is found to be a robust, fast, and discriminating approach for determining NAFLD presence and severity in clinical samples.

VERTICAL MANAGEMENT IN THE FUNCTION OF SALES // VERTIKALNI MENADŽMENT U FUNKCIJI PRODAJE

VERTICAL MANAGEMENT IN THE FUNCTION OF SALES // VERTIKALNI MENADŽMENT U FUNKCIJI PRODAJE

Tarptautinių kompanijų organizacinė kultūra kompanijos naujienlaiškiuose (automobilių pramonės Vokietijoje ir Pietų Afrikoje atvejis)

The purpose of this paper is to develop a model for employee magazines depicting organizational culture in international companies working across borders. Employee magazines are part of the internal communication mix. The main objectives of internal communications in general and employee magazines in particular are to inform the employees (rational factors) and help building a community among them (emotional factors). The model presented in the paper includes three levels: the universal factors, which should be part of every employee magazine, the culture-specific level, where the world is divided into six parts and a third country-specific level, which includes the relevant factors in one specific country based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. In the paper Germany and South Africa are chosen for the third level. In order to test the usability of the model and make recommendations for one company, the employee magazines of Volkswagen Germany and Volkswagen South Africa are analysed on all three levels.

The effects of internal marketing capability on export marketing strategy, B2B marketing mix and export performance

The authors examine how the internal marketing capabilities of export firms in B2B contexts affect export marketing strategies, B2B marketing mix and export performance. The study uses marketing organization capability, marketing human resources capability, marketing financial capability and marketing infrastructure as the internal marketing capabilities of B2B export firms. Drawing on dynamic capabilities theory, the authors develop a model that links internal marketing capabilities with export marketing strategies and B2B marketing mix and export performance. The study identifies that marketing infrastructure has positive effects on both export marketing strategies and B2B marketing mix. Furthermore, the findings reveal that export managers of B2B export firms should enhance marketing infrastructure to improve export performance. This study contributes to the export marketing field by linking the internal marketing capabilities and B2B marketing mix view with export performance. The findings on marketing infrastructure and its relationships with export marketing strategy and B2B marketing mix could be useful not only to academics, but also to export marketing managers of B2B export firms. The authors discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of their findings.

An Internal Marketing Perspective Within A Recruitment Service Environment In South Africa

The primary objective of the study is to determine the influence of internal marketing on the brand image of a recruitment agency brand in South Africa. The perusal of the literature could not identify any direct studies on how the elements of the internal marketing mix of product, price, promotion, distribution, people, processes and physical evidence are ultimately linked to brand image within a recruitment agency environment in South Africa. This raises the question as to whether or not internal marketing has a positive influence on the brand image of recruitment agencies among their clients. Therefore the relationship between internal marketing and brand image needs to be explored, as this relationship could provide a means of reducing employee turnover and enhancing the performance and profitability of recruitment agencies. The population for the study was drawn from all registered recruitment agencies listed under the Association of Personnel Services Organisations (APSO). The selected sample of respondents was surveyed through an online self-administered survey distributed via a link in an email. A total of 1 123 questionnaires were completed. The data was analysed using multivariate regression statistics. The application of an internal marketing approach enables recruitment agencies to minimise employee turnover, aiding these agencies to gain strong brand images that result in higher levels of competitiveness and profitability. Successful internal marketing should have a positive influence on employee attitudes and actions and therefore enhance customer satisfaction. The integration of internal marketing into the organisation’s overall marketing strategy is therefore critical.

Exploring Internal Marketing Mix and Its Applications in the Foodservice Industry

Internal marketing has been considered as a way of achieving higher service quality and customer satisfaction in the service industry. However, the definitions and implementation of internal marketing varies by researcher. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore an explanatory internal marketing mix that can be utilized in the foodservice industry. Using a web-based survey method, a total of 405 usable samples were collected and used in the data analysis. Five internal marketing components (i.e., vision, development, reward, employee motivation, and internal communication) were adopted from previous literature, and the results indicated significant impacts of the internal marketing mix on employee job satisfaction.

Exploring Internal Marketing Mix and Its Applications in the Foodservice Industry

Exploring Internal Marketing Mix and Its Applications in the Foodservice Industry

Characterization of air voids in cold in-place recycling mixtures using X-ray computed tomography

With the increasing application of cold in-place recycling (CIR) techniques, many performance studies have been done, but they rarely focus on the internal structure of CIR mixture. The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of air voids in CIR mixtures with the X-ray computed tomography (CT) and digital image processing (DIP) methods. The volume, size, and number of air voids in CIR specimens were statistically analyzed considering different aggregate gradations and compaction methods. The two-parameter Weibull function was used to model the air void gradation of CIR mixtures. Especially, the differences in air voids between CIR and hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures were fully quantified. According to the results of this study, with coarser aggregate gradation, the CIR mixture tends to have larger size and less number of air voids. Comparing with the Superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) method, the Static Load compaction produces relatively small air voids. The distributions of air void number in specimen depths for the three compaction methods are different. The scale and shape parameters in Weibull function are both sensitive to the changes in aggregate gradation and compaction method. The substantial difference of air voids between CIR and HMA mixtures is in the aspect of the air void number rather than the air void size. Overall, this study provides a solid foundation for future research in exploring the internal structure and mix design of CIR mixtures.

A Study on Effect of Internal Marketing Mix of Seoul Public Transportation Company on Individual and Organizational Performances

A Study on Effect of Internal Marketing Mix of Seoul Public Transportation Company on Individual and Organizational Performances