Transformational Grammar Research Articles

Light-weights placed right: post-field constituents in heritage German.

This study focuses on the linearization of constituents at the right sentence periphery in German, specifically on non-clausal light-weight constituents (LWCs) in the post-field. Spoken and written productions of German heritage speakers (HSs) with English as their majority language (ML) and of monolingually-raised speakers (MSs) of German are analyzed in different registers. The right sentence periphery is an area comprising a lot of variation and it is therefore intriguing to see how the two speaker groups deal with the options available if faced with the same communicative tasks. The overall goal is to answer the question whether the production of post-field LWCs in German HSs and MSs can provide us with evidence for ongoing internal language change and for the role of language contact with English. The analyses show a similar variational spectrum of LWC types and frequencies across speaker groups but a different distributional variation. The results show effects of register-levelling in the HS group, as they do not differentiate between the formal and informal setting unlike the MS group. Therefore, rather than transfer from the ML, the source of differing distributional variation of LWCs lies in the diverging adherence to register norms due to different exposure conditions across speaker groups.

Graph embedding based multi-label Zero-shot Learning

Multi-label Zero-shot Learning (ZSL) is more reasonable and realistic than standard single-label ZSL because several objects can co-exist in a natural image in real scenarios. Intra-class feature entanglement is a significant factor influencing the alignment of visual and semantic features, resulting in the model’s inability to recognize unseen samples comprehensively and completely. We observe that existing multi-label ZSL methods place a greater emphasis on attention-based refinement and decoupling of visual features, while ignoring the relationship between label semantics. Relying on label correlations to solve multi-label ZSL tasks has not been deeply studied. In this paper, we make full use of the co-occurrence relationship between category labels and build a directed weighted semantic graph based on statistics and prior knowledge, in which node features represent category semantics and weighted edges represent conditional probabilities of label co-occurrence. To guide the targeted extraction of visual features, node features and edge set weights are simultaneously updated and refined, and embedded into the visual feature extraction network from a global and local perspective. The proposed method’s effectiveness was demonstrated by simulation results on two challenging multi-label ZSL benchmarks: NUS-WIDE and Open Images. In comparison to state-of-the-art models, our model achieves an absolute gain of 2.4% mAP on NUS-WIDE and 2.1% mAP on Open Images respectively.

Morpho-logic from a topos perspective – application to symbolic AI

Modal logics have proved useful for many reasoning tasks in symbolic artificial intelligence (AI), such as belief revision, spatial reasoning, among others. On the other hand, mathematical morphology (MM) is a theory for non-linear analysis of structures, that was widely developed and applied in image analysis. Its mathematical bases rely on algebra, complete lattices, topology. Strong links have been established between MM and mathematical logics, mostly modal logics. In this paper, we propose to further develop and generalize this link between mathematical morphology and modal logic from a topos perspective, i.e. categorial structures generalizing space, and connecting logics, sets and topology. Furthermore, we rely on the internal language and logic of a topos. We define structuring elements, dilations and erosions as morphisms. Then we introduce the notion of structuring neighborhoods, and show that the dilations and erosions based on them lead to a constructive modal logic, for which a sound and complete proof system is proposed. We then show that the modal logic thus defined (called morpho-logic here), is well adapted to define concrete and efficient operators for revision, merging, and abduction of new knowledge, or even spatial reasoning.

Developmental differences in reported speech and internal state language in preschoolers' personal narratives.

The present study explored developmental differences in preschoolers' use of reported speech and internal state language in personal narratives. Three-, four-, and five-year-olds attending a laboratory preschool shared 204 stories about 'a time when you were happy/sad'. Stories were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded for reported speech (direct, indirect, narrativized) and internal state language (cognitive states, total emotion terms, unique emotion terms). Personal narratives told by five-year-olds included more cognitive states and more narrativized speech than those told by three- and four-year-olds, even when accounting for children's vocabulary skills, and that reported speech (narrativized, direct) were positively correlated with cognitive state talk. These findings highlight distinct shifts in children's use of cognitive state talk and reported speech in personal narratives told at age five. Associations between reported speech and internal state language are both informed by and support Vygotsky's (1978) fundamental claim that psychological processes are socially mediated by language.

The Construction of Complex Sentences with Predicative Phrases of Transitive Verbs in Japanese Language Learners Utterances: A Transformational Generative Grammar Study

This research examines how fukubun (complex sentence) with transitive verbs is constructed in the utterance of Japanese language learners in universities. The fukubun constructions are described and analyzed through transformational generative grammar. This research method is descriptive-qualitative, with data collection techniques in the form of semi-structured interviews. Data analysis uses an analytical approach of transformational generative grammar, namely analysis of phrase structure rules and analysis of the transformation process. The results showed that there were 4 (four) types of B-derived constructs, namely: BB type, BB (1) type, BB (2) type, and BB (3) type. Among the four types of derivatives, type BB construction is dominant in the utterance of learners. This is indicated by the tendency to use the BB-type construction when describing various situations, even though the utterance events use various conjunctions. The dominance of the BB-type shows that the utterances by learners are still relatively simple because it only requires one object in the subordination clause and main clause. Furthermore, B fukubun found eight varieties of conjunctive transformation used in this type. All varieties of conjunctive transformation appeared in the BB-type construction, with relatively frequent use of causality, serial, selection/alternative, and temporal conjunctions. The T-process analysis shows several tendencies in the elementary transformation process in the utterance, namely the omission of the subject in both the subordination clause or the main clause, the merger of the subject or the predicate of the verb, whereas in causality conjunctive transformation learners showed a more varied and complex T-process.

Mind-mindedness in a high-risk sample: Differential benefits for developmental outcomes based on child maltreatment.

Mind-mindedness is associated with positive developmental outcomes. However, much of the literature uses mostly White, middle to high socioeconomic status (SES) samples despite evidence that the benefits of mind-mindedness may vary based on degree of social risk. Additionally, few studies have examined relations between mind-mindedness and language development. The current study investigates whether mind-mindedness predicts children's language development and behavioral functioning and if family history of childhood maltreatment moderates the relation of mind-mindedness to these outcomes. Participants were 98 mothers (49.0% Black, 24.5% White, 13.3% Latina, 7.2% multiracial; 81.6% low SES per Hollingshead classifications) and their children (49 boys, 49 girls) from the Rochester, New York area recruited at Time 1 (Mage = 13.34 months) and followed up twice (Mages = 27.51 [Time 2] and 39.31 months [Time 3]). Mother-child dyads participated in videotaped free play interactions at Times 1 and 2. Using transcripts of these interactions, we coded mind-mindedness at Times 1 and 2 and children's internal state language at Time 2. Mothers reported on children's behavioral functioning at Time 3. Findings revealed that Time 2 mind-mindedness predicted fewer Time 3 behavioral difficulties in children from maltreating families but did not predict behavioral difficulties in children from nonmaltreating families. Additionally, Time 1 mind-mindedness predicted children's Time 2 use of decontextualized internal state language. Findings highlight the importance of examining mind-mindedness in higher risk populations and how mind-mindedness can be leveraged as a protective factor to prevent future maladjustment in children at risk for adverse outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Hypernormalisation in an abstract setting

Jacobs' hypernormalisation is a construction on finitely supported discrete probability distributions, obtained by generalising certain patterns occurring in quantitative information theory. In this paper, we generalise Jacobs' notion in turn, by describing a notion of hypernormalisation in the abstract setting of a symmetric monoidal category endowed with a linear exponential monad—a structure arising in the categorical semantics of linear logic.We show that Jacobs' hypernormalisation arises in this fashion from the finitely supported probability measure monad on the category of sets, which can be seen as a linear exponential monad with respect to a non-standard monoidal structure on sets which we term the convex monoidal structure. We give the construction of this monoidal structure in terms of a quantum-algebraic notion known as a tricocycloid. Besides the motivating example, and its generalisations to the continuous context, we give a range of other instances of our abstract hypernormalisation, which swap out the side-effect of probabilistic choice for other important side-effects such as non-deterministic choice, ranked choice, and input from a stream of values.

Internet-Based Lifelong Learning: Implications for Language Teaching and Semiotic Structure Principles in Media Sociology and Religion Sociology

In the course of science theory, when we deal with the subject of language teaching in the context of semiotic structure principle developments as well as in the course of the media culture and religious sciences, it shows that in numerous contributions concerning this subject area there is a complaint that the aporetic treatment and integration of language and religious history [Sprachgeschichte/Religionsgeschichte] in the sense of an internal and external language and religious history should be taken into account [1]. The associated diachrony of historical linguistics is said to be not only relevant but also sufficiently socially systemic and imminently codependent for its constitution [2]. There is talk of a "step child," of "marginal permanence," and even of a malicious deletion from facultative curricula since the international history of language and language teaching is said to be hardly fruitful, especially in view of a problem-oriented approach, obviously not having any relevance for the present constantly transforming, media- and religion-sociology-oriented reality of life and work (paper presented at the Ecumenical and Pedagogy of Religion Colloquium, "Dimensions of Education," at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, on October 11, 2007, in Torun). The author of this paper does not wish to join in this lament about the "Geschichtslosigkeit und Religionslosigkeit" [historical unawareness] regarding time and language, with its sustainable effect on international language and religion teaching, since in recent years, there have been some astonishing changes in perspective, signaling a big opportunity in terms of a substantial paradigm shift for international language teaching – the subject of lifelong learning.

The Word-building Category Potential in the Analysis of the Names of Persons in the Russian and Bashkir Languages

This article aims to perform a comparative analysis of the word-building category with the person meaning in the Russian and Bashkir languages. The research was conducted on the material of Russian-Bashkir dictionaries. The structural-functional research method made it possible to determine the morphemic affixal composition of the compared languages, the types of a functional connection between the morphological components of the suffix base and the special morphological relations developed between the components under the influence of sociolinguistic factors. The results of the study showed that the development of agricultural terminology is determined primarily by internal language factors. In borrowed words from the Russian language, the Bashkir language mainly adds the affixes -сы, -се, -со, -сө (-sy, - sə, - so, - sɜː); there are also less productive suffixes: -даш, -дәш, -таш, -тәш, -ҙаш, -ҙәш (- dash, -dæsh, -tash, -tæsh, -ðash, - ðæsh). Both languages are an example of the expansion of English names that retain their form in these different languages. The results obtained are significant for language education and lexicography; they can serve as a basis for continuing research in the cognitive and functional areas.

Micro universal testing machine system for material property measurement

Universal testing machines can be used to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of raw materials and components by assessing and evaluating their performance in a variety of test methods under differing tensile or compressive stresses. The term's “universal” component refers to the various kinds of tests that an unifying testing equipment can perform. The most common are tensile and compressive strength tests.The Micro Universal Testing Machine (UTM) System is proposed for measuring the properties of composite materials in microstructures. A composite material is made up of two distinct physical and chemical properties. When they combine, they form a material that is tailored to a specific task, such as becoming stronger, lighter, or more electrically resistant. They may also help with muscle stiffness and strength.This system can assess polymeric parameters such as peak load, peak displacement, tensile strength, yield strength, and percentage of elongation by analyzing the driving property of the stepper motor. To validate the validity of the built in electro – mechanical MUTM system in the microstructure, an efficiency test is performed. The designed mini UTM system meets UTM standard 1828, according to the results of the performance test. The developed micro UTM system could be used in microstructures. The software used here is visual basics which runs as an internal programming language.

CHAD for expressive total languages

AbstractWe show how to apply forward and reverse mode Combinatory Homomorphic Automatic Differentiation (CHAD) (Vákár (2021). ESOP, 607–634; Vákár and Smeding (2022). ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems44 (3) 20:1–20:49.) to total functional programming languages with expressive type systems featuring the combination of •tuple types;•sum types;•inductive types;•coinductive types;•function types.We achieve this by analyzing the categorical semantics of such types in $\Sigma$ -types (Grothendieck constructions) of suitable categories. Using a novel categorical logical relations technique for such expressive type systems, we give a correctness proof of CHAD in this setting by showing that it computes the usual mathematical derivative of the function that the original program implements. The result is a principled, purely functional and provably correct method for performing forward- and reverse-mode automatic differentiation (AD) on total functional programming languages with expressive type systems.

A Grammar-Based Approach for Generating Spatial Layout Solutions for the Adaptive Reuse of Sobrado Buildings

This research develops a shape grammar to generate solutions for the adaptive reuse of historic buildings. More precisely, it proposes a transformation grammar for sobrado buildings, a typology present in the historic center of São Luís, Brazil. The methodology defines a workflow for adapting sobrado buildings, once characterized for single-families, into multi-family apartments considering spatial and structural requirements. The grammar specifies a framework for repurposing historic buildings into social housing and considers the allocation of three types of apartments in the floor plan: studios, one-bedroom apartments, and two-bedroom apartments. The adopted strategy for spatial planning prioritizes access to natural daylight. The grammar supports different layout solutions for the same building and aims to accelerate the reuse of historic structures for contemporary housing needs. This paper describes the grammar rules and their application to three case study buildings.

A general framework for the semantics of type theory

AbstractWe propose an abstract notion of a type theory to unify the semantics of various type theories including Martin–Löf type theory, two-level type theory, and cubical type theory. We establish basic results in the semantics of type theory: every type theory has a bi-initial model; every model of a type theory has its internal language; the category of theories over a type theory is bi-equivalent to a full sub-2-category of the 2-category of models of the type theory.

Morlille kan ikke flyve

This paper deals with natural language (NL) semantics an the computer. It presents two major theoretical vicwpoints in linguistic semantics: representational and denotational. In linguistic theory, these two issues are mostly understood as mutually exclusive, as can be seen from Chomskyan and Montague Grammar. The paper discusses representational semantics in connection with the autonomous syntax approach of mainstream transformational grammar, denotational semantics in connection with the model-theoretic approach of Montague grammar. In the next step, I consider the implementation of model-theoretic NL comprehension systems on the computer. In the present context, they are viewed principally as a means to make experimental studies in the formalizations of NL. It is shown that the correct handling of referential NL terms in such systems can be achicved only if these systems combine methods and techniques from both types of semantics. Finally, the cognitive meaning of the concept of computer understanding is touched upon.

Patch Locale of a Spectral Locale in Univalent Type Theory

Stone locales together with continuous maps form a coreflective subcategory of spectral locales and perfect maps. A proof in the internal language of an elementary topos was previously given by the second-named author. This proof can be easily translated to univalent type theory using resizing axioms. In this work, we show how to achieve such a translation without resizing axioms, by working with large, locally small, and small complete frames with small bases. This turns out to be nontrivial and involves predicative reformulations of several fundamental concepts of locale theory.

A Tale of Two Theories

A Tale of Two Theories

Selective bilingualism: official language use and linguistic landscape in Hungarian-Romanian mixed schools in Romania

ABSTRACT In Romania most Hungarian-speaking children study in their mother tongue, in Hungarian-language classes. Some of these are organised in ‘mixed schools’, where parallel Hungarian and Romanian classes coexist in the same institution. Although these institutions seem a good solution for inter-ethnic coexistence, no systematic research has been conducted on their internal language policy and language practices yet. The aim of the paper is to examine the language policy of these institutions, by focusing on the language of two top-down elements of the linguistic landscape, school inscriptions and internal signs of rooms. The study argues that three language strategies can be distinguished: asymmetry, symmetry and quasi-asymmetry, which are influenced by the institutional characteristics of the school. Furthermore, the paper offers possibilities for applying its findings in different contexts and situations. By drawing attention to the limits of formal language policy, it argues that depending on the structural context they find themselves in, actors can openly contest or reinterpret even seemingly clear legal regulations, negotiating their applicability according to the dominant language hierarchies and ideologies they adhere to. Additionally, the paper provides insights concerning two methodological dilemmas in linguistic landscape research, namely, representativity and lack of explanatory depth of quantitative analysis.

Особенности сложных предложений в интерязыке китайских студентов, изучающих русский язык

The study aims to figure out the features of complex sentences in Chinese Russian-learners’ interlanguage by analysing the examples of several complex sentences in Chinese students’ interlanguage. Interlanguage is considered as a constantly developing, consistent internal language system in the process of mastering a second language. At the same time, scientific achievements in the field of syntax are demonstrated in the study. Scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that singularity is proposed and analyzed as one of the features of complex sentences in Chinese Russian-learners’ interlanguage. As a result of the study, except for singularity, which is seen as one of the main features of complex sentences in Chinese Russian-learners’ interlanguage, the absence of the connective word «чтобы» in complex sentences where it should be used is determined as another feature of complex sentences in Chinese Russian-learners’ interlanguage when considering the structure of sentences. Meanwhile, the incorrect form of the verb in the subordinate clause after the connective word «чтобы» and the incorrect use of the gender, the number and the case of the connective word «который» in the subordinate clause are discussed as other features of complex sentences in Chinese Russian-learners’ interlanguage.

Investigating Language and the Interdependency of Paradigmatic & Syntagmatic Relations i.e. Structuralism over Stylistics & Semantics: A Review

Language, erudition, and philosophy are all unified. Language facilitates the complicated process of learning, which consists of discovery, collaboration, and inquiry. However, from an internal perspective language is a set of closely-knitted units which are restricted for their use, meanings and styles. Language, which is made up of related and regulated symbol systems, is also a social and only distinctively human way of representing, examining, and communicating meaning. The study of language is incomplete without structuralism, semantics and stylistics where structuralism is about sentence constructions, semantics is about meanings and stylistics is about styles of language. On the first go, this review paper explores the nature and various surfaces of language to help understanding the process of language production and perception. Secondly, this review study explores the role of syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations in structuralism. It also explains how structuralism is dependent on semantics and stylistics to produce meaningful sentences. This study concludes that language neither can be fully mastered nor explained unless these three areas are not given well-deserved space whereas the meaningfulness of every sentence requires the accurate command on syntagmatic and paradigmatic sentence relations. The theoretical analysis presented in this study also sheds light on the importance of the learning of correct language structures for students to actively participate in a variety of learning activities both inside and beyond the classroom.

The Status of Semantics in Transformational Generative Grammar

Meaning is one of the problems which seems difficult to deal with to
 such extent that Leonard Bloomfield, who resisted the mentalist approach
 to language, considered it impossible to define meaning till we have a
 scientifically accurate knowledge of everything in the speaker’s world.
 Linguists consider meaning as one of the most complex subjects to deal
 with and some of them are in doubt whether meaning can be studied
 objectively and systematically as phonology and grammar or not. The
 complexity and vagueness of semantics are due to the fact that semantics
 is not concerned with one specific field but with various fields such as:
 philosophy, logic, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. Many
 linguists, recently, do their new theory of grammar.
 This paper is intended to present a brief study of the status of semantics in
 Transformational generative grammar. It is of three parts:
 
 
 Part One is concerned with the scope of semantics.
 Part Two presents a historical survey of semantics and its
 
 
 historical development in the schools of grammar.
 
 Part Three is a review of the status of semantics in the
 
 
 Transformational schools of grammar.