Internal Gradients Research Articles

Changing the resonant nucleus by altering the static field, compensation of [formula omitted] and [formula omitted] effects in T2 and T2* measurements of porous media

Multinuclear 1H, 13C, and 23Na magnetic resonance (MR) has many advantages for studying porous media systems containing hydrocarbons and brine. In recent work, we have explored changing the nucleus measured, keeping the Larmor frequency constant, by changing the static magnetic field B0. Increasing the static B0 field distorts the field in the pore space due to susceptibility mismatch between the matrix and pore fluid. Distortion of the magnetic field in the pore space scales with the applied static field. The gradients that result from the spatial variation of the distorted field will also scale with B0. The equations that describe the inhomogeneous broadening in T2* show that the MR result depends on γB0. The diffusion through internal field gradients effect on T2 depends on the product of γ and G, with G depending on B0.Increasing the static field to bring a nucleus with lower γ into resonance at the same frequency will result in the products γB0 and γG being constant, and therefore, inhomogeneous broadening and diffusion attenuation effects in porous media are predicted to be constant. We explore the T2* hypothesis with 23Na and 1H measurements of brine in porous reservoir core plugs. We explore the diffusion through internal field gradients effect hypothesis with 1H and 13C measurements of decane saturated glass beads.The nuclei chosen for study: 1H, 13C, and 23Na are the three most important nuclei for studies of fluids (brine and hydrocarbons) in reservoir core plugs. These three nuclei have a common resonance frequency of 33.7 MHz at static fields of 0.79 T, 3.19 T, and 2.99 T, respectively. All three fields are readily achieved with our variable field superconducting magnet.

Susceptibility-induced internal gradients reveal axon morphology and cause anisotropic effects in the diffusion-weighted MRI signal

Diffusion-weighted MRI is our most promising method for estimating microscopic tissue morphology in vivo. The signal acquisition is based on scanner-generated external magnetic gradients. However, it will also be affected by susceptibility-induced internal magnetic gradients caused by interactions between the tissue and the static magnetic field of the scanner. With 3D in silico experiments, we show how internal gradients cause morphology-, compartment-, and orientation-dependence of spin-echo and pulsed-gradient spin-echo experiments in myelinated axons. These effects surpass those observed with previous 2D modelling corresponding to straight cylinders. For an ex vivo monkey brain, we observe the orientation-dependence generated only when including non-circular cross-sections in the in silico morphological configurations, and find orientation-dependent deviation of up to 17% for diffusion tensor metrics. Interestingly, we find that the orientation-dependence not only biases the signal across different brain regions, but also carries a sensitivity to the morphology of axonal cross-sections which is not attainable by the idealised theoretical diffusion-weighted MRI signal.

Yielding onset in FGM thick-walled spherical shells under thermo-mechanical loading

Based on von Mises yield criterion, a thermoelasto-plastic analysis of a thick-walled spherical shell composed of functionally graded material (FGM) subjected to internal pressure and thermal gradient is conducted in order to accurately predict the onset radius of yielding within the vessel wall. The modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficients, and yield stress of FGM are assumed to follow power-law functions in radius according to Erdogan’s model. The equilibrium differential equation of the shell under thermo-mechanical loading in steady-state conduction heat transfer are derived analytically and then solved to determine through-thickness variations of the radial and circumferential stresses and radial displacement in elastic and perfectly plastic zones in the vessel wall. The presented approach leads to the definition of new formulation to predict the onset radius of yielding. Moreover, a neural network (NN) solution to reliable quantify the influence of all uncertain input parameters with respect to uncertain output parameter is utilized. The numerical results showed that for various FGM parameters and specific thermal gradient, the plastic zone can commence from inside radius, outside radius, simultaneously in both radii, or may be launched in the intermediate radius of the spherical shell wall.

Sandstone wettability in supercritical CO2-brine-rock interactions evaluated with 13C and 1H magnetic resonance

During the first decades of geologic CO2 storage in saline formations and depleted reservoirs, structural trapping is the most important storage mechanism. The effectiveness of CO2 containment hinges on the assumption that the sealing formation remains water wet in the presence of dense CO2. In this work, multiple 13C and 1H magnetic resonance (MR) methodologies were employed for the first time to evaluate the interactions between supercritical CO2, brine, and the pore surface of a Berea sandstone core plug under reservoir conditions. These studies employed a novel variable field superconducting MR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) instrument which permitted sequential 1H and 13C measurements of core plugs at high-pressure and high-temperature. To systematically study the wettability of rock core exposed to supercritical CO2, four experiments were designed including bulk CO2 in a high-pressure vessel, bulk CO2-brine, 13CO2 in dried rock core, and a 13CO2-brine-rock experiment.The measured 13C and 1H MR relaxation times in this work indicate that the Berea sandstone remained strongly water-wet when the brine saturated core plug was exposed to supercritical CO2 under reservoir conditions. For both 13C and 1H, T1 relaxation times provide more reliable wettability evaluation as compared to T2 due to the impact of molecular diffusion through internal magnetic field gradients. One-dimensional (1D) MRI was employed to spatially resolve 13CO2 and brine in the core plug. Two-dimensional (2D) MRI was able to image 13CO2 and brine in a PEEK vessel. The quantities of CO2 and brine in the core plug were determined from the MR signal intensities of 13CO2 and brine.

Modeling of natural first stroke stepped leader characteristics

The paper constitutes a novel physical approach to the different stages of negative leader stepping in cloud-to-ground lightning, starting with determination of the length of the negative streamer zone below the leader tip. The positive space leader, belonging to a pre-existing space leader, propagates towards the main leader tip, bridging the streamer zone. Such propagation time however is too short for leader thermalization. The thermalization, with associated substantial drop in the internal voltage gradient, occurs over a much longer time, through corona current injected at the tip of the moving negative space leader. The latter stage constitutes the determining factor for the time interval between steps. The model has then been applied to leaders with prospective return stroke current of 3–228 kA, leader tip height of 23–2000 m, leader charge linearly decaying to practically vanish at heights of either 2500 m or 4500 m. For the conditions investigated, the step length varies in the range 3.5 m to 39 m, the bridging time of the streamer zone by positive space leader in the range 0.8 - 3 μs, time interval between steps in the range 8.5–92 μs, yielding mean stepped leader speed in the range 1.0 - 11.6 × 105 m/s. Whenever possible the model predictions were satisfactorily compared to field measurements. Interaction between the negative downward leader and an upward connecting leader during the attachment process is out of scope of this work.

A bimodal and heterogeneous laminate structure with alternately distributed copper-base and nickel-base alloys via multi-material laser powder bed fusion (MM-LPBF) additive manufacturing

A micro-laminated bimodal heterostructure with alternately distributed copper-base and nickel-base alloys was additively manufactured via the multi-material laser powder bed fusion (MM-LPBF) technique. The high melting point elements such as nickel act as the heterogeneous nucleation sites for the copper melt, promoting the generation of ultrafine grains and forming a multi-layered structure with alternating coarse and fine grains. The differentiated grain size, shape and orientation in the bimodal heterostructure lead to the diversity of deformation mechanisms in different localized areas, which helps to achieve the internal stress gradient distribution and plastic deformation harmonization, thereby overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off for the overall structure. This work provides a novel fabrication path and experimental basis for understanding bimetallic laminated heterostructures.

Application of High‐ and Low‐Reactivity Cokes in Hydrogen‐Rich Blast Furnaces

The effects of two cokes with different reactivity on the lump ore's metallurgical properties and coke's solution loss are investigated under the high‐temperature load reduction. The work used an improved test device for softening‐melting and dropping characteristics of iron ores in both CO2 and CO2H2O atmospheres. The deterioration behavior of highly reactive cokes is expounded under hydrogen‐rich conditions. High‐reactivity cokes under hydrogen‐rich conditions are more favorable for enhancing the breathability of charge and the penetration of the coke layer. However, it increased the thickness of the softening zone. High‐reactivity cokes had obvious internal and external reaction gradients. The solution loss reaction mostly occurred on the surface, with selectivity. The longitudinal stacking height, layer number, and order degree in the carbon structure decreases after the reaction. The carbon‐structure difference weakens between the shell and core. The enhancement of coke's reactivity, however, results in the significant loss of coke powders on its surface. Unreduced FeO and refractory Fe2SiO4 are more likely to appear in the droplets, which is not conducive to the reduction of Fe and the generation of slag crust in the furnace. The difficulty in separating lump ores and cokes is aggravated, and more iron‐containing charge remain in the furnace.

External Cooling and Degradation Interplay in Lithium-Ion Battery Fast Charging

Fast charging of Li-ion batteries involves key challenges such as lithium plating, mechanical stress formation, high temperature rise, and non-uniform temperature distributions. The advancement of thermal management systems to maintain an optimal cell temperature distribution and minimize degradation is critical to enable fast charging. This work analyzes the various degradation modes, including lithium plating, solid electrolyte interphase growth, and mechanical stresses in large-format Li-ion cells during fast charging, and delineates their dependence on external cooling conditions. Based on the cell design and operating conditions, unique attributes related to the evolution of internal thermal gradients, spatiotemporal lithium plating response, and the formation of mechanical stress hotspots are delineated. Further, optimal external cooling configurations that enable longer life and safety under fast charging conditions are determined. The study provides guidance toward the design of next-generation battery thermal management systems for Li-ion batteries with fast charging capabilities.

Janus graphene oxide membrane with rational allocation of functional regions as unidirectional ion valve system

Membrane-based ion sieving is critical to green desalination processes such as sustainable ionic resource extraction. Two-dimensional (2D) graphene oxide (GO) membranes exhibit unique ionic transport properties owning to the supernormal enhancement of channel effects induced by diverse functional regions under nanoconfinement. However, the discrete and random distribution of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic and positively/negatively charged regions restricts the GO membrane to give full play to its potential in selective ions separation. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed to engineer the asymmetric three-tier architecture of a Janus GO membrane with rational allocation of functional regions. The wise series connection of ① surface positively charged hydrophilic layer of PEI, ② intermediate negatively charged hydrophilic layer of GO and ③ bottom hydrophobic porous layer of rGO along the cross-membrane direction established internal gradients of structure, wetting and charge, resulting in reinforced exclusion of retained divalent ions and reduced stagnation of targeted monovalent ions. Based on the continuous anisotropic gradients, the Janus GO membrane was endowed with the unique capability to act as a unidirectional ion valve system, showcasing impressive permeation performance of monovalent ions permeation rate of 0.244 mol m−2 h−1 with monovalent/divalent ions selectivity of 66.1, and remarkable nanofiltration performance of divalent salt rejections of >96.5 % with monovalent/divalent ions separation factor up to 70.9. The implications of this work will revolutionize the regulation and functionalization of 2D nanofluidic channels for selective ions transport, which is highly desirable for a wide range of green desalination applications.

A practical semi-empirical model for predicting the SoH of lithium-ion battery: A novel perspective on short-term rest

In this paper, the semi-empirical battery degradation prediction model proposed considers electrochemical degradation characteristics and represents degradation effects under various conditions, including different states of charge (SoC) areas. This model is specifically designed to address degradation during cycling and short-term rest periods in lithium-ion batteries using liquid electrolytes. Cycle aging incorporates the impact of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth, a known dominant factor, and the model for short-term resting periods captures potential aging impacts on subsequent cycles due to internal material concentration gradients, moving away from the traditionally used calendar life approach. The derivation of the model presented in this paper is based on 14 data sets under different SoC conditions and 8 data sets under various Crates, explaining the degradation effects at 10 % SoC intervals and three different Crate points. Moreover, the model's performance was validated through capacity prediction for two data sets experimented with dynamic operational schedules of actual energy storage systems (ESS), including various conditions. The results showed a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.564 and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.346. The superiority of this model is demonstrated by comparing its performance with four other types of degradation models derived through the same process in the validation data.

A Study on the Transient Characteristics of the Power-Off Transition Process of a Double-Volute Centrifugal Pump

A double-volute centrifugal pump is a very important pump type; the internal flow field of a centrifugal pump will change drastically during the transition process of power failure, which will affect the safety and stability of the pump’s operation. In this paper, the CFD numerical simulation method is used, and the UDF procedure is developed to realize the continuous update of the impeller speed at each time step. The working parameters, such as the torque and flow rate at the instantaneous moment, are obtained through the sequential iteration of each small step, and a numerical simulation of the power-off transient is carried out on a double-volute centrifugal pump; additionally, the changes in the external characteristic parameters and the internal flow field of the centrifugal pump are analyzed in detail. The results show that the double-volute centrifugal pump experienced four different modes after power failure, namely pump mode, braking mode, turbine mode, and runaway mode, and the absolute values of the runaway speed and runaway flow rate are 1.465 times and 1.21 times the initial values, respectively. Through the analysis of the flow field in different regions, the change processes of the generation, development, and disappearance of the vortex at each position of the centrifugal pump are obtained, and the change and development processes of the internal velocity gradient of the centrifugal pump are obtained. In addition, it is found that the high-speed area located in the second volute runner is larger than that of the first volute runner because the second volute runner is shorter and narrower than the first volute runner.

Probabilistic design and optimization of thermal protection system with variable thickness based on non-uniform aerodynamic heating

Thermal Protection System (TPS) is a critical component of space vehicles to protect them from damage by extreme aerothermal heating conditions. The uncertainty of the aerothermal heating conditions, including approaching velocities, atmospheric density, pressure, etc., significantly affects the aerothermal heating imposed on the TPS, vastly changing the initial design conditions. In this study, we developed a new uncertainty quantitative (UQ) analysis method to comprehensively consider all the uncertainty of TPS materials, structures, and aerothermal heating conditions. To address the challenges of a massive amount of input and determined optimization parameters, we first induced the response surface method and Monte Carlo algorithm to produce a large number of analysis samples for Probabilistic Design. Then, the key affecting factors, not all the input design parameters, were chosen for optimization with sequential optimization and reliability assessment (SORA) strategy by a sensitivity analysis. With such improvements, the optimization for UQ analysis becomes practical. We used this new UQ method to analyze the effects of uncertainty of the aerothermal heating conditions on the thermal protection layer. A variable thickness design is proposed to adapt the non-uniform aerothermal heating conditions for the TPS. The results show that significant light-weighting can be achieved without the reliability penalty. The optimized structure also reduces internal temperature gradients and facilitates a more uniform temperature field distribution for the TPS. This study provides a new UQ engineering design approach for the system with many designed parameters.

Analyzing Temperature Distributions and Gradient Behaviors for Early-Stage Tumor Lesions in 3D Computational Model of Breast

The computational modelling and analysis of internal and external temperature distributions and their gradients, associated with the first stage of mammary tumors, was performed to relate thermal parameters to relevant tumor characteristics. A realistic 3D geometric model of breast anatomy was used to simulate tumor cases that were characterized in real life at their primary clinical stage. The thermophysical parameters of three tumors were extracted to implement the models; a fourth case without a tumor was used as a reference to provide quantitative measurements of temperature increases and gradient changes. The analysis considered superficial and internal temperature distributions and gradients, computed throughout specific paths. Finally, an evaluation was made of the ability of the thermometric technologies available today to detect the changes estimated in simulations. Maximum temperature increments in the range of 2.30 to 3.20 °C and in the range of 0.15 to 0.30 °C were found on internal and superficial paths, respectively. Internal gradient peak magnitudes fluctuated within the range of 0.34 to 1.14 °C/mm. Thermal results indicated a direct correlation between tumor size and temperature rise. Nevertheless, gradient results showed that the heat generation rate, an indicator of tumor malignancy, was directly proportional to internal gradient maximum peaks, which were related to tumor boundaries regardless of tumor size.

Internal temperature estimation for lithium-ion batteries through distributed equivalent circuit network model

Lithium-ion cells experience significant internal thermal gradients during operation, with a direct impact on their safety, performance, cost and lifetime. The estimation of the internal temperature of cells is therefore particularly important. In this work, a 3D distributed electro-thermal model for internal temperature estimation is developed for a cylindrical cell (LG M50T, NMC811). The model is parameterized and comprehensively validated against experimental data for 21700 cells, including direct core temperature measurements. Multiple types of electrical load are considered, including constant current discharge, pulse discharge, drive cycle and instant discharge/charge switching. The developed model is used to estimate core temperature based on surface temperature measurement. The predictions are shown to have good accuracy at relatively low computational cost. We show that the widely adopted two-node lumped thermal estimation model is increasingly inaccurate for more aggressive discharges, when thermal gradients become higher. Compared to the standard two-node model, the distributed equivalent circuit network model predicts the effects of detailed internal cell structure (electrode, current collector, metal can and tab) and distributed internal heat generation. The results are of immediate interest to cell manufacturers and battery pack designers, while the modelling and parameterization framework is a useful tool for energy storage systems design.

Internal variable gradient model for active earth pressure of rigid retaining wall moving with translation

The instability of retaining wall is a key factor for many geo-hazards, such as landslides. To estimate the stability of retaining wall, the distribution of earth pressure is necessary. The results of in-situ observations and indoor experiments demonstrate that the distribution of earth pressure behind the retaining wall exhibits remarkable nonlinearity. When the results are analyzed in details, the oscillation and quasi-periodicity of the distribution of earth pressure are observed, which has not been given widely concerns and cannot be described by the existing analytical models. Based on the internal variable gradient theory and operator averaging method, a gradient-enhanced softening constitutive model is proposed in this paper to describe the oscillation and quasi-periodicity of the distribution of earth pressure acting on the retaining wall, by introducing the high-order gradient terms of the hydrostatic pressure into Mohr-Coulomb yield condition. In order to check the applicability of the proposed formulation, the predictions from the formulations are compared with the full-scale and laboratory-scale test results as well as the existing formulations. It is noted from the comparisons between predicted and measured values that the results of gradient-dependent softening constitutive model provides the comparable approximations for active earth pressure and describes the oscillation and quasi-periodicity very well. This model may enhance the comprehension of soil mechanics and provide a novel view for the design of the retaining wall.

Tuning the thermo-mechanical synergies effect of solid oxide fuel cells with negative thermal expansion NdMnO3 in La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ-based symmetric electrode

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are efficient and clean energy conversion devices, but one of the major challenges for their marketization is the instability of different component materials under high temperature operating conditions. The existence of a certain internal stress gradient between materials with different thermal expansion characteristics in the process of SOFCs from low temperature assembly to high temperature use is the main reason of this instability, leading to the inability of SOFCs to repeat start-stop and the rapid decay of long-term stability performance. To improve these problems, a creative concept of fuel cell interface overall regulation is proposed, simplifying the complex interface between different components of SOFCs into a unified and adjustable quasi-zero difference thermal expansion interface. The composite of high catalytic activity electrode material and high stability negative thermal expansion material is used for electrolyte support structure symmetrical cell, which makes the whole cell “sandwich” structure thermally and mechanically compatible. As a concept verification, the classic high catalytic performance electrode material La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF), Gd0.2Ce0.8O2-δ (GDC) and NdMnO3 (NM) negative thermal expansion material with high chemical stability and mechanical stability were composited in equal proportions to form LSCF@GDC&NM electrode as the symmetrical electrode. After equal proportion compositing, the thermal expansion curve of LSCF@GDC&NM material can highly coincide with the thermal expansion curve of GDC, making the single cell with LSCF@GDC&NM electrode can withstand 25 power thermal cycles without significant performance decay, achieving 442 mW cm−2 at 800 °C and maintaining stably for 140 h without any degradation. These results show that using negative thermal expansion material to regulate electrode strategy is expected to make a whole zero difference thermal fuel cell configuration.

Proposing a strategy based on body-thermal status to improve the welfare of heat-stressed and water-deprived goats (Capra hircus).

Despite the considerable body of research on the effects of heat stress coupled with water scarcity (either through restriction or deprivation) on goats, aimed at enhancing their welfare, there remains a notable gap in the literature regarding the subsequent period following water restoration, during which the cumulative impact is fully alleviated. In response to this gap, we propose a strategy grounded in the assessment of body-thermal status to improve the welfare of heat-stressed and water-deprived goats. Specifically, our strategy seeks to determine the minimally required recovery interval necessary to completely mitigate the residual effects of water deprivation endured for a duration of 72 hours. Eight healthy Aardi bucks, aged 10 months and weighing 30 kg, were subjected to three distinct stages: euhydration, dehydration, and rehydration. Each stage spanned for 72 hours except for the rehydration stage, which was left unrestricted. Various meteorological, biophysiological, and thermophysiological measurements were subsequently recorded. Exposure of heat-stressed goats, as indicated by the temperature-humidity index values, to a 72 hours deprivation period resulted in noticeable (p<0.05) alterations in their biophysiological (daily feed intake, body weight, and feces water content) and thermophysiological responses (core, rectal, skin, and surface temperatures, respiratory and heart rates, internal, external, and total body-thermal gradients, heat tolerance and adaptability coefficients, heterothermial total body-heat storage, and total water conservation). Remarkably, our findings demonstrate that all assessed variables, whether measured or estimated, returned to their baseline euhydration levels within 10 days of commencing the rehydration phase. In order to improve the welfare of heat-stressed and 72 hours water-deprived goats, it is imperative to allow a recovery period of no less than 10 days following the restoration of water access prior to initiating any subsequent experiments involving these animals. Such experiments, addressing these critical aspects, serve to advance our understanding of goat welfare and obviously hold promise for contributing to future food security and economic viability.

Method for identifying the position of crack tip by displacement distribution based on digital image correlation

Determining the position of crack tip is crucial for rock fracture characteristic analysis. This study aims to establish a quantitative standard for determining crack tip positions in crystalline rocks based on digital image correlation (DIC). Semi-circular bending (SCB) tests were conducted on four types of rocks under three-point bending. Optical microscopy and DIC were used to investigate characteristics of the horizontal displacement fields around the crack tips. A significant disparity in the displacement gradient was observed across the crack tips, with the internal gradient being approximately 3–5.1 times higher than the external gradient. A critical value ranging from 0.41%–0.64% was determined for the high internal displacement gradient (∂u/∂x) at a 20 pixel resolution equivalent to 1 mm. Furthermore, a novel DIC-based method was proposed that used three patterns of opening displacement gradients to classify SCB specimens into non-cohesive, cohesive, and elastic zones, providing a quantitative determination of Type I crack tip positions. This study offers valuable insights and a crack tip determination method based on DIC gradients, applicable for assessing parameters such as the crack extension length and fracture process zone length.

Reduced Order Electrochemical-Thermal Modeling of Cylindrical Cells Containing Graphite-Silicon Anodes Considering Thermal Gradients and Hysteresis

Electrochemical thermal modeling of cylindrical cells presents unique challenges compared to other cell formats due to the effect of internal temperature gradients, which typically requires time-consuming simulations due to the number of mesh elements solved numerically. Adding to the difficulty, the emergence of silicon anodes induces voltage hysteresis that affects the cell behavior. In this paper, a reduced-order electrochemical-thermal model is developed for a 21700 cell, which is highlighted by three microcells considering the effects of internal temperature gradients, and an anodic stress model capturing the hysteresis effects caused by the silicon content. The electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical behaviors are investigated. During operations, a temperature gradient arises in the radial direction, resulting in a decrease in local resistance and an increase in reaction rate at the high-temperature core location. The presence of silicon causes a voltage hysteresis that is dominant in the low SOC range, which affects not only the irreversible but also the entropic heat generation. The proposed method achieves an 85% calculation time reduction compared with the existing literature method and a 95% reduction compared with the full order method, while maintaining the accuracy of the terminal voltage and heat generation rate predictions that are validated by experiments.

An improved methodology for thermal calculation and design optimization of a thermosiphon waste heat boiler for CCPP

The study is dedicated to enhancing design and computational methodologies for thermosiphon waste heat boilers (WHB) within combined cycle power plants (CCPP). The optimized WHB design and an improved thermal calculation approach are shown. The efficiency of the proposed WHB has been improved by optimizing the area and arrangement of the surface. The novel method incorporates considerations for the internal thermal resistance within thermosyphons and the graded velocity of natural circulation within the evaporation circuit. To refine the calculation method, empirical and experimental data concerning internal temperature gradient in thermosiphon functioning within a heat load spectrum of up to 17 kW/m2, were used. Important findings include three categories. Firstly, increasing the number of sections will slightly increase capital costs and decrease WHB gas temperature, which could be neglected by the unification of thermosiphon sections. Secondly, by applying this modified methodology to a power plant facility featuring a 6700 kW gas turbine engine (GTE), notable adjustments in thermal power were realized, amounting to 157 kW (approximately 6 %), along with corresponding electrical power adjustments of 149 kW (approximately 2 %). Third, the new method is limited to a GTE power of up to 10 MW due to the experimental data used for validation.